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Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively. Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively. On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs. In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc. During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.

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2002 - 20042
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Subject: Rural Banking and Finance Management × End date: 2004 × Start date: 2000 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Loan recovery management in primary co-operative agricultural and rural development banks in Kerala
    (Department of Rural Banking and Finance Management, College of Co-operation Banking and Management, Vellanikkara, 2004) Renjitha, N T; KAU; Lizy, M A
    The study entitled "Loan Recovery Management in Primary Co-operative Agricultural and Rural Development Banks in Kerala" was conducted to examine the effectiveness of the existing loan recovery management of Primary Co-operative Agricultural and Rural Development Banks in Kerala and to identify the factors influencing recovery. The study was conducted among four PCARDBs of Ernakulam and Thrissur district viz., Kanayannur CARDB (B 1), Ernakulam CARDB (B2), Cochin CARDB (B3) and Irinjalakuda CARDB (B4). The sample size included 80 respondents i.e., 20 borrowers from each bank at random, of which 15 were defaulters and five were non-defaulters or prompt repayers. Ten officials (including secretaries and BODs) from each bank were also interviewed to collect information on the effectiveness of the loan recovery system of the banks. Secondary data on selected performance indicators of the banks were also used for the study. Statistical tools like AAGR, simple averages, percentages, simple growth rate, simple correlation, efficiency index, priority index and bi-variate tables were used for the analysis. The analysis on the overdue amount of the selected PCARDBs, revealed that Cochin CARDB (B3) had the highest amount of overdues among all the banks, , during the reference period. Profits of all banks have eroded due to provisronmg for accumulated overdues. B4 has shown the best performance in terms of lower overdues and higher profitswhen compared to the other banks. An increase in the demand for nOI1- agricultural loans, particularly RHLs was found, which indicates a shift in the lending pattern. Overdues above four years were growing tremendously in all the banks. Most of the females were found to be prompt repayers. Inspite of having better education, the borrowers were creating huge overdues. This indicates the existence of wilful defaulters. The study found that the defaulters of all t11:;: banks except B4, having annual income above the subsistence level had higher am aunt of overdues, This highlights the fact that, even after having sufficient income, they were deliberately making dues as a result of the inefficient loan recovery management of the bank. The study revealed that procedural delays, lack of adequate securities to hypothecate, misutilisation of loans and inadequate income restricted the borrowers from getting timely loans. It was further observed that defective loaning policy, conspicuous consumption, and illness of family members as well as hope for 10a11 write-off policy were the other reasons behind non-repayment by borrowers. Misutilisation of loan amount was least in B4, which indicates the presence of effective supervision and monitoring mechanism in the bank. Loan amount was mainly diverted for meeting ceremonial expenses, consumption needs and educational expenses of children. The most serious problem in obtaining loam was revealed to be the procedural delay. From the inter-bank comparison on the effectiveness of the present loan recovery management system, it was found that B4 showed an outstanding performance in this regard, whereas B3 revealed to be the least efficient bank. According to the officials and employees of the banks, the reasons for poor recovery included lack of modern management techniques, lack of adequate staff training programmes, lack of infrastructural facilities and inefficiency of the legal machinery for recovering dues from borrowers. As a remedial measure to minimise overdues, coercive action against wilful defaulters and incentives for proper repayment must come into effect. For checking the rising trend of over dues in future, an effective loan appraisal as well as loan monitoring cell managed by professionals has to be established in each bank. The banks must put into effect the SARF AESI Ad, 2002 in order to bring a solution to the problem of overdues. The banks must therefore perceive that prolonged existence of this disease is not beneficial to the organisation and a strong mechanism to check this menace has to be created.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Comparative analysis of the performance of Kerala based banks
    (Department of Rural Banking and Finance Management, College of Co-operation, Banking and Management, Vellanikkara, 2002) Devika Mangsatabam; KAU; Molly Joseph
    The study entitled "A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PERFORMANCE OF KERALA BASED BANKS" was conducted with the following objectives . . i) To analyse the performance of Kerala based public, private and co-operative sector banks. ii) To compare the relative efficiency of these banks and iii) To examine the role of these banks in agricultural lending. The study was conducted in six out of the 10 Kerala based banks comprising of the State Bank of Tranvancore (SBT) and South Malabar Gramin Bank (SMBG) in the public sector, South Indian Bank (SIB), Dhanalakshmi Bank (DB) and Catholic Syrian Bank (CSB) in the private sector, and Kerala State Co- operative Bank (KSCB) in the co-operative sector. The study was conducted for a period of six years from 1994-95 to 1999-00 using mainly secondary data made available from the Annual Reports of the banks concerned. The first and second objectives of analysing the performance of Kerala based public private and co-operative sector banks and comparison of the relative efficiency of these banks have been done by using three models viz., Return On Equity (ROE) Decomposition Analysis, Weighted Productivity Index and Market Share Concept. For -- assessing the efficiency of each bank using the Market Share Concept, data were collected from all the 10 banks. Data pertaining to agricultural lending were also collected from the concerned banks' head office for analysing the third objective. Based on the above indicators, individual performance of the banks were assessed and a Composite Index was developed to rank these banks. The study has revealed that CD ratio has been declining for all the Kerala based banks except SMGB. For all these banks, the rate of increase in advances has not been as high as that of deposits which might be due to diversion of deposits by banks like investment in government and other approved securities, shares and debentures. The analysis of the profitability and productivity of Kerala based banks on the basis of ROE Decomposition Analysis has revealed that KSCB'is the only bank which could not achieve the 16-20 per cent internationally accepted ROE and one per cent ROA. SMGB has performed well showing a continuous increase in ROE and ROA except in 1996-97 when these values were negative due to implementation of NPA norms. When compared to the national average, it was found that the performance of all the Kerala based banks except KSCB was better with respect to the three indicators viz., ROE, ROA and Equity Multiplier (EM). The Profit Margin (PM) of the Kerala based banks except for SMGB has been lower than the industry average which might be due to the fact that their income has been adversely affected by the high interest expended on deposits. The study has also revealed that interest expended on deposits for SMGB has been very low when compared to the other Kerala. based banks since the Bank had other sources of funds like refinance from sponsoring bank and other institutions. The percentage share of Provisions and Contingencies (P&C) to the total revenue has been found to be very low in the case of KSCB and S.rvlGB pointing to the lower NPAs in these two banks. Among the Kerala based banks, only SMGB could achieve the internationally accepted criteria of having a Net Interest Margin (NIM) of three per cent and above. However, the burden of this particular bank has been observed to be very high since its non-interest income is negligible. Analysis based on the Weighted Productivity Index (WPi) has revealed that KSCB achieved the highest performance in Employee Productivity (EPi), while SMGB had the lowest I Employee Productivity (EPi). The low staff productivity of SMGB might be due to drastic increase in wage bill as the implementation of the Award of the National Industrial Tribunal (NIT) gave pay parity in RRBs. The high Capital Productivity (CPi) of SMGB may be attributed to an increase in interest income and reduction in NPAs. The~e has been a general decline in CPi of the private sector banks - DB, SIB and CSB due to the higher provisioning for NP As. The market share of the branches, staff, non-deposit working funds and advances of the six Kerala based banks to the total of 10 banks has declined during the period of study. This may be attributed to the increase in the share of other Kerala based banks not included in the study like Federal Bank, Lord Krishna Bank and N edungadi Bank. The market share of SBT in branches, deposits, non- wage operating expenses and interest spread has declined consistently during the study period reflecting its declining prominence as the premier bank in the State. In the estimation of the efficiency level of Kerala based banks on Market Share Concept, it has been found that KSCB obtained the highest score followed by SBT and DB. SMGB, which had performed well in the other two models, performed the lowest as per this model. This may be attributed to the high share of branches and staff among its inputs factors. Besides fluctuation in output factors like non-interest income and the negative net profits in the 1996-97 have adversely affected its performance. Although the introduction of financial sector reforms has led to decline in priority sector lending in general, the liberalisation of the term 'priority sector' since 1997 has enabled banks to achieve the target of 40 per cent. The actual disbursement of credit to priority by Kerala based banks has never crossed the target of 40 per cent except in the case of SMGB. SMGB is the only bank, which has been increasing its percentage share of lending to the priority sector and agriculture in spite of its increased lending to the Non-Target Group over the years. The computation of the Composite Index to assess the overall performance of Kerala based banks has revealed that SMGB obtained the highest score followed by KSCB. The lower performance of SBT and private sector banks may be attributed to lower ROE, EPi, CPi, and ultimately WPi, lower efficiency based on market share and low share of agricultural advances to total advances. ~