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Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively. Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively. On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs. In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc. During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.

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Subject: Animal Nutrition × Author: KAU × Author: Kalbande, V H × Start date: 1962 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of bypass protein on yield and composition of milk in cross bred cows
    (Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1995) Kalbande, V H; KAU; Thomas, C T
    Experiments were carried out to evaluate common feeds and fodders based on their rumen degradability rates and to assess the effect of varying bypass protein levels in concentrate mixtures on rumen fermentation profile and yield and composition of milk in Jersey crossbred cows. The dry matter and nitrogen disappearance rates in respect of nine concentrate feed ingredients and five green roughages commonly used in cattle rations, were determined using nylon bag technique in rumen fistulated crossbred cows. The effective protein degradability rates for groundnut cake, gingelly cake, cotton seed cake, coconut cake, yellow maize, jowar, wheat bran, rice bran, tapioca flour, green maize (Zea mays), green jowar (Sorghum bicolor) and guinea (Panicum maximum), para (Brachiariamutica) and napier grass (Pennisetumpurpureum) were found to be 66.17, 78.89, 27.72, 19.93, 22.64, 47.96,74.16, 60.59, 68.83, 56.93, 58.80, and 35.74, 45.39 and 36.68 per cent respectively at a rumen outflow rate of 0.05 per hour. Among the four oil cakes, gingelly cake and groundnut cake were more degradable in the rumen, whereas, cotton seed cake and coconut cake were comparatively insoluble and more resistant to degradation and thereby better sources of bypass protein for ruminants. The results on degradability measurements with respect to energy feeds revealed that yellow maize contained the least amounts of both soluble and degradable nitrogen as compared to jowar, wheat bran, rice bran and tapioca flour. Wheat bran was found to have higher contents of both rapidly soluble and potentially degradable protein as compared to rice bran. Among the different green fodders tested for protein degradability measurements, cereal fodders like maize and jowar were found more soluble and degradable as compared to different grasses. The effect of three varying ratios (high, medium and low) of Rumen Degradable Protein (RDP) to Undergradable Dietary Protein (UDP) of 37:63, 52:48 and 70:30 in isonitrogenous and isocaloric concentrate mixtures on rumen fermentation profile was studied using rumen fistulated Jersey crossbred cows. Rumen pH and ammonia nitrogen concentrations were found to be lower with concentrate mixture containing a higher UDP level of 63.38 per cent when compared with those having medium and low UDP levels of 47.55 and 29.75 per cent respectively at all post feeding intervals. Total volatile fatty acid concentrations as well as the concentration of individual fatty acids viz., acetate, propoionate and butyrate were also found higher in animals fed on concentrate mixture with the highest UDP level. The effect of the three UDP/bypass protein levels in isonitrogenous and isocaloric concentrate mixtures on milk yield and milk composition was studied using eighteen medium producing Jersey crossbred cows in their early lactation period for 100 days starting from 5th day post partum. The food consumption of the animals was found to increase with increasing UDP levels in concentrate mixtures, the percentage dry matter intake of animals calculated over the entire period of experiment being 3.70, 3.38 and 3.14 respectively for groups fed on concentrate mixtures of high, medium and low bypass protein levels. While animals maintained on the concentrate mixture with the higher UDP level of 63.38 per cent recorded a total gain of 10.83 kg over a period of 100 days, those fed concentrate mixtures with UDP levels of 47.55 and 29.75 per cent respectively lost body weights to the extent of 3.33 and 5.83 kg over the same period of the experiment. The average daily milk yields were found to be 10.11, 7.18 and 6.32 kg respectively for groups fed on concentrate mixtures with high, medium and low UDP levels. The results on milk composition as influenced by varying UDP levels in concentrate mixtures revealed that while milk fat percentage was not altered with degradability changes both milk protein and total solids were found to increase corresponding to increase in UDP levels. The feed conversion efficiency of milk production as well as persistency of milk production was also found to be higher UDP levels over the entire period of the experiment. The income over feed cost per cow per day, calculated over the experimental period of 100 days were found to be Rs. 44.54, 29.91 and 25.28 with the three concentrate mixtures of high, medium and low UDP levels respectively. The overall results clearly revealed that in medium producing Jersey crossbred cows on a grass based diet, a UDP level of 63.38 per cent may be considered optimum in a concentrate mixture with 20 per cent CP and 70 per cent TDN for higher production and better economic efficiency in their early part of lactation.