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Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively. Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively. On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs. In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc. During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.

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Subject: Animal Reproduction and Gynecology × End date: 2009 × Start date: 2009 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Early pregnancy diagnosis using ultrasonography in goats
    (Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2009) Sreejith, J R; KAU; Athman, K V
    The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of B-mode ultrasonography in early pregnancy diagnosis in goats and to identify the optimum stage of gestation for early pregnancy diagnosis using of transrectal and transabdominal ultrasonography. Thirty apparently healthy does with the history of breeding were selected for the study and these goats were randomly divided into three groups consisting of ten animals each. Group I consisted of ten goats which were scanned between third and fourth week (15- 28 days) post-breeding. Ten goats scanned between fifth and sixth week (29- 42 days) post-breeding, were included in group II and group III consisted of ten goats which were scanned between seventh and eighth week (43- 56 days) post-breeding. These animals were subjected to B-mode real-time ultrasound scanning transrectally (7.5 MHz probe)) and transabdominally (3.5 MHz probe). The accuracy of transrectal scanning in group I, II and III was 90, 100 and 100 per cent respectively and the accuracy for corresponding weeks was 50, 100 and 100 per cent respectively for transabdominal scanning. The embryonic vesicle was detected earliest on day 19 of gestation by transrectal scanning and on day 26 by transabdominal scanning. The embryo was first observed on day 22 and day 28 by transrectal and transabdominal scanning respectively. The foetal heartbeat which was an indication of foetal viability was detected earliest by transrectal scanning on day 24 of gestation. But by transabdominal ultrasonography, it could be detected only on day 34 of gestation. Placentomes and foetal skeleton were observed on day 42 and 54 of gestation respectively using both methods of scanning. The mean diameter of gestational sac recorded was 5.1 mm on day 19 and 27 mm on day 36 of gestation by transrectal scanning. The mean diameter of gestational sac recorded was 15.7 mm on day 26 and 34.4 mm on day 36 of gestation by transabdominal scanning. The mean crown-rump length ranged from 7.2 mm on day 22 to 34.4 mm on day 43 of gestation using transrectal scanning. By transabdominal scanning, the mean crown-rump length recorded was 16.7 mm on day 28 and 32.7 mm on day 43 of gestation. The diameter of the placentomes recorded by transrectal and transabdominal scanning on day 42 of gestation was 8.4 mm and 8.5 mm respectively. All the foetal measures by transrectal and transabdominal scanning were highly correlated (r > 0.9) with gestational age. The overall accuracy for the prediction of foetal numbers by transrectal and transabdominal scanning was 80 and 50 per cent respectively. The accuracy for prediction of foetal number using transrectal scanning in pregnant animals of group I and III was 71.43 per cent. The accuracy for the prediction was 100 per cent in pregnant animals of group II. By transrectal scanning, the accuracy for the prediction of singletons, twins and triplets by transrectal scanning was 100, 83.33 and 50 per cent respectively. By transabdominal ultrasonography, it was not possible to predict foetal number accurately in pregnant animals group I. The accuracy for the prediction of foetal number in group II by transabdominal scanning was 66.66 per cent while it was 85.71 per cent in group III. . The accuracy for the prediction of singletons, twins and triplets by ultrasonography was 50, 58.33 and 25 per cent respectively. In conclusion, transrectal scanning was accurate for pregnancy diagnosis from fourth week of gestation and transabdominal from fifth week of gestation and that real-time ultrasound scanning by both transrectal and transabdominal approaches was found to be reliable, safe and accurate for the diagnosis of pregnancy in goats from fifth week of gestation.