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Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively. Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively. On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs. In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc. During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.

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19932
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Subject: Animal Reproduction and Gynecology × End date: 1993 × Start date: 1993 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Prostaglandin therapy for post-partum clinical endometritis
    (Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1993) Jacob, T C; KAU; Madhavan, E
    The object of the investigation was to evaluate the therapeutic values of alpha# for evolving a non antibiotic alternative for the treatment of post partum clinical endometritis. For this, 42 cross-bred cows, belonging to University Livestock Farm, Mannuthy, having post partum clinical endometritis were divided into four groups. Group I consisted of 10 animals which were watched for their natural oestrus and inseminated twice at 24 hours interval. In group II, 11 animals were observed for their natural oestrus and inseminated twice at 24 hours interval and were given post insemination intrauterine antibiotic treatment 24 hours later based on antibiotic sensitivity test. Eleven animals in group III were subjected to induction of oestrus by administration of PGF2 alpha (Lutalyse) 25 mg intramuscular 8-12 days of their cycle and inseminated twice at 24 hours, at the induced oestrus. Group IV consisted of 10 animals subjected to induction of oestrus as in group III and inseminated twice at 24 hours interval and were given post insemination intrauterine antibiotic therapy based on sensitivity tests, 24 hours later. The observations made and inferences drawn are given below. The interval from the administration of PGF2 alpha to the onset of oestrus ranged from 4.8-120 hours (mean 61.81 hours) and 36 to 72 hours (mean 54.0 hours) in group III and IV, respectively. The mean duration of oestrus was 21.6 hours, 23.36 hours, 28.36 hours and 31.60 hours in the four groups respectively. The duration of oestrus showed significant variation between groups I and IV (f = 2-8910) and between groups II and IV (t* = 2.6445). The percentage of intense, medium and weak oestrus was 66.66, 23.80 and 9.52 per cent respectively in natural oestrus and 66.66, 19.04 and 14.28 in induced oestrus respectively. The difference in the intensity of oestrus between natural and induced oestrus was not significantly different, although, a slightly high incidence of weak oestrus was observed, when oestrus was induced with Lutalyse. Physical changes of the reproductive tract' like oedema of the vulva, congestion of vulval mucosa and sliminess did not show any variation between the natural oestrus and induced oestrus. The percentage of animals showing purulent discharge, discharge with flakes and cloudy discharge showed a marked reduction when treated with PGF2 alpha alone and a combination of PGF2 alpha and antibiotics. Similarly the percentage of animals showing clear discharge increased enormously by above treatments. The bacterial organisms isolated from the uterine discharges were citrobacter spp. 23.84 per cent, Bacillus spp.. 23.80 per cent, S. aureus .14.28 per cent, Pseudomonas 14.28 per cent, Corynebacterium spp. 9.52 per cent, Coagulase negative staphylococci, 9.52 per cent and the yeast Candida guilliermondii 4.76 per cent. Gentamicin was the most sensitive antibiotic for most of the organisms isolated, followed by chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline and sulphadiazine. Penicillin was the most resistant followed by streptomycin and nitrofurantoin. Significant difference in the overall conception rate was observed between different groups; the overall conception rate was significantly higher in group IV than in group I and II (t1 = 4.8341 between groups I & IV and t' = 2.9186 betweengroups II & IV). Significantly higher conception rate was observed in group III than group I also (t ' = 5.5886). The number of inseminations required per conception was lowest in group III and highest in group I. Thus, it appeared that PGF2 alpha in combination with antibiotic was beneficial in the treatment of clinical endometritis. But since the number of inseminations required for conception was lower in group III than group IV and because, there is no significant difference in the overall conception rate, between these two groups, it could be inferred that administration of antibiotics along with P G F 2 alpha did not have any added advantage. Furthermore, considering the harmful effects of administration of antibiotics, it may be stated that PGF2 alpha alone would be beneficial in the treatment of post partum clinical endometritis and can be recommended as the drug of choice
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Certain haematological parameters and blood biochemical constituents in cows with normal and impaired fertility
    (Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1993) Ani S, Das; KAU; Neelakanta Iyer, C P
    A study was conducted to asses the influence of certain haematological parameters like haemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV) and biochemical constituents like total serum protein, serum phosphorus, total blood cholesterol and blood glucose in crossbred cows and the efficacy of replacement therapy of glucose and phosphorus on fertility in deficient animals. Animals which had apparently normal breeding history and conceived with one or two inseminations were classified into group I. Animals that were hard to settle and apparently deficient in nutrition but clinically free from any genital affections were classified into group II. Blood samples were collected from all these animals at oestrus and levels of Hb, PCV, serum total protein, serum phosphorus, blood glucose and total blood cholesterol were estimated. After estimation of blood constituents the cows in group II were divided into two. Animals in group II A were inseminated without any treatment and animals in group II B were administered 15 ml of Tonophosphan by intravenous injection or 540 ml of 25 per cent dextrose as intravenous infusion or both based on the deficiency of phosphorus or glucose alone or in combination. The levels of Hb, PCV, serum phosphorus, blood glucose, total serum protein and total serum cholesterol were 10.06+0.06 g per cent, 31+1.33 per cent, 4.85+0.343 mg per cent, 46.10+3.19 mg per cent and 7.00+0.99 g per cent and 95.09+8.67 mg per cent respectively in normally fertile cows. In cows with impaired fertility which were deficient in different constituents the corresponding levels were 6.86+0.75 g per cent, 21.50+0.50 per cent, 3.65+0.068 mg per cent, 31.13+0.726 mg per cent, 4.57+0.30 g per cent and 71.36+1.66 mg per cent respectively, all of which were significantly lower than their corresponding levels in normally fertile cows (P < 0.10). The overall conception rate was 81.80 per cent 11.11 per cent and 77.77 per cent in group I, group I IA and II B cows. Conception rate of cows with lower levels of Hb (zero) was significantly lower than the conception rate (50 %) observed in animals with normal level of Hb (P<0.05). Similarly the same in cows with normal and low levels of PCV was 40.75 per cent and zero respectively. Cows with low levels of serum protein and serum phosphorus had conception rate of 40.70 per cent and 8.30 per cent against 46.70 per and 71.40 per cent in animals with normal values. Statistical analysis revealed significant difference in the case of phosphorus (P<0.01). Similarly cows with low levels of blood glucose and total cholesterol also had significantly low (P<0.01) conception rates (7.69 and 13.33% respectively) as against that in normal cows (70 and 69.20%). Animals when treated with phosphorus alone 71.42 per cent conceived as against 25 per cent in non treated group. Similarly 75 per cent of animals conceived when treated with glucose compared to 12.5 per cent conception rate in non treated group. When cows were given combined treatment of glucose and phosphorus conception rate was 87.5 per cent while none conceived in non treated group. This difference was statistically highly significant (P <0.01).