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Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively. Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively. On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs. In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc. During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.

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Subject: Fisheries × Author: Gomathi, P × Start date: 2001 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Structure & functions of the accessory nidamental gland in the indian squid,loligo duvanuceli orbigny(mollusca:cephalopoda)
    (Department of Fishery Biology, College of Fisheries,Panangad, 2008) Gomathi, P; KAU; Rjashekaran Nair, J
    Females of the Indian squid, Loligo duvauceli in different stages of sexual maturity were collected during September-November, 2007. Mantle length of the ripe females was 16.22 ± 0.487 cm and body weight was 125.3 ± 8.628 g. Accessory nidamental glands (ANG) were conspicuous only in sexually maturing females. These paired glands were located at the anterior end of the nidamental glands (NG) and were closely associated with the ventral surface of the ink sac. The colour of ANG was orange red in mature specimens. The colour has been attributed to pigments of symbiotic bacteria. The ANG-somatic index of ripe females of L. duvauceli was 0.154 ± 0.024 %. Based on the morphological changes like gross size, coloration of the gland and also histological changes like formation, distribution, size and shape of the pigment granules during the course of maturation, the accessory nidamental glands were quantified into four stages namely immature, ripening, ripe and spent. Antibacterial activity of ANG-butanol extracts (2.5 g in 5.0 ml butanol) from different stages of maturity was studied. The extracts from ripe stage ANG showed antibacterial activity against gram negative bacterial strains, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and gram positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus. Immature and spent gland extracts did not show any antibacterial activity. The ANG-butanol extract of ripe ANG showed an absorbance maximum at 498.5 nm, followed by shoulders at 528.0, 290.5 and 315.5 nm. In the case of immature stage an absorbance maximum at 285.0 nm was obtained, followed by shoulders at 340.5, 358.0 and 400.5 nm. For the spent stage the absorbance spectrum was very similar to the immature stage. The peak at 498.5 nm (2.597A) obtained for the ripe stage could be attributed to the presence of carotenoid pigments. The peak obtained at 286 nm for the different stages indicated the presence of peptides/ proteins. Thin layer chromatography of the ANG- butanol extract did not show the presence of polyphenols/flavonoids or quinones, whereas neutral lipid components such as phospholipids, cholesterol, free fatty acids, triglycerides, fatty acid esters, and cholesteryl esters were detected. The total free fatty acid (FFA) content in the ripe ANG was 16.0 ± 0.143 mg oleic acid/g tissue, whereas in immature ANG, it was 10.3 ± 0.114 mg oleic acid/g tissue. The FFA content was significantly higher in the ripe stage. Gas chromatographic studies of immature and ripe stages revealed the presence of a mixture of fatty acids. The total fatty acid content was 3.925 mg/g tissue in ripe stage and 0.704 mg/g tissue in immature stage showing the high gross value in the ripe stage. The quantum of the major four fatty acid (Palmitic acid, Oleic acid, Docosahexaenoic acid and Eicosapentaenoic acid) components was clearly found to be much more in the ripe stage than in the immature stage, especially the unsaturated fatty acids and may be the factors responsible for the antibacterial activity.