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Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively. Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively. On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs. In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc. During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.

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20223
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Subject: Plant Biotechnology × Author: KAU × Start date: 2022 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Mapping the QTL for yield traits in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.)
    (Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara, 2022) Lavale, Shivaji Ajinath; KAU; Deepu, Mathew
    Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia), being a rich source of phytonutrients such as carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, and other medicinal compounds, has a great importance in healthy dietary habits. Breeders always seek to breed bitter gourd varieties for the traits such as early maturity and high yield. However, limited investigations have been made to identify the genetic loci governing yield related traits. Marker assisted selection (MAS) assures the presence of favourable alleles and fast recovery of recurrent parent genome in the cultivar under improvement. The success of MAS mainly depends on the availability of a marker-dense genetic linkage map locating quantitative trait loci (QTL) for the target traits. The present study “Mapping the QTL for yield traits in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.)” was carried out during October, 2018 to December, 2021 with the objective to map the quantitative trait loci and to develop chromosome-wise maps for the yield traits in bitter gourd. To develop the mapping population, high yielding bitter gourd cultivar Priyanka (Momordica charantia var. charantia) and a wild bitter gourd accession IC634896 (M. charantia var. muricata), were used as parents. A set of 450 microsatellites were screened for polymorphism using genomic DNA of parents and 47 were found polymorphic. Bitter gourd genome (GenBank acc. no. GCA_013281855.1) was scanned and new hypervariable microsatellites were identified using Genome wide Microsatellite Analysing Tool (GMATo) and named as KAUBG_n where n is a serial number. From the 75 microsatellites identified, 69 were validated through successful PCR amplification and 38 among them were polymorphic between the parents. This led to the development of a set of 85 markers polymorphic between the parents. Crosses were made between the parental lines and hybrids from the cross Priyanka × IC634896 yielded more number of fruits and total fruit produce compared to the reciprocal hybrid. An F2:3 population was developed through single seed descent method from the cross Priyanka × IC634896. A panel of 200 F2:3 plants were evaluated for twenty seven traits, including fruit-, flower-, seed-, vine-, and leaf-related traits, contributing directly or indirectly to the total yield. Wide variation was observed among the F2:3 plants for the traits studied. A group of ninety plants was selected from 200 F2:3 plants such that they represent the variation of the base population. Genomic DNA of these plants were genotyped using 85 polymorphic markers. Genotypic data from the screening of 85 markers in the mapping population were used to generate a linkage map spanning 1287.99 cM distance across eleven linkage groups (LGs) corresponding to eleven chromosomes, using IciMapping software. LG 7 (28 markers) consisted of maximum number of markers followed by LG 2 and LG 9, each having 11 markers. LG 1 had 10 markers whereas LG 3, 4 and 8 had seven markers each. LG 5, 6, 10 and 11 had only one marker each. LG 7 covered maximum map distance of 384.19 cM where LG 8 covered least map distance of 68.58 cM. The genetic map and phenotypic data were used to generate the QTL maps, using Inclusive Composite Interval Mapping (ICIM) method to locate twenty seven traits on Momordica genome. Sixty QTL, including 37 major QTL with LOD values ranging from 3.1 to 15.2, explaining 1.8 to 35.9 per cent of the phenotypic variation were identified for 24 traits, on seven chromosomes. Twenty three QTL were identified for fruit-traits with LOD values ranging from 3.1 to 7.6, explaining 5.5 to 35.9 per cent of phenotypic variation. Thirteen QTL were identified for flower-related traits with LOD value ranging from 3.1 to 15.2, explaining 7.0 to 26.0 per cent of phenotypic variation. Seven QTL each were identified for seed and leaf-related traits with LOD values ranging from 3.2 to 10.8 and 3.5 to 6.5, explaining 5.6 to 26.3 and 3.2 to 15.8 per cent of phenotypic variation, respectively. Ten QTL were identified for vine-related traits with 3.2 to 8.7 LOD values and explaining 1.8 to 17.6 per cent of phenotypic variation. Single marker analysis was performed to identify markers co-segregating with the yield contributing traits. There were 129 hits for the marker-trait association with LOD values more than 3.0, explaining 11.62 to 29.34 per cent of the phenotypic variation. Using the least and best performing F2:3 plants, markers S13, KAUBG_5 and KAUBG_11 were validated for co-segregation with fruit breadth, first pistillate flower node, and number of pistillate flowers and fruits per plant, respectively. This study gives insights into the relative locations of microsatellites and major effect QTL for yield traits in Momordica genome. QTL with shorter marker interval (qFrtL-8-1, qDPF-3-1, qDSF-3-1, qDSF-7-1, qFrtShp-8-1) can be directly used in MAS for improving yield characters. Linkage observed between microsatellites identified in this study with yield traits signifies their importance in further fine mapping as well as marker assisted selection. The linkage map constructed in this study, being the first with microsatellites from Momordica genome, paves the path for comparative and consensus map generation with other marker types. Further, fine mapping using markers within the identified QTL hotspots can lead to possible identification and cloning of genes underlying the yield traits.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Anticancer activity of stingless bee propolis on human cancer cells
    (Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2022) Hari Sagar, S K; KAU; Shanas, S
    The present research work entitled “Anticancer activity of stingless bee propolis on human cancer cell line” was carried out in the Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and Department of Genomic Science, Central University of Kerala during 2020-2021, with the objective to study the effect of propolis collected from two different genera of Stingless bees, viz., Lisotrigona sp. and Tetragonula spp. on human cancer cell line- A549. Crude propolis samples were collected from the nest of three species of stingless bees Lisotrigona sp. (Kollam), Tetragonula calophyllae (Thiruvananthapuram) and Tetragonula travancorica (Thiruvananthapuram). Propolis samples were macerated at room temperature and extracted with 95% ethanol. MTT assay was performed and IC-50 values were calculated in-order to determine the influence of propolis on the proliferation of human cancer cell line. Five different concentrations of propolis, viz., 150µg/ml, 300µg/ml, 450µg/ml, 600µg/ml and 900µg/ml respectively, were added to A549 cells for a period of 24 hrs. Cells treated with the propolis extracted from Lisotrigona sp, T. calophyllae and T. travancorica obtained IC50 values of 485.822 ug/ml, 236.6095 ug/ml and 294.223 ug/ml respectively. It was observed that, propolis treatment had an inhibitory effect on A549 cells after 24 hrs treatment in relative to the control. When the cells were treated with the right concentration of propolis, marked difference in their morphology was observed. The cells appeared to shrink and were floating.Quality and quantity of the samples were analyzed through nanodrop, which gave an absorbance value of 1.8 to 2.0 for all the samples. The concentration of the samples observed was between 30-200 ngµl-1 . The RNA samples were then subjected to cDNA conversion (iScriptTM cDNA Synthesis Kit). The cDNA of control and treated samples were then subjected qRT PCR. The real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed with the Applied Biosystems PCR system in a total volume of 10 µl and expression of different genes was studied. Gene expression analysis revealed that propolis taken from Lisotrigona sp. treated VIM was downregulated and it indicates that the cell migration and EMT formation are suppressed. propolis taken from T. calophyllae downregulated the expression of NODAL and it shows the inhibition of EMT formation. propolis taken from Lisotrigona sp. showed upregulation of CDX2 expression indicating that propolis from Lisotrigona sp. inhibits cell proliferation. 59 To conclude, the result of the study proved that, propolis obtained from the stingless bee Lisotrigona sp. showed more inhibitory effect on cancer cell line- A549 compared to Tetragonula spp.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Genetic diversity analysis of gladiolus genotypes (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) using molecular markers
    (Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2022) Karthika Nair, A S; KAU; Beena, Thomas
    Characterization of plant genotypes based on crop genetic diversity is important for effective usage and conservation. This is generally achieved by either morphological tools or molecular tools or by using both. This study entitled “Genetic diversity analysis of gladiolus genotypes (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) using molecular markers” was carried out in the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram during 2020-2021 with an objective to analyse genetic diversity in the gladiolus genotypes using ISSR as well as morphological markers. Gladiolus (Gladiolus sp.) is a genus of perennial herbaceous cormous flowering plants in the family Iridaceae which is of high economic importance. Fifteen varieties of gladiolus including twelve varieties from IIHR, Bangalore and three varieties from NBRI, Lucknow were selected for this study. The study was divided into two parts- morphological characterization and molecular characterization. Morphological characterization was done by analysing both vegetative and floral characters. Different tools such as analysis of variance, co-variance, correlations, PCA and dendrogram were used for statistically analysing the recorded data. The dendrogram divided the genotypes into two principal clusters at a distance of 0.10. The major variables that contributed to the clustering of gladiolus genotypes were plant height, number of leaves per shoot, length of leaf, width of leaf, internode length, number of florets open at one time and number of florets per spike as revealed by PCA analysis. For molecular characterization using ISSR markers the genomic DNA was isolated using CTAB method of DNA isolation with little modifications. Ten ISSR primers were used for screening fifteen gladiolus genotypes. After the final PCR with selected primers, the amplicons were resolved in 2% agarose gel and polymorphic bands were obtained. Primers showed 94.56% polymorphism and the number of bands obtained ranged from 3(UBC 857) to 14 (UBC 890) with a mean value of 8.7 polymorphic bands per primer. A total of 87 polymorphic bands were obtained. The data analysed using NTSYS PC 2.02 program created a dendrogram, which grouped 113 the genotypes based on Jaccard’s similarity coefficient in which the fifteen genotypes were separated into two principal clusters. The first principal cluster consisted of most of the genotypes (12 genotypes). The second principal cluster comprised of ‘Arka Naveen’, ‘Archana’ and ‘Arka Gold’ with ‘Archana’ as an outlier. In molecular characterization, least similarity of 34% was observed between G3 (Arka Sapna) and G9 (Archana) whereas, maximum genetic similarity of 82% was observed between G6 (Arka Amar) and G10 (Arka Kumkum). The highest morphological similarity was also observed between G6 (Arka Amar) and G10 (Arka Kumkum) at a distance of 0.83 in UPGMA dendrogram based on Jaccard’s coefficient. Though some similarity in results existed between the morphological and molecular tools used for identifying the genetic relationships among selected gladiolus varieties in this study, it also revealed that the varieties were grouped as separate clusters based on morphological dendrogram. This may be due to the dependence of morphological expression on the physiological state of the individual plant along with environmental influence. Self-incompatibility, along with the outcrossing nature together might have contributed to the high variation observed among the gladiolus genotypes. Being a commercial cut flower crop, based on different floral parameters considered ‘Arka Sapna’, ‘Arka Nazrana’, Arka Darshan’, ‘Arka Amar’ and ‘Arka Poonam’ are recommended as the gladiolus genotypes that showed best performance in Kerala conditions. Tags from this library: No tags from this library for this title.