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Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively. Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively. On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs. In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc. During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.

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2014 - 20172
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Subject: Forestry × End date: 2017 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Ecoanatomical characterisation and development of anatomical key of selected mangrove species of west coast of India
    (Department of Wood Science, College of Forestry, Vellanikkara, 2017) Anju S Vijayan; KAU; Anoop, E V
    The present investigation focused on the ecoanatomical characterisation of the wood of 17 selected true mangroves collected from 10 locations in the Western Coast of India. A total of 221 characters listed in the IAWA (International Association of Wood Anatomists) list of card key features were studied for each species as there is a felt need for creating databases of mangrove wood anatomy which allows to quantify the relative amount of intra- and interspecific variation, as well as variation within and between the mangrove genera. Mangrove wood from West Coast of India is characterised by diffuse-porosity, scalariform to opposite vessel wall pitting, scalariform perforations with few bars or large number of bars. Most mangrove family members were found to have simple perforations, septate or non septate fibres with distinctly to minutely bordered pits, bordered, half bordered to simple pits, paratracheal parenchyma, apotracheal and banded parenchyma. Heterocellular to homocellular rays with mostly procumbant cells with one or several marginal row of square/upright cells was also observed in these mangrove genera. Short numerous vessels with small dimension and vessel grouping were also common. The most advanced characters like vestured pit, helical thickening, crystals and vessel occlusions were present in majority of the samples. A perforated card key based on the IAWA list of microscopic card features for mangrove identification was also prepared. The development of an IAWA based anatomical key will be helpful for the identification of mangrove species based on wood anatomy. The ecoanatomical characters such as vessel diameter, vessel frequency, vessel grouping, type of vessel plate, lateral wall pitting, type of pits of true mangrove species were studied and compared with data from their nearest upland relative. The ecoanatomical features of wood of mangrove species are correlated with xeromorphic nature of their upland relatives. Because of the highly variable and stressful environmental condition, the mangroves developed certain strategies and adaptations during their evolution. These special morphological and physiological adaptations made it for the mangrove species to survive in these conditions in contrast to their upland relatives. A safe hydraulic architecture is only one of the alternative ways for a plant to be able to survive in water stress situations. The modification of xylem hydrological structure of mangrove wood helps to balance safety versus efficiency of water transport system. These modifications of wood structure due to ecological conditions are the driving force to evolution of wood anatomy. Thus the evolution of mangrove genera has been shown to be likely driven by environmental condition and not by phylogeny. The general pattern of wood anatomy of mangrove genera of different families indicates convergent evolution. These trends of wood anatomy in mangrove species provide new examples of phenotypic plasticity in angiosperms. To ensure safety, certain primitive structures such as bordered pits, scalariform vessel plate, scalariform, transitional, opposite lateral wall pitting and vessel bars still persist in the true mangrove genera of the present investigation. Thus the development of wood anatomical characters in mangrove genera were an example of heterobatmy. The presence of mostly primitive wood character states suggest an unbroken occupancy of stressful habitat by its ancestral genera. Mangrove occurs in different families in which the gamut of wood specialization ranges from advanced to highly advanced features. Rhizophoraceae members were found to be the most primitive ones with less specialization whereas the other mangrove species were found to have highly advanced wood anatomical characters.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Bird community structure in the sacred groves of northern kerala
    (Department of Wildlife Sciences, College of Forestry, Vellanikkara, 2014) Mandan Jyothi, Krishnan; KAU; Nameer, P O
    A study on the ‘Bird community structure in the sacred groves of northern Kerala’ was carried out during 2011-2014. Fifteen sacred groves, eight from Kannur and seven from Kasargod districts were selected for the study. The bird community was studied at each of these sacred groves. The bird study was done for three hours from 7h to 11h and 15h to 18h in each of the fifteen sacred groves. The study was repeated once in every two months in each of the sacred groves between March 2012 to December 2013. Thus a total of 168 visits and 1008 h of field work is done during the study period. The bird diversity was then correlated with various variables such as the size of the sacred grove, distance of the sacred grove to the nearest forest, altitude of the area and tree density. Tree diversity in the sacred groves was also studied and was correlated to bird diversity. Ten quadrats of 10x10m were taken in each of the sacred groves and trees having more than 10 cm girth was selected and GBH and height was measured. Socio-economic study was undertaken to know the awareness about the birds of the sacred grove and the perception about the significance of sacred grove among villagers. Ten respondents from each of the sacred groves were interviewed. A total of 111 bird species, belonging to 15 orders, 47 families and 90 genera were recorded from the sacred groves of northern Kerala. The species richness per sacred grove ranged from maximum of 55 to minimum 23. And the number of individuals of birds per sacred grove ranged from 576 to 203 birds. The bird diversity was highest in the Cheemeni Kavu, while the bird species richness was highest in the Verikkara Kavu. Sacred groves of northern Kerala supported 86.48 per cent of resident birds and 14.52 per cent of migratory birds. Twenty five percent of the birds found in the sacred groves were found to be forest-dependent birds. Two species of birds that are endemic to Western Ghats viz., Malabar Grey Hornbill (Ocyceros griseus) and Rufous Babbler (Turdoides subrufa) were recorded from sacred groves of northern Kerala. The bird community of the Kammadam Kavu and Thazhe Kavu was found to be distinct among the 15 sacred groves studied using the Correspondence analysis. Dendrogram based on Bray-Curtis similarity matrix identified broadly three clusters viz. Karaka Kavu to Cheemeni Kavu, Edapara Kavu to Kuduvakolangara Kavu and Thazhe Kavu to Kammadam Kavu. The numbers of endemic birds were found to be greatly influenced by the extent of the sacred grove. However number of forest birds was influenced by the altitude and tree density. A total of 130 tree species were reported from the sacred groves of northern Kerala. 14 species of trees were endemic to Western Ghats and seven were threatened, this includes one Critically Endangered (Vateria indica) and four Endangered (Hopea ponga, Hopea parviflora and Chionanthus mala-elengi, Evodia lunu-anekanda) and two Vulnerable tree (Cinnamomum perrottetii, Santalum album) species. Respondents in the sacred groves of northern Kerala had medium awareness about the birds and perception about the significance of the sacred groves of northern Kerala. Awareness was found to be influenced by caste, gender, education, knowledge about bird diversity in sacred grove and understanding the beneficial effect by birds among the respondents. The perception was influenced by occupation of the respondent, knowledge about bird diversity in sacred grove and understanding of beneficial effect by birds among the respondents. Important threats faced by sacred groves in northern Kerala were encroachment, degradation of vegetation in the sacred grove, dumping of waste into the sacred groves, deposition of solid waste through contaminated water, passages within the sacred grove, use of sacred grove for anti-social activities like for consumption of liquor, playing cards etc, and various construction activities taking places in some of the sacred groves. The Government should step in and take some bold initiatives for the conservation of the sacred groves. Incentives should be provided for the owners of the sacred groves for preserving these important biodiversity repositories outside the reserved forests and protected areas. Restoration planting should be taken up in the degraded sacred groves with community participation.