Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively. Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively. On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs. In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc. During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.

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Varietal screening of black pepper to cucumber mosaic virus and piper yellow mottle virus and their sero molecular detection
(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2020) Arya, M; KAU; Radhika, N S
Varietal screening of black pepper to Cucumber mosaic virus and Piper yellow mottle virus and their sero-molecular detection The study entitled “Varietal screening of black pepper to Cucumber mosaic virus and Piper yellow mottle virus and their sero-molecular detection’ was conducted at Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during 2018-2020 with the objectives to study the occurrence and sero-molecular detection of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Piper yellow mottle virus (PYMoV) infecting black pepper and to identify the varietal response to infection by the viruses. As a part of the study, survey was conducted in four panchayats of Idukki (Erattiyar, Kattappana, Pampadumpara and Karunapuram) and Wayanad (Ambalavayal, Meenangadi, Poothadi and Panamaram) districts of Kerala. Plant samples showing the symptoms of viral infections were collected and severity of viral infections were assessed from farmer’s field at the survey locations. Highest disease incidence (DI) was observed in Poothadi (45.50 %) of Wayanad and lowest in Karunapuram (21.62 %) of Idukki district. Highest vulnerability index (V.I.) was recorded in Panamaram (61) of Wayanad and lowest in Pampadumpara (32) of Idukki district. Mealy bugs were found associated with the virus infected plants in survey locations. Different symptoms of viral infections observed in the field were general chlorosis, initial chlorotic specks progressing to severe mottling and curling, vein banding, vein clearing, leaf distortion and reduction in leaf size. The virus inoculum was maintained in insect proof greenhouse condition. In the field, high viral disease incidence was observed in Karimunda plants while Thekkan pepper grafted on Piper colubrinum did not express any symptom. Varietal screening with 15 varieties (KAU, IISR and local) was undertaken by wedge grafting the infected scions showing the symptoms of both viruses (CMV and PYMoV) on to healthy black pepper plants. Among the varieties screened, Karimunda was identified as the most susceptible variety with highest V.I. (48). Serological detection of CMV and PYMoV were confirmed using polyclonal antisera of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and two monoclonal antibodies of Banana streak virus (BSV 1 and BSV 2; as PYMoV belongs to the same group of BSV) through DAS (Double Antibody Sandwich)-ELISA. Infection due to either of the two viruses and mixed infections by both viruses were detected in the leaf samples. Leaf curling was found associated with infection by PYMoV while leaf reduction and distortion in leaf size were found associated with CMV infection. The results were confirmed using polyclonal antibodies of CMV and Sugarcane bacilliform virus (SCBV; as PYMoV belongs to the same group of SCBV) through DIBA (Dot Immuno Binding Assay) in infected leaf samples. The quality and quantity of isolated DNA by CTAB method was also assessed. PCR based molecular detection of PYMoV using ORF III specific primers yielded amplicons of approximately 400 bp. The amplified PCR products were subjected to sequencing and blast analysis. All the isolated sequences were found to be related to PYMoV. Phylogenetic studies revealed that isolates from Idukki and Wayanad grouped in separate clades. The present study on viruses infecting black pepper indicated that infection of CMV and PYMoV either in pure form or as mixed infections was prevalent in cultivated areas of Idukki and Wayanad districts of Kerala. Serological techniques like DASELISA and DIBA could be used for detection of these viruses along with molecular detection using coat protein specific primers. Varietal screening undertaken revealed that Karimunda was the most susceptible variety. The isolates of PYMoV from different locations of Idukki and Wayanad showed similarity in ORF III to other reported PYMoV sequences. സംഗ്രഹം കുരുമുളകിലെ വൈറസ് രരോരങ്ങൾലെതിലര ഇനങ്ങളുലെ ഗ്രതികരണൈും കുരുമുളകിലെ വൈറസ് രഹതുെളുലെ സീരറോ രമോളിെുെോർ രഠനൈും എന്ന ൈിഷയത്തിൽ രഠനം ലൈള്ളോയണി കോർഷിക രകോളജിലെ സസൃരരോര ൈിഭോരത്തിൽ 2018-20 കോെയളൈിൽ നെത്തുകയുണ്ടോയി. രഠനത്തിൻ്്ലറ ഭോരമോയി കുരുമുളക് കൃഷി ൈൃരകമോയി നെത്തുന്ന ഇെുെി, ൈയനോെ് ജില്ലകളിലെ 4 രഞ്ചോയത്തുകളിൽ സർരൈ നെത്തുകയുണ്ടോയി.അതിനോയി ഇെുെിയിലെ ഇരട്ടിയോർ, കട്ടപ്പന, രോമ്പോെുംരോറ, കരുണോരുരം എന്നീ രഞ്ചോയത്തുകളും ൈയനോെ് ജില്ലയിൽ നിന്നും അമ്പെൈയൽ, മീനങ്ങോെി, രൂതോെി, രനമരം എന്നീ രഞ്ചോയത്തുകളും സന്ദർശിച്ചു.വൈറസ് രരോര െക്ഷണം ഗ്രകെിപ്പിച്ച കുരുമുളക് ൈള്ളികൾ രശഖരിെുകയും അൈയുലെ രരോര ൈൃരനൈും രരോര തീഗ്ൈതയും ൈിെയിരുത്തുകയുണ്ടോയി.ഏറ്റൈും കൂെുതൽ രരോരത്തിന്ലറ ൈൃരനം റിരപ്പോർട്ട് ലെയ്തത് ൈയനോട്ടിലെ രൂതോെി രഞ്ചോയത്തിെും (45.5 %) ഏറ്റൈും കുറൈ് ഇെുെിയിലെ കരുണോരുരം രഞ്ചോയത്തിെും ആണ്.രരോര ൈൃരനത്തിന് രഹതുെളോയ മുഞ്ഞ, മീെിമൂട്ട തുെങ്ങിയൈയുലെ സോന്നിധ്യൈും ൈള്ളികളിൽ നിന്നും രശഖരിച്ചു. ലകോെികളിൽ കണ്ട രെതരം രരോര െക്ഷണങ്ങളും രഠിെുയുണ്ടോയി.മഞ്ഞളിപ്പ്, കുരുെിപ്പ് തുെങ്ങിയൈ ആണ് ഗ്രധ്ോന രരോര െക്ഷണങ്ങൾ. ൈിൈിധ്ഇനങ്ങളുലെ രരോര ഗ്രതിരരോധ് രശഷി അളെുന്നതിനോയി രരോരമുള്ള ൈള്ളി രരോര രഹിതമോയ ൈള്ളികളിൽ ഗ്രോഫ്റ്റ്റ് ലെയ്തു. കരിമുണ്ട എന്ന ലകോെിയിനത്തിനോണ് ഗ്രതിരരോധ് രശഷി ഏറ്റൈും കുറൈ് എന്ന് കലണ്ടത്തി. രുതിയ ഇെകളിൽ രരോരെക്ഷണങ്ങൾ ഗ്രകെമോെുന്ന ദിൈസൈും അൈയുലെ തീഗ്ൈതയും രഠിച്ചു.രരോരം നിജലപ്പെുത്തുന്നതിനോയി സീരറോ രമോളിെുെോർ രീതികളോയ എെിസ, ഡിബ, രി. സി. ആർ എന്നീ ലെസ്റ്റ്കൾെ് ൈിരധ്യമോെി ലകോണ്ട് വൈറസ് സോന്നിധ്യം സ്ഥിരികരിച്ചു. രരോരകോരിയോയ ലരപ്പർ ലയരല്ലോ രമോട്ടൽ വൈറസിന്ലറ ഒ.ആർ.എഫ്റ് 3 ജനിതക മോഗ്തകളും ഇൈയ്െ് മറ്റ് വൈറസുകളുമോയി തോരതമൃ രഠനൈും (വഫ്റരെോജനി ഗ്െീ) നെത്തി.
Open Access
Varietal screening of black pepper to cucumber mosaic virus and Piper yellow mottle virus and their sero molecular detection
(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2020) Arya, M; KAU; Radhika, N S
Varietal screening of black pepper to Cucumber mosaic virus and Piper yellow mottle virus and their sero-molecular detection The study entitled “Varietal screening of black pepper to Cucumber mosaic virus and Piper yellow mottle virus and their sero-molecular detection’ was conducted at Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during 2018-2020 with the objectives to study the occurrence and sero-molecular detection of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Piper yellow mottle virus (PYMoV) infecting black pepper and to identify the varietal response to infection by the viruses. As a part of the study, survey was conducted in four panchayats of Idukki (Erattiyar, Kattappana, Pampadumpara and Karunapuram) and Wayanad (Ambalavayal, Meenangadi, Poothadi and Panamaram) districts of Kerala. Plant samples showing the symptoms of viral infections were collected and severity of viral infections were assessed from farmer’s field at the survey locations. Highest disease incidence (DI) was observed in Poothadi (45.50 %) of Wayanad and lowest in Karunapuram (21.62 %) of Idukki district. Highest vulnerability index (V.I.) was recorded in Panamaram (61) of Wayanad and lowest in Pampadumpara (32) of Idukki district. Mealy bugs were found associated with the virus infected plants in survey locations. Different symptoms of viral infections observed in the field were general chlorosis, initial chlorotic specks progressing to severe mottling and curling, vein banding, vein clearing, leaf distortion and reduction in leaf size. The virus inoculum was maintained in insect proof greenhouse condition. In the field, high viral disease incidence was observed in Karimunda plants while Thekkan pepper grafted on Piper colubrinum did not express any symptom. Varietal screening with 15 varieties (KAU, IISR and local) was undertaken by wedge grafting the infected scions showing the symptoms of both viruses (CMV and PYMoV) on to healthy black pepper plants. Among the varieties screened, Karimunda was identified as the most susceptible variety with highest V.I. (48). Serological detection of CMV and PYMoV were confirmed using polyclonal antisera of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and two monoclonal antibodies of Banana streak virus (BSV 1 and BSV 2; as PYMoV belongs to the same group of BSV) through DAS (Double Antibody Sandwich)-ELISA. Infection due to either of the two viruses and mixed infections by both viruses were detected in the leaf samples. Leaf curling was found associated with infection by PYMoV while leaf reduction and distortion in leaf size were found associated with CMV infection. The results were confirmed using polyclonal antibodies of CMV and Sugarcane bacilliform virus (SCBV; as PYMoV belongs to the same group of SCBV) through DIBA (Dot Immuno Binding Assay) in infected leaf samples. The quality and quantity of isolated DNA by CTAB method was also assessed. PCR based molecular detection of PYMoV using ORF III specific primers yielded amplicons of approximately 400 bp. The amplified PCR products were subjected to sequencing and blast analysis. All the isolated sequences were found to be related to PYMoV. Phylogenetic studies revealed that isolates from Idukki and Wayanad grouped in separate clades. The present study on viruses infecting black pepper indicated that infection of CMV and PYMoV either in pure form or as mixed infections was prevalent in cultivated areas of Idukki and Wayanad districts of Kerala. Serological techniques like DASELISA and DIBA could be used for detection of these viruses along with molecular detection using coat protein specific primers. Varietal screening undertaken revealed that Karimunda was the most susceptible variety. The isolates of PYMoV from different locations of Idukki and Wayanad showed similarity in ORF III to other reported PYMoV sequences. സംഗ്രഹം കുരുമുളകിലെ വൈറസ് രരോരങ്ങൾലെതിലര ഇനങ്ങളുലെ ഗ്രതികരണൈും കുരുമുളകിലെ വൈറസ് രഹതുെളുലെ സീരറോ രമോളിെുെോർ രഠനൈും എന്ന ൈിഷയത്തിൽ രഠനം ലൈള്ളോയണി കോർഷിക രകോളജിലെ സസൃരരോര ൈിഭോരത്തിൽ 2018-20 കോെയളൈിൽ നെത്തുകയുണ്ടോയി. രഠനത്തിൻ്്ലറ ഭോരമോയി കുരുമുളക് കൃഷി ൈൃരകമോയി നെത്തുന്ന ഇെുെി, ൈയനോെ് ജില്ലകളിലെ 4 രഞ്ചോയത്തുകളിൽ സർരൈ നെത്തുകയുണ്ടോയി.അതിനോയി ഇെുെിയിലെ ഇരട്ടിയോർ, കട്ടപ്പന, രോമ്പോെുംരോറ, കരുണോരുരം എന്നീ രഞ്ചോയത്തുകളും ൈയനോെ് ജില്ലയിൽ നിന്നും അമ്പെൈയൽ, മീനങ്ങോെി, രൂതോെി, രനമരം എന്നീ രഞ്ചോയത്തുകളും സന്ദർശിച്ചു.വൈറസ് രരോര െക്ഷണം ഗ്രകെിപ്പിച്ച കുരുമുളക് ൈള്ളികൾ രശഖരിെുകയും അൈയുലെ രരോര ൈൃരനൈും രരോര തീഗ്ൈതയും ൈിെയിരുത്തുകയുണ്ടോയി.ഏറ്റൈും കൂെുതൽ രരോരത്തിന്ലറ ൈൃരനം റിരപ്പോർട്ട് ലെയ്തത് ൈയനോട്ടിലെ രൂതോെി രഞ്ചോയത്തിെും (45.5 %) ഏറ്റൈും കുറൈ് ഇെുെിയിലെ കരുണോരുരം രഞ്ചോയത്തിെും ആണ്.രരോര ൈൃരനത്തിന് രഹതുെളോയ മുഞ്ഞ, മീെിമൂട്ട തുെങ്ങിയൈയുലെ സോന്നിധ്യൈും ൈള്ളികളിൽ നിന്നും രശഖരിച്ചു. ലകോെികളിൽ കണ്ട രെതരം രരോര െക്ഷണങ്ങളും രഠിെുയുണ്ടോയി.മഞ്ഞളിപ്പ്, കുരുെിപ്പ് തുെങ്ങിയൈ ആണ് ഗ്രധ്ോന രരോര െക്ഷണങ്ങൾ. ൈിൈിധ്ഇനങ്ങളുലെ രരോര ഗ്രതിരരോധ് രശഷി അളെുന്നതിനോയി രരോരമുള്ള ൈള്ളി രരോര രഹിതമോയ ൈള്ളികളിൽ ഗ്രോഫ്റ്റ്റ് ലെയ്തു. കരിമുണ്ട എന്ന ലകോെിയിനത്തിനോണ് ഗ്രതിരരോധ് രശഷി ഏറ്റൈും കുറൈ് എന്ന് കലണ്ടത്തി. രുതിയ ഇെകളിൽ രരോരെക്ഷണങ്ങൾ ഗ്രകെമോെുന്ന ദിൈസൈും അൈയുലെ തീഗ്ൈതയും രഠിച്ചു.രരോരം നിജലപ്പെുത്തുന്നതിനോയി സീരറോ രമോളിെുെോർ രീതികളോയ എെിസ, ഡിബ, രി. സി. ആർ എന്നീ ലെസ്റ്റ്കൾെ് ൈിരധ്യമോെി ലകോണ്ട് വൈറസ് സോന്നിധ്യം സ്ഥിരികരിച്ചു. രരോരകോരിയോയ ലരപ്പർ ലയരല്ലോ രമോട്ടൽ വൈറസിന്ലറ ഒ.ആർ.എഫ്റ് 3 ജനിതക മോഗ്തകളും ഇൈയ്െ് മറ്റ് വൈറസുകളുമോയി തോരതമൃ രഠനൈും (വഫ്റരെോജനി ഗ്െീ) നെത്തി.

Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

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