Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively. Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively. On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs. In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc. During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.

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Open Access
Evaluation of selections and hybrids of Vetiver (Vetivena zizanieides (Linn ) Nash)
(Department of Agricultural Botany, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1991) Radhakrishnan, G R; Viswanathan, T V
Open Access
Induced chemical mutagenesis in Rose under in vitro culture
(Department of Agricultural Botany, College of Agriculture,Vellayani, 1991) Uma, B; KAU; Krishnan Nair, N
The present investigation entitled “Induced chemical mutagenesis in rose (Rosa chinensis) under in vitro culture” was carried out in the Tissue Culture Laboratory attached to the Horticultural Department, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during 1989-90. The main objectives of the experiment were to standardize a suitable culture medium for the growth and development of axillary buds and to standardize a successful method of chemical mutagenesis in rose under in vitro culture using the most potent chemical mutagen, ethyl methane sulphonate. The standardization of hormone levels in the culture medium (ms) was done at three stages of explant development viz. culture establishment, axillary bud proliferation and in vitro rooting. Surface sterilization of axillary buds were standardized by using mercuric chloride selecting out three concentrations 0.06, 0.08 and 0.1 per cent and 3 periods of treatment 5, 10 and 15 minutes. The axillary buds used were of 4 maturity stages ie. Axillary buds at the time of flower harvest and 2, 4 and 6 days after flower harvest. The various concentrations of ethyl methane sulphonate tested include 0.125, 0.25, 0.375 and 0.5 per cent. Two methods of mutagen treatments were tried ie. direct treatment and cotton swab method. In the direct treatment the axillary buds were subjected to EMS treatment at different periods treating the buds at the time of culturing, 2 days after culturing, 4 days after culturing and 6 days after culturing. In the cotton swab method buds were treated with EMS in the plant itself at various stages ie. at the time of flower harvest and 2,4 and 6 days after flower harvest. Surface sterilization of axillary buds was found to be most successful with mercuric chloride at 0.08 per cent for 15 minutes of the various levels of hormonal combinations tested BAP 2 mg/1 +2.4-D 1 mg/1 was found to be the best for culture establishment and BAP 2 mg /1 +GA 1mg/1 for shoot proliferation. Maximum rooting was obtained in full strength MS medium supplemented with IAA 2 mg/1 of the two methods of mutagen treatments tried direct treatment of axillary buds with EMS was not found to be effective as the buds turned brown and no further development occurred. In the cotton swab method, lower concentrations of EMS (0.125 and 0.25 per cent) gave a better performance based on days taken for bud take multiple shoot production and rooting percentage. A decrease in survival percentage was noted with increase in mutagen concentration. Higher concentration of EMS (0.375 and 0.5 per cent) curbed multiple shoot production in buds excised at the time of flower harvest and delayed multiple shoot production in other stages. The percentage cultures showing rooting and the number of roots/shoot also decreased with increase in concentration of EMS. Increase in maturity of buds also delayed multiple shoot production and decreased rooting percentage of the 4 stages of buds used for in vitro culture, buds excised at the time of flower harvest was found to be the best. But mutagen treatment retarded their performance. For mutagen treatment buds excised 4 days after flower harvest was found to be best followed by buds excised 2 days after flower harvest. Buds excised 6 days after flower harvest showed a poor performance in the normal and treated populations. The experiment clearly demonstrated that induced mutagenesis in rose can be successfully done adopting in vitro culture techniques.
Open Access
Variety Sensitivity Analysis in Cucumis melo L. using Gamma Rays and Ethyl Methane Sulphonate
(Department of Agricultural Botany, College of Agriculture,Vellayani, 1990) Nelson Lopez; KAU; Mercy, S T
The effect of gamma rays and 'EMS on ten Cucumis melo L. varieties was studied in the M1 generation. Germinability of seeds was not significantly affected by the different mutagen doses. However in general germination percentage decreased in varieties Panavalli, Attenganam local, Lucknow Sweet, Verma Surprise and Punthala local with gamma ray treatment while in Mudikode local, Pulliporan, Vellanad local and Co-1 germinability was better. EMS treatments in Mudikode local, Hara Madhu, Pulliporan, Puthala local and Co-1 resulted in decreased germination percentage. Significant delay in completion of germination compared to control was observed in different levels of gamma ray treatments in some of the varieties while early germination was noted in some others. Survival percentage, in general, was reduced with mutagen treatment in most of the varieties. Chlorophyll chimeras were noticed in both mutagen treatments. Morphological variations observed included leaf and fruit abnormalities. In general the lower doses of gamma rays resulted in early flowering of male flowers while 30 kR treatment resulted in delayed male flowering. Among EMS treatments, 1.0% and 2.0% treatments in general resulted in a delayed production of first male flower. In the case of appearance of first female flower a significant delay was observed in the higher doses of gamma ray treatments in Co-1 and Attenganam local while a significantly early appearance of first female flower was noted with lower doses of gamma ray treatments in Mudikode local, Lucknow Sweet and Pulliporan. The 1.5 % and 2.0% EMS treatments in general produced first female flower earlier than control and 1.0% treatment. In most of the varieties the EMS treatments in general resulted in the apperance of the first male flower at lower nodes compared to control. EMS treatment induced appearance of first female flower at lower nodes than gamma ray treatment. Increase in sex ratio (male to female) due to some of the EMS treatments was observed in some varieties while a decrease was observed in others. Irradiation with higher doses of gamma rays caused decreased sex ratio in Panavalli, Lucknow Sweet, Hara Madhu, Pulliporan and Punthala local. In general in all varieties there was reduction in pollen and seed fertility with increase in dose of gamma rays and EMS except 10 kR gamma ray treatment and 1.5% EMS treatment where a slight increase in seed fertility was noticed. Different varieties showed differential response to different levels of gamma rays and EMS for number of fruits produced per plant and also for lenght and girth of fruit. Higher doses of gamma rays in Mudikode local, Co-1 and Pulliporan recorded greater fruit weight compared to control while 30 kR treatment in Panavalli and Punthala local recorded lower fruit weight compared to control. In Mudikode local, Panavalli, Vellanad local and Co-1 irradiation of gamma ray in general resulted in significantly lower yields than their control while in Attenganam local gamma ray irradiation resulted in significantly increased yield compared to control. Significantly lower fruit set compared to control occured in 20 kR treatment in Panavalli, Punthala local, Pulliporan and Co-1 whereas 10 kR treatment in Lucknow Sweet and Vellanad local resulted in a significant increase in fruit set. Lower levels of EMS treatments in Hara Madhu, Co-1, Pulliporan and Panavalli induced significantly lower fruit set compared to control. Irradiation with gamma rays resulted in significantly lower number of seeds compared to control in Mudikode local and Punthala local while in Pulliporan greater number of seeds than control was produced due to gamma ray treatment. In Co-1 and Attenganam local, 2.0% EMS treatment resulted in a significant reduction in 100 seed weight while lower levels of EMS treatments in Lucknow Sweet resulted in a significant increase in 100 seed weight compared to their control. The 10 kR treatment of all varieties in general resulted in slight decrease in mean length of main vine compared to control whereas the higher levels of gamma rays resulted in slight increase in mean length of main vine. In general the 2.0% EMS treatment of most of the varieties induced slight reduction in mean length of main vine while the lower levels of EMS resulted in slight increase in mean length of main vine compared to control.
Open Access
Chromosome behaviour and pollen analysis in anthurium sp
(Department of Agricultural Botany, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1992) Bindu, M R; KAU; Mercy, S T
Chromose behaviour and pollen characters had been studied in five commercially important varieties of Anthurium andreanum viz. Honeymoon Red, White (album), Lady Jane (Pink), Chillired and Pink. Some morphological characters were also recorded. The varieties show distinct differences in morphological characters. They can be identified from one another even in the absence of their typical spadices. All the varieties have a somatic chromosome number of 30+2B. The basic chromosome number is x=15. Two B chromosomes are present irrespective of the varietal type. The B chromosomes are either acentric or telocentric and round or rod shaped. Their size is always smaller than the smallest A chromosome. The karyotype of all the five varieties was analysed. On the basis of total chromosome length (TCL), average chromosome length (ACL) and arm ratio (r), the variety Pink appears to be most advanced. When the relative chromosome length (RCL) was taken in to consideration, the variety Chillired is found to be most advanced. With regard to the character, chromosome asymmetry, Lady Jane appears to be most advanced. When the karyotype asymmetry as a whole is considered, all the varieties are falling in the '3B' category which represents a high position in evolution. During meiosis, all the varieties exhibited a wide range of abnormalities like univalent formation, unequal seperation, presence of laggards, micronuclei etc. This point out the hybrid nature of the species. All the varieties are found to be protogynous with distinct interphase. This is an adaptation for natural cross pollination. However, natural crossing is occuring only to a limited extent. The pollen production capacity of the varieties varies significantly. The varieties Honeymoon Red and Pink produce the highest amount of pollen. All the varieties have round pollen with a single germ pore. The pollen size among the varieties does not vary significantly. However, the variety Lady Jane has the largest pollen. Pollen fertility is very low, when it was tested by acetocarmine staining and in vitro pollen germination methods. The latter is found to be more reliable in estimating the pollen fertility. All the varieties have paracytic type of stomata. But the varieties vary widely in their size and distribution. Morphological variations, karyotypic differences, meiotic abnormalities, high pollen sterility and the wide variability in stomatal characters point out the basic hybrid nature of the species.
Open Access
Anther culture in cocoa
(Department of Agricultural Botany, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1992) Sunil, K P; KAU; Achamma Oommen
Investigations on anther culture of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) were carried out at the College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, during 1990-'92 with the objective of studying the amenability of cocoa anther under in vitro conditions for the production of haploids. The fertility and viability of pollen grains of cocoa were found to be 35 and 61 per cent respectively. Anthers at tetrad stage (bud length 1.75 mm) were subjected to a two-stage culture procedure involving incubation and subculture (after 4 weeks) on modified H3 basal medium supplemented with 1 mg 1-1 NAA and 0.1 mg 1-1 2-iP for 50 days (stage 1) and subsequent weekly transfer to ½ Ms basal media supplemented with 0 to 1 mg 1-1 2-iP and 0 to 3 mg 1-1 GA3 (stage II). Proembryoids were obtained in stage 1 medium via callus within 45 days of culture, only when anthers derived from Criollo, Trinitario and H2 were cultured. Serial subculturing of embryoids in stage II media led to formation of shootlets and rootlets. With four sub- cultures in stage II in a span of one month, the embryoids could be germinated into plantlets of size 2.5 cm with two leaflets and one rootlet. This is the first report of plantlet recovery from cocoa anthers via indirect embryogenesis. The plantlets were dried up after an elapse of 3 months. The most favourable combination for root development was Ms medium supplemented with 2 mg 1-1 2-iP, 0.1 mg 1-1 NAA and 126 mg 1-1 PG. The factors influencing anther callus induction were: stage of anther development, minimum temperature in the field of donor plants, type and strength of basal medium, type and concentration of auxins and cytokinins, carbohydrate source, sucrose level, presence of CW and PG, physical environment and gamma and UV rays. Anther callus multiplication was influenced by type of basal medium; type and concentration of growth regulators; carbohydrate source; sucrose level; presence of amino acids; organic supplements; ethylene releasing and inhibiting chemicals; adenine and its derivatives; unusual regulants.; gibberellins and growth inhibitors; light and gamma rays. The factors influencing indirect embryo- genesis were found to be stage of anther development and light. Hybrid genotype (H2 and H1) responded more favourably to callus induction, callus multiplication, callus rhizogenesis and were stable with respect to seasonal changes. However, they took more number of days for callus initiation. Criollo took minimum period for callusing. Chlorine water treated for 3-4 min was the best chemical identified for surface sterilization of flower buds of cocoa. A single auxin or cytokinin alone in the basal medium could not initiate anther callusing. Thermic shock pre-treatments were ineffective for callus induction. Light had no role in callus induction. UV rays had no role in altering anther callus growth. Time of subculturing in cell suspension culture was found to be 15 days. Calloids developed in cell suspensions were not amenable to organogenesis or embryogenesis. Isolated microspore culture was unsuccessful.
Open Access
Ergonomic influence of plant morphology on yield in sesamum
(Department of Agricultural Botany, College of Agriculture, Vellayani., 1990) Ganga Rani, B R; KAU; Gopakumar, K
The study is basic and appears new to its type. A prototype model to assess meritwise ergonomics in morphologically diverse seed propagated field crop communities in which seeds make the produce proper is presented. The approach seems to promise greater scope for varietal/genetic improvement of crops of the category as against the conventional multivariate methods that are being widely practiced. Trust is on the elaboration of the source and the flow of a part of it to make the sink. Hypothetical views on the influence of plant morphology on yield factor are expressed and their validity tested. Relevant aspects are discussed in detail. Cultivated sesamum represents the material studied.

Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

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