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Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur
The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively.
Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively.
On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs.
In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc.
During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU).
Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.
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ThesisItem Open Access Biomass production and root distribution pattern of selected fast growing multi-purpose tree species(Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, College of Forestry,Vellanikkara, 1994) Jamaludheen, V; KAU; Mohankumar, BA randomized block design experiment involving nine fast growing multi – purpose trees (Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth., Casuarina equisetifolia J.R. & G Forst., Leucaena leucocephala (Lamk.) de wit. Var. K 8, Ailanthus triphysa (Dennst.) Alston, Emblica officinalis Gaertn, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk., Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb., Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Neilson and Artocarpus hirsutus Lamk.) Initiated during June, 1985 was used for the present investigations. The objectives of the study included quantifying the biomass production potential of nine selected fast growing multi-purpose tree species grown under short rotation intensive cultural systems; characterising the root distribution pattern of these trees and also elucidating the extent of nutrient loss through harvest, besides characterising litter dynamics. Acacia and paraserianthes recorded the highest growth rates in terms of height, radial growth and biomass yield. Biomass production decreased in the order: Acacia > Paraserianthes > Casuarina > A. heterophullus > Emblica Pterocarpus > A. hisrsutus > Ailanthus > Leucaena. The most important component of total biomass undoubtedly, was the bole while foliage contributed least to biomass yield. Nevertheless foliage, in general registered the highest N, and K contents. Among the species, Leucaena had the highest N concentration followed by Paraserianthes and Pterocarpus. For P and K concentrations, Pterocarpus and A. hirsutus registered the highest concentration. A one – to – one correspondence between nutrient accumulation and biomass yield was however, lacking because of wide variations in elemental concentrations among species and also among tissue types. Bole fractions, in general, did not account for more than 50 % of total nutrient export from site. Altering the rate of nutrient removal in products is one of the most important design criteria in planning for sustainable plantion. N-fixing tree plots generally had a higher soil N status. Casuarina, Emblica and Pterocarpus plots were having higher P levels. Acacia, Paraserianthes and A. hisrsutus plots registered markedly higher K level. The amount of litterfall was maximum for Acacia and the minimum for Pterocarpus. Litterfall also followed a unimodal distribution pattern with a distinct peak during the November – January period and the period of lean fall was during May-August. Litter dynamics accounted for bulk of the nutrient inputs into the system. The retranslocation of mineral nutrients from senescing leaves to younger leaves and /or other tissues prior to abscission was obvious. Leucaena, Paraserianthes, Pterocarpus, Acacia, Alinathus and Emblica formed examples of high (> 1.5%) detrital N content. Generally the wet period (June – August) was characterised by increased concentration of N in litter. Litter P did not follow a consistent pattern with respect to seasons. However, a characteristic decline in litter K concentration was noticed during the rainy season. Mass disappearance of litter samples followed a negative expontential relationship. Leucaena litter, having the highest initial N content, decomposed compeletely in the shortest period (9 months). Root system studies suggest that A. hetrophyllus, Emblica and Paraserianthes are perhaps unsuitable for intensive mixing and close planting in agroforestry as they possess shallow and highly spreading root system. Ailanthus is perhaps a better candidate species for the above purpose as it possess relatively lower lateral root spread and at the same time having a deep tap root system. Root activity paatern of Artocarpus hisrsutus revealed that more than 75% of fine roots responsible for water nutrient absorption is concentrated in the 75 cm radius around the base of the tree. Recovery of 32P declined as depth of application increased. The combination of lowest lateral distance (75 cm) and depth (30 cm) accounted for more than 30% root activity.ThesisItem Open Access Nutritional defficiency symptoms of teak (Tectona grandis Linn. F )seedling(Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, College of Forestry,Vellanikkara, 1997) Viju Varghese, KAU; Gopikumar, KSand culture studies were conducted in College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur with an objective of inducing the symptoms of deficiency of various nutrient elements in seedlings of teak (Tectona grandis Linn.f.) grown in sand culture. The effects of nutrients viz., N,P,K, Mg,S,Zn and Mo on the growth, chlorophyll content and nutrient concentration of seedlings in the nursery were also studied. The results were finally confirmed by recovery studies by supplying the seedlings showing the symptoms of deficiency of various elements with complete nutrient solution. For the study, two months old seedlings of uniform growth were planted in containers filled with pure quartz sand and supplied with Hoagland No. 2 (1948) nutrient solution. The treatment solution was prepared by eliminating the desired nutrient from the complete Hoagland nutrient solution. The characteristic deficiency symptoms produced by seedlings due to the deficiency of various nutrient elements include leaf discolouration, necrosis, scorching, defoliation and growth stunting. The seedlings showing visual deficiency symptoms were also photographed. Seedlings that received complete nutrient solution were healthy with dark green foliage. Vegetative growth of the seedlings was also found to be affected due to the nutrient stress. All the fractions of chlorophyll ie; chlorophyll – A, chlorophyll – B total chlorophyll of the treatment seedlings particularly N deficient seedlings declined considerably during the study period. Visual deficiency symptoms of the nutrient elements also coincided with a corresponding reduction in foliar levels of the cocernrt element. There was remarkable improvement in the growth and recovery of the visual symptoms when the deficient element was again supplied to the seedlings through complete nutrient solution. The foliar nutrient content of these seedlings was also found to be improved significantly on application of complete nutrient solution.ThesisItem Open Access Conservation strategy for Hopea parviflora Bedd. species through storage of seeds usinhg cryopreservation techniques(Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, College of Forestry,Vellanikkara, 2001) Ani, J R; KAU; Sudhakara, KA detailed study was conducted at College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur, Kerala during 1998-2000 to standardize the conservation strategy for Hopea parviflora Bedd. species through storage of seeds using cryopreservation. Diameter of seeds collected at seven weeks after anthesis was found to be higher than that at sixth week. Physiological maturity of the propagules is attained between five and six weeks after anthesis. The propagules were subjected to different relative humidities, vacuum and dry air for different durations as a pretreatment for cryopreservation studies. In 100 to 46.6 per cent relative humidities, the moisture content and the leachate conductivity of the propagules were found to increase with duration compared to the initial value. Equilibrium moisture content of Hopea parviflora propagules was found to lie between 75.6 to 30 per cent relative humidities. Germination parameters of seed and seed without seed coat were not decreased significantly due to desiccation by relative humidities, vacuum or dry air, but that of embryonic axes was considerably reduced as rapid drying might have been effected due to 30 and 20 per cent relative humidities and also due to vacuum and dry air with duration. High culture contamination was observed in vacuum and dry air treatments. After cryopreservation techniques, the propagules invariably failed to regenerate but could retain green colour for two to three days.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative performance of mulberry (Morus indica L.) and subabul (Leucaena leucocephala Lam.) under diverse management regimes in a coconut based fodder production system(Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, College of Forestry, Vellanikkara, 2016) Reshma, M Raj; KAU; Asha, K RajThe research project entitled “Comparative performance of mulberry (Morus indica L.) and subabul (Leucaena leucocephala Lam.) under diverse management regimes in a coconut based fodder production system” was carried out at Instructional Farm, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during 2015-2016. The main objective of the study was to assess the influence of plant density and pruning frequency on forage yield and nutritional qualities of mulberry and subabul intercropped in coconut gardens; and to explore the soil fertility changes associated with these intercropping systems. The treatments consisted of two fodder tree species; mulberry and subabul, under three levels of plant density (49,382 plants ha-1, 37,037 plants ha-1 and 27,777 plants ha-1) and three levels of pruning frequency (8, 12 and 16 weeks interval) in all possible combinations with split plot design replicated thrice. The results revealed that both subabul and mulberry produced comparable dry fodder yields under coconut plantation. However, significant variation was noted with regard to proximate composition. The CP content in fodder biomass was significantly higher and CF % lower in subabul than mulberry. However, mulberry had higher ash (6.70 %) and P content (0.58 %) than subabul. Leaf- stem ratio was found to be comparable in both the tree species. Comparing plant densities, highest density yielded more dry matter (12.48 Mg ha-1yr-1) than the lowest one (7.32 Mg ha-1yr-1), with higher leaf-stem ratio (1.34). Total N, CP and P content increased and CF % decreased at higher densities indicating closer spacing for production of tender nutritive fodder. Pruning interval had no significant influence on fresh fodder yield, whereas dry yield was higher for 12 and 16 week intervals. However, leaf -stem ratio was higher at 8 week interval, indicating more foliage production than stem fraction when harvested at shorter intervals. Pruning frequencies had profound influence on nutritive value of the forage. Harvesting at shortest interval of 8 weeks yielded fodder with maximum CP (18.51 %), and phosphorus content (1.1 %), and least CF content (41.91 %) compared to 12 and 16 weeks. Ash content (8.70 %) in fodder was significantly higher at the longest interval of 16 weeks. Comparing interaction effects, for both mulberry and subabul, planting at the highest density (49,382 plants ha-1) and pruning at shortest interval (8 weeks) yielded the maximum fodder (11.05 & 12.17 Mg ha-1yr-1 dry yields for mulberry and subabul respectively) with superior quality (T1 & T10). B:C ratio was also found to be higher in the above systems.Intercropping subabul and mulberry in coconut garden under different management practices produced significant changes in some soil parameters after the initial year of establishment. In comparison to the sole coconut plot, soil properties like OC, pH, EC, WHC and available N, P, K content significantly improved in the high yielding treatment combinations of T1 and T10. Comparing T1 and T10, all soil parameters excelled in T1 except available N content, which was higher in T10.Hence, in conclusion, forage yield and nutritive value of mulberry and subabul underneath coconut garden could be optimized at the cheapest levels by adopting a tree density of 49,382 plants ha-1 and pruning interval of 8 weeks. In comparison, subabul yielded more dry matter and CP, whereas mulberry was superior in ash and mineral content. Establishment and proper management of these tree fodders in coconut garden and feeding mixed fodders thus offers a cheap source of quality forage to Kerala farmers against the highly expensive concentrate feeds.ThesisItem Open Access Performance of calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus meissn.) under diverse mangement regimes in a coconut based hedge row fodder production system(Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, College of Forestry, Vellanikkara, 2017) Anu Sagaran, K; KAU; Asha, K RajA study entitled “Performance of calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus Meissn.) under diverse management regimes in a coconut based hedge row fodder production system” was carried out at Instructional Farm, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during 2014-2015. The main objective of the study was to assess the influence of management practices like tree density, pruning height and pruning frequency on initial growth, forage yield and nutritional qualities of calliandra intercropped in coconut gardens under humid tropical conditions of Kerala. The treatments consisted of three levels of plant density (27,777; 22,222 and 17,777 plants ha-1), three levels of pruning frequency (8, 12 and 16 weeks interval) and two levels of pruning height (0.5m and 1m) in all possible combinations laid out under factorial randomized block design with three replications. The results revealed that various management practices had a profound influence on the forage yield and quality aspects of calliandra when grown as an intercrop in coconut garden. Comparing plant densities, highest density stand (27,777 plants ha-1) yielded 55 percent more forage (11.73Mg ha-1yr-1, dry basis) than the lowest density (17,777 plants ha-1), with higher foliage fraction. Quality parameters of forage like crude protein, ash, dry matter, phosphorus and potassium content increased and crude fibre content decreased at higher densities indicating closer spacing for production of tender nutritive fodder. Pruning at the prolonged interval of 16 weeks yielded more total forage, but the majority of the fodder comprised of stem fraction as indicated by the poor leaf-stem ratio. Leaf –stem ratio of fodder harvested at 8 and 12 weeks showed an increment of 125 percent over that of the 16 weeks interval, indicating more foliage production than stem fractions when harvested at shorter intervals. Pruning frequencies also had profound influence on nutritive value of the forage. Harvesting at shortest interval of 8 weeks and 12 weeks yielded fodder with maximum crude protein, phosphorus and potassium content when compared to 16 weeks. Ash and dry matter content in 99 fodder was significantly higher at the longest interval of 16 weeks. Crude fibre content of forage increased sharply from 28.33 to 49.98 percent by prolonging the harvest interval from 8 to 16 weeks thereby adversely affecting the palatability of the forage. Pruning height showed more prominent influence on forage yield of calliandra than the nutritive parameters. Dry fodder yield increased from 8.11 to 10.81 Mg ha-1yr-1 with increasing pruning height from 0.5 to 1m, with a higher leaf-stem ratio for taller stocks. Similarly there was a significant improvement in CP yield from taller stocks (1.67 Mgha-1 )when compared to shorter ones (1.23 Mgha-1) The interaction effects of plant density, pruning height and pruning frequency had no significant effect on yield and quality parameters of callianrda. The highest yielding combination (13.39 Mg ha-1dry basis) was found to be D1H2F2 (27,777 plants ha-1 + pruning height 1 m + pruning interval 12 weeks ) with higher foliage fraction and better nutritive parameters, compared to all other management levels, which were inferior either in forage yield or nutritive value or palatability of forage. On the whole, the study revealed that forage yield and quality of young stands of calliandra underneath coconut garden could be optimized at the cheapest level by adopting a tree density of 27,777plants ha-1, pruning height of 1m and pruning interval of 12 weeks. Moreover, based on the growth and yield performance and quality aspects, it is found that calliandra is a promising fodder tree, which can be successfully integrated with the existing coconut gardens of Kerala. Establishment and proper management of calliandra in coconut garden at appropriate management levels thus offers a cheap source of quality forage to Kerala farmers against the highly expensive concentrate feeds.ThesisItem Open Access Forage yield, soil fertility and carbon dynamics of calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus meissn,) in coconut plantation(Departament of Silviculture and Agroforestry , College of Forestry, Vellanikkara, 2017) Jilna Joy; KAU; Asha, K RajA study entitled “Performance of calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus Meissn.) under diverse management regimes in a coconut based hedge row fodder production system” was carried out at Instructional Farm, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during 2014-2015. The main objective of the study was to assess the influence of management practices like tree density, pruning height and pruning frequency on initial growth, forage yield and nutritional qualities of calliandra intercropped in coconut gardens under humid tropical conditions of Kerala. The treatments consisted of three levels of plant density (27,777; 22,222 and 17,777 plants ha-1), three levels of pruning frequency (8, 12 and 16 weeks interval) and two levels of pruning height (0.5m and 1m) in all possible combinations laid out under factorial randomized block design with three replications. The results revealed that various management practices had a profound influence on the forage yield and quality aspects of calliandra when grown as an intercrop in coconut garden. Comparing plant densities, highest density stand (27,777 plants ha-1) yielded 55 percent more forage (11.73Mg ha-1yr-1, dry basis) than the lowest density (17,777 plants ha-1), with higher foliage fraction. Quality parameters of forage like crude protein, ash, dry matter, phosphorus and potassium content increased and crude fibre content decreased at higher densities indicating closer spacing for production of tender nutritive fodder. Pruning at the prolonged interval of 16 weeks yielded more total forage, but the majority of the fodder comprised of stem fraction as indicated by the poor leaf-stem ratio. Leaf –stem ratio of fodder harvested at 8 and 12 weeks showed an increment of 125 percent over that of the 16 weeks interval, indicating more foliage production than stem fractions when harvested at shorter intervals. Pruning frequencies also had profound influence on nutritive value of the forage. Harvesting at shortest interval of 8 weeks and 12 weeks yielded fodder with maximum crude protein, phosphorus and potassium content when compared to 16 weeks. Ash and dry matter content in 99 fodder was significantly higher at the longest interval of 16 weeks. Crude fibre content of forage increased sharply from 28.33 to 49.98 percent by prolonging the harvest interval from 8 to 16 weeks thereby adversely affecting the palatability of the forage. Pruning height showed more prominent influence on forage yield of calliandra than the nutritive parameters. Dry fodder yield increased from 8.11 to 10.81 Mg ha-1yr-1 with increasing pruning height from 0.5 to 1m, with a higher leaf-stem ratio for taller stocks. Similarly there was a significant improvement in CP yield from taller stocks (1.67 Mgha-1 )when compared to shorter ones (1.23 Mgha-1) The interaction effects of plant density, pruning height and pruning frequency had no significant effect on yield and quality parameters of callianrda. The highest yielding combination (13.39 Mg ha-1dry basis) was found to be D1H2F2 (27,777 plants ha-1 + pruning height 1 m + pruning interval 12 weeks ) with higher foliage fraction and better nutritive parameters, compared to all other management levels, which were inferior either in forage yield or nutritive value or palatability of forage. On the whole, the study revealed that forage yield and quality of young stands of calliandra underneath coconut garden could be optimized at the cheapest level by adopting a tree density of 27,777plants ha-1, pruning height of 1m and pruning interval of 12 weeks. Moreover, based on the growth and yield performance and quality aspects, it is found that calliandra is a promising fodder tree, which can be successfully integrated with the existing coconut gardens of Kerala. Establishment and proper management of calliandra in coconut garden at appropriate management levels thus offers a cheap source of quality forage to Kerala farmers against the highly expensive concentrate feeds.ThesisItem Open Access Autoallelopathy of selected multipurpose tree species and the effect of their leachates on Agricultural test crop(Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, College of Forestry, Vellanikkara, 2017) Neenu, P; KAU; Jamaludheen, VA study carried out in the tree nursery of College of Forestry, Vellanikkara, Thrissur to assess the autoallelopathic effect of selected multipurpose trees and the effect of their leachate on agricultural test crop. The study on allelopathy is very essential in agroforestry as it effect the yield and performance of the trees and crops grown together and is essential to make judgment on the compatibility of trees and crops. The allelopathic effect of different tree part leachates such as leaf leachate, bark leachate and root leachate of selected trees viz., Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia mangium, Ailanthus. triphysa, Grevillea robusta and Swietenia macrophylla on the germination and growth of their own seedling and an agricultural test crop cowpea (Var. Anaswara) were studied. The soil for the pot culture experiment was collected from well established plantations of the MPTs and is used as potting mixture with sand in equal proportion. The pots were irrigated with leachates of different tree parts of these trees by soaking the tree part in water for 24 hours in 1:10 w/v concentration. The monthly variation in nutrient status of the soil used for pot culture experiment and the variation in the physicochemical properties of leachates at six intervals is also estimated. The effect of tree part leachates considerably varied among the germination and biomass production in both allelopathic and autoallelopathic studies. The observations on the germination per cent in allelopathic and autoallelopathic study revealed greater inhibition in the pots treated with leaf leachate in all tree species, except for S. macrophylla. With regard to biometric observations and biomass production also, S. macrophylla performed as the best compared to other selected species investigated for autoallelopathy. In case of the test crop also, it showed a better growth in pots treated with the leachates from S. macrophylla. The physicochemical analysis of the leachate of tree parts used to irrigate the pots showed increasing trend in total solid, electrical conductivity, total phenol, total carbohydrate and a decreasing trend in pH upto 36 hours. The physicochemical analysis of leachates for total phenol showed a greater concentration in the leaves than the bark and root. Results converge to the generalisation that among the five selected tree species the effect of auto allelopathy is negligible in case of S. macrophylla. The better growth performance of the test crop in S. macrophylla tree part leachates shows the compatibility of the test crop with the tree than the other selected tree species.ThesisItem Open Access Standardisation of propagation through branch cuttings in selected bamboo species of Kerala(Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, College of Forestry, Vellanikkara, 2017) Sreejith, M M; KAU; Jijeesh, C MThe present study attempted root induction in the branch cuttings of three commercially important bamboo species namely; Bambusa balcooa, Dendrocalamus giganteus and Thyrsostachys oliveri. The primary branches of each species were collected during three seasons viz. October to January (Season I), February to May (Season II) and June to September (Season III). Two noded branch cuttings were prepared out of the primary branches and subjected to soaking in growth regulator solutions of IBA and NAA at different concentrations of 0 (control), 100, 250, 500 and 1000 mg l-1 for 24 hours and planted horizontally in two media viz. sand alone and mixture of sand, soil and cow dung (1:1:1) filled in plastic trays. Results indicated that sprouting attributes of bamboo species varied among different treatments. In B. balcooa, sprouting percentage varied from 1.67 (branch cuttings of season I treated with IBA 250 mg l-1 kept in second medium) to 48.33% (branch cuttings of season II treated with NAA 250 mg l-1 kept in the sand). In D. giganteus, sprouting in the branch cuttings ranged from 5.00 to 43.3%. The highest sprouting was observed during season II in cuttings treated with NAA 500 mg l-1 kept in the second media and the least was in control of NAA kept in sand in the same season. Meanwhile, in T. oliveri, maximum sprouting was observed in cuttings treated with IBA 100 mg l-1 (41.67%) in third season kept in sand, while sprouting was absent in some treatment combinations along with the control. However, sprouted cuttings failed to initiate rooting in any of treatment combinations in three bamboo species. Further trials were conducted with higher concentrations (0, 1000, 2000 and 3000 mg l- 1 ) of growth regulators in sand medium. Maximum sprouting in B. balcooa, was observed in cuttings treated with IBA 1000 mg l-1 (36.66%) while, the least was in those treated with NAA 1000 mg l-1 (10.00%). Branch cuttings treated with IBA 1000 mg l-1 recorded the highest sprouting (26.66%) and those treated with IBA 3000 mg l-1 recorded the lowest value (10.00%) in T. oliveri. Here also, the expected rooting of cuttings was not observed. Hence, another trial with the application of NAA and IBA by quick dip method at concentrations 0(control), 1000, 1500 and 2500 mg l-1 was carried out. In B. balcooa, the highest sprouting was in the cuttings treated with NAA 1000 mg l-1 (30%) and the lowest was in those treated with IBA 2500 mg l- (6.00%). Whereas, in T. oliveri highest sprouting was observed in cuttings treated with IBA 1000 mg l-1 (33.33%) followed by IBA 1500 mg l-1 (23.33%). The least sprouting was observed in cuttings treated with NAA 2500 mg l-1 (13.33 %) followed by control (15%). Here also, the rooting was absent in different treatments. In the last experiment, B. balcooa branch cutting were treated with IBA and NAA solutions 0, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg l-1 concentration and planted in standard nursery beds. The lowest sprouting percentage was observed in cuttings treated with NAA 2000 mg l-1 (20.00 %) and the highest sprouting was in cuttings treated with IBA 500 and 1000 mg l-1 (40 %) but the sprouted cuttings did not produce any root. As the present study did not give the expected results, further trials are needed for the standardization of propagation through branch cuttings in the selected bamboo species.ThesisItem Open Access Biomass production and root distribution pattern of selected acacias(Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, College of Forestry, Vellanikkara, 2014) Mereena, M J; KAU; JamaludheenA field study was conducted with acacia species on an 18-year-old stand with 3m×3m spacing at the arboretum of College of Forestry, Thrissur, Kerala to evaluate the growth, biomass production, carbon sequestration and nutrient accumulation in four acacia species viz. Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia mangium, Acacia crassicarpa and Acacia aulacocarpa. The objective of the study included quantifying the biomass production potential, harvest related nutrient export from the site, characterising the root distribution pattern of these trees and to develop allometric equations for aboveground biomass, aboveground C sequestration, volume and bole volume. The above ground biomass was estimated from 20 destructively sampled trees from each species and the belowground biomass was estimated following root excavation of average sized trees of each species. Significant differences were observed for the tree growth parameters except DBH. Acacia aulacocarpa recorded the highest growth rates in terms of height closely followed by Acacia auriculiformis. Among the species, Acacia auriculiformis recorded the highest stand total biomass (432.08 Mg ha-1) and the lowest by Acacia mangium (367.76 Mg ha-1). The most important component of total biomass undoubtedly, was the bole while foliage contributed least to biomass yield. Maximum aboveground and belowground biomass was recorded for Acacia auriculiformis (336.29 Mg ha-1and 95.79 Mg ha- 1respectively). Carbon sequestration potential was estimated for both aboveground and belowground biomass. Maximum mean tree C sequestration was recorded for Acacia auriculiformis (176.38 kg C tree-1) followed by Acacia aulacocarpa (165.54 kg C tree-1). The bole portion sequester major portion of C (63.61% to 71.28%) followed by root portion (19.1% to 23.78%). MAI in total stand C sequestration was maximum for Acacia auriculiformis (10.89 Mg C ha-1yr-1) closely followed by Acacia aulacocarpa (10.22 Mg C ha-1yr-1). Stand level biomass C sequestration in the leaf and twig portion varied significantly among the acacias. Soil C sequestration under each species was estimated upto one meter depth. Maximum soil organic carbon (SOC) was accumulated in the surface soil (0-20 cm) for all the species. Acacia auriculiformis (77.96 Mg C ha-1) recorded the highest total SOC followed by Acacia mangium (74.75 Mg C ha-1). The treeless plots consistently recorded the lowest value of SOC in all the depth zones. Nutrient concentrations (N, P and K) in the biomass components were recorded highest for the leaf portion and the highest stand nutrient accumulation was recorded for the bole portion. The order of nutrients in the plant were N> K> P. The nutrient accumulation in the stand level was also recorded highest for Acacia auriculiformis. The order of nutrient accumulation in the soil was N> P> K. No significant variation was observed in root distribution pattern of different acacia species. However, the maximum root spread was recorded for Acacia mangium (5.23 m) and root length for Acacia crassicarpa (1.49 m
