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Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively. Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively. On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs. In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc. During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.

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1977 - 197911980 - 19852
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Subject: Dairy Technology × Author: KAU × End date: 1987 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on hormonal induction of lactation in cows
    (Department of Animal Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1977) Joseph, P M; KAU; Pavithran, K
    A trial to induce lactation in cows and heifers using the hormones oestradiol dipropionate or stilboestrol dipropionate in combination with progesterone was conducted. The experimental animals comprised of six each of heifers and cows divided into three groups of two each of cows and heifers. Natural oestrogen and progesterone were given to animals in the first group at the rate of 0.05 mg and 0.125 mg per kg body weight respectively at 12 hour intervals consecutively for seven days. The animals in the second group received synthetic oestrogen and progesterone at the same dose and for the same duration. The Animals in the third group were given synthetic oestrogen and progesterone at the rate of 0.10 mg and 0.25 mg per kg body weight respectively, on alternate days, during a period of 14 days. There was considerable udder development in all the animals. The development was more in the animals of group I and III in comparison to those of group II. The heifers exhibited pronounced udder development than the cows. Lactation commenced within a period of 13-21 days after the first injection in all the animals. The milk yield reached the peak with in period of four to ten weeks. The peak yield varied from 140 ml to 4300 ml. The average milk yield per day in the three groups during the period of the first 60 days was 1766,942 and 1638 ml for group I, II and III respectively. The yield obtained for group I and III was significantly higher than that of group II. The heifers gave better yield than the cows. The composition and properties of the milk obtained from the induced lactation was compared with those of the milk from normal cows. It was found that on the eighth day onwards there was no significant difference in the composition and properties of milk obtained from the experimental animals as compared to those milk from postpartum cows. In general the milk from the animals of induced lactation had similar qualities to that of the milk from postpartum cows. The erythrocyte count, haemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume decreased and the plasma protein increased during the treatment as well as the post-treatment periods in comparison to the pre-treatment period. During the treatment period the animals exhibited symptoms of heat. Normal oestrus was observed in six animals with in 42-57 days from the commencement of lactation. Four of them were inseminated and all of them conceived. The body weight remained unchanged in the cows but the heifers showed a slight decline in body weight. Both natural and synthetic oestrogen along with progesterone were effective in inducing lactation. Natural oestrogen in combination with progesterone was more effective in short duration treatment. When the synthetic oestrogen along with progesterone was given for a longer period better results were obtained than short duration. The induction was more successful in heifers than in cows. Regaining of the reproductive efficiency in some fo the problem breeders was an added advantages of the technique adopted.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Preparation of hard ripened cheese from goats` milk
    (Department of Dairy Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1985) Anil Kumar, A G; KAU; Subrahmanyam, M
    etc. An investigation was undertaken to produce a hard ripened variety of cheese from goats’ milk and to compare it with that produced from cow’s milk. Pooled samples of raw milk collected from the goats of the All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Goats for Milk, Mannuthy and the Cows of the University Livestock Farm, Mannuthy were heat treated (72.60 C/15 seconds) and used to prepare six batches of cheese. Samples of cheese collected prior to and after ripening were subjected to various analyses. The results of the study indicated that the yield of cheese from goats’ milk (1.430 kg from 10.0 litres milk) was higher than that obtained from cows’ milk (1.145 kg from 10.0 litres milk). The moisture content of cheese was found to decrease during ripening. Goats milk cheese had a lower moisture content prior to and after ripening at 50 C, but after ripening at 100 C cows’ milk cheese showed a lower value. The cheese from cows’ milk had a higher level of fat as compared to that from goats’ milk. The fat content of cheese was found to increase during the ripening process. The total protein content was higher in goats’ milk cheese both prior to and after ripening, but the level of soluble protein was found to be higher in cows’ milk cheese. Ripening at 100 C produced a higher level of soluble protein as compared to ripening at 50 C. Although ripened cheese contained a higher salt content as compared to green cheese, significant difference could not be observed in its level between goats’ and cows’ milk cheese. The level of steam volatile free fatty acids (SVFFA) was slightly higher in cows’ milk cheese prior to ripening, but after ripening goats’ milk cheese showed higher values. Ripening at 100 C produced a higher level of SVFFA as compared to 50 C. The pH of cheese made from goats’ milk was slightly lower than that made from cows’ milk, prior to and after ripening. The pH was also found to increase during ripening, the change being more marked at 100C. Goats’ and cows’ milk cheese ripened at both the temperatures (50 C and 100 C) showed no coliforms, but the green cheese from goats’ milk showed higher coliform load. The cows’ milk cheese was judged better than goats’ milk cheese. Although not significant, samples of cheese ripened at 100 C scored higher than those ripened at 50 C, the difference being more remarkable in cows’ milk cheese. Samples of cheese produced in the present study was found to conform to the standards prescribed for hard cheese under the PFA Act (1982).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on the whey proteins of cows` milk in induced lactation
    (Department of Dairy Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1985) Sadananda, Talukdar; KAU; Pavithran, K
    A comparative study on the milk proteins in general and the whey proteins in particular was conducted between cows of first lactation and inferitile heifers brought into lactation by hormonal treatment. It was intended to study the differences, if any, between the two sets of cows in respect of the milk proteins and the possible secretory process involved therein . An exhaustive review of literature has been presented on the levels of various components of whey proteins and other related aspects. The methods of analysis of various components of milk have been detailed. The cows used in the study were crossbred ones, randomly selected from the University Livestock Farm, Mannuthy and maintained under similar farm conditions. The experimental group of animals, the heifers, were given estrogen (0.1 mg/kg body weight) and progesterone (0.25 mg/kg body weight) together in a single injection daily for 7 days consecutively. Gradual development of the udder during the course of treatment was noticed. Between the termination of the treatment and first milking, the development was more conspicuous. Regular milking, twice in a day, was started from the 21st day after the first injection. Secretion was initially colostral, and gradually within a period of 5 days, it resembled normal milk in appearance. The minimum yield from one animal in a day was 200 ml whereas the maximum reached was 4, 500 ml. From the 16th day of first milking, chemical analysis was started with in the case of experimental group. Animals in the control group began with the 3rd month of their lactation when the sample collection was started for analysis. Milk samples from both the groups were collected every 6th day and thus 6 samples from each animal were used for analysis. Both chemical analysis and electrophoresis were used to study the milk components. Estimation of nitrogen was done by the kjeldahl method. Average contents (in percentage) of albumin, globulin, total whey protein and other whey proteins were 0.383, 0.1786, 0.64 and 0.10 respectively in the milk of normal lactation; the values in the induced lactation being 0.603, 0.284, 1.045 and 0.158 respectively. Out of the total nitrogen in milk, the total whey nitrogen and the non protein nitrogen were 26.526 and 6.376 per cent respectively, in normal lactation, the values were 31.524 and 5.432 per cent respectively. Average total protein, casein and crude protein contents in normal milk were 2.97, 2.33 and 3.17 per cent respectively. But in induced milk, the values were 3.79, 2.773 and 4.007 per cent respectively. The ratio of whey protein :casein was 22:78 in normal lactation whereas in induced lactation it was 27;73. The contribution of whey protein to the higher total protein content of induced milk is more than that of casein. Differences between the whey components between the two groups were noticed. On statistical analysis, albumin, globulin, non – protein nitrogen and the other whey proteins together (whey proteins excluding albumin plus globulin) did not have significant difference between the two groups. So also was the casein. There was, however, significant difference between the two groups in respect of total whey nitrogen, total whey protein and total protein. Individual differences were highly significant in respect of albumin, globulin, total whey protein, total protein and crude protein. The last one had highly significant difference between the groups also. Globulin, non – protein nitrogen and other whey proteins, on the other hand, did not indicate any significant difference neither between groups or between individuals. The whey protein was subjected to electrophoretic separation in Acrylamide gel system with Borate buffer. In this attempt, it could be fractionated into six different bands in each case. But the mode of fractionation between groups in particular was found different from each other. A general trend for an increase in the protein content was thus seen in the milk of induced lactation that was mostly brought about by whey proteins. This may be a reflection of the secretory pattern involved with the normal and the induced lactation. Further investigations in detail may elucidate this in future.