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Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur
The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively.
Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively.
On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs.
In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc.
During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU).
Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.
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ThesisItem Open Access Enhancement of propagation efficiency in exotic varities of heliconia(Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2008) Reshmi, C R; KAU; Sheela, V LHeliconias are among the most popular garden plants, both for the ease with which they can be grown and the sheer magnificence of the blooms. Studies were conducted to standardize rapid propagation techniques under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Three heliconia varieties belonging to three distinct groups viz., St. Vincent Red (small erect type), Golden Torch Adrian (hybrid) and Sexy Pink (large pendent type) were selected for the study. For in vitro culture establishment, shoot tip explants were effective. The treatment of shoot tips with 0.10 per cent mercuric chloride for ten minutes followed by dipping in 0.05 per cent mercuric chloride for five minutes (after trimming) resulted in better surface sterilization. Longitudinal cutting of the in vitro established shoot tip with apical dome into two halves and culturing them separately produced the highest number of axillary buds. Addition of 0.05 per cent activated charcoal to the establishment media reduced the media browning and hastened shoot initiation. For culture establishment of all the three varieties, MS medium supplemented with BA 5.00 mg l-1 was found to be the best. Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with BA 2.00 mg l-1 resulted in the highest shoot proliferation in the variety St. Vincent Red. In Golden Torch Adrian, BA 2.00 mg l-1 + NAA 0.20 mg l-1 gave better results. In the variety Sexy Pink, Kinetin 5.00 mg l-1 + NAA 0.20 mg l-1 was the best. For further multiplication in Sexy Pink, BA 1.00 mg l-1 was sufficient. Solid culture medium was better for shoot proliferation in the variety Sexy Pink. Higher sucrose concentration (40.00 g l-1) increased the multiplication rate, but reduced the length of shoots as well as the number of leaves. Addition of activated charcoal to the media as well as exposure of cultures to light had negative effect on shoot proliferation. Full MS medium was found to be the best for in vitro rooting of the variety Sexy Pink. Addition of NAA 0.50 mg l-1 to the MS medium gave better results for in vitro rooting in Golden Torch Adrian and Sexy Pink. Sucrose @ 30.00 g l-1 was sufficient for in vitro rooting in the variety Sexy Pink. Activated charcoal delayed root initiation and reduced the number of roots in the variety Sexy Pink. Sand recorded 90.00 per cent survival in all the three varieties after two months of planting out. At varietal level, significant difference was evident in the total number of suckers. In the first experiment, the variety St. Vincent Red (3.82) was significantly superior in terms of total number of suckers. However, in the second experiment, St. Vincent Red (4.06) was on par with Golden Torch Adrian (4.10). The variety Sexy Pink produced comparatively taller suckers in both the trials. Varietal variation in the number of leaves was observed only in the earlier stages. During the preliminary field experiment, the variety Sexy Pink excelled in leaf area at almost all stages of observation. Among the three varieties, highest collar girth was recorded by suckers of Sexy Pink variety during the first two stages of observation. However, towards the later stages, it was statistically on par with St. Vincent Red. Foliar spray was superior to rhizome dip in terms of total number of suckers, height of suckers and the number of leaves. In the case of leaf area, both the treatments were more or less on par. Application of growth regulators had pronounced effect on sucker production at all the stages during the first experiment when BA 750 mg l-1 produced the highest number (4.19) of total suckers. In the second experiment, variation was evident only in the total number of suckers. Here, BA 850 mg l-1 produced the highest number (4.33) of suckers and it was on par with BA 700 mg l-1 (4.00) and GA3 650 mg l-1 (3.79). Irrespective of the stage of plant growth, gibberellic acid produced taller suckers and BA 500 mg l-1 resulted in the shortest suckers. BA treatments recorded comparatively higher number of leaves. Growth regulator application had remarkably influenced the leaf area of suckers also. Application of BA 1000 mg l-1 (3.53 cm) and GA3 800 mg l-1 (3.33 cm) recorded higher collar girth in suckers. VG interaction exerted significant variation in the number of suckers. At varietal level, BA 750 mg l-1 produced the highest number of suckers in St. Vincent Red (4.75), GA3 500 mg l-1 in Golden Torch Adrian (4.63) and GA3 750 mg l-1 in Sexy Pink (4.00). Among VG treatment combinations in the second experiment, the highest number of suckers (4.75) in the variety St. Vincent Red was produced by BA 700 mg l-1. The varieties Golden Torch Adrian (4.88) and Sexy Pink (3.75) recorded the highest with BA 850 mg l-1. Gibberellic acid produced taller suckers. In the second experiment, VG interaction had no significant effect on the height of suckers. Regarding the number of leaves, BA resulted in comparatively higher number of leaves in both the experiments. In all the three varieties, BA 850 mg l-1 produced the highest number of leaves. Collar girth was found to increase with increase in the concentrations of BA and GA3 in all the three varieties. The economics of foliar application of growth regulators revealed that BA 850 mg l-1 significantly enhanced the profit in the varieties Golden Torch Adrian and Sexy Pink. Although negligible, BA 700 mg l-1 recorded slight positive response in the variety St. Vincent Red with respect to profit.ThesisItem Open Access Development of F1 hybrids of indeterminate tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) for protected cultivation(Department of Olericulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2015) Lekshmi, S L; KAU; Celine, V AThe present investigation entitled “Development of F1 hybrids of indeterminate tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) for protected cultivation” was conducted at the Department of Olericulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, from 2013 to 2015 with the objectives of identifying superior varieties and developing F1 hybrids of indeterminate tomato suited for protected cultivation. The study consisted of two experiments conducted in the naturally ventilated polyhouse of size 50 m x 20 m located at the Instructional Farm, Vellayani. In the first part of the first experiment, 40 tomato genotypes were evaluated for two consecutive years in an RBD with three replications. As the second part, 12 commercial hybrids were evaluated. The second experiment consisted of a 9 x 9 half diallel analysis laid out in an RBD with three replications. Analysis of variance showed significant differences between the genotypes for all the characters for two crops. Pooled analysis revealed that, LE 1 recorded the highest yield (2443.43 g) and fruit weight (108.13 g) followed by LE 7. LE 53 had maximum number of fruits per plant (65.00). In the present study, genotypes had wide variation for quality parameters. Fruits of LE 14 recorded highest TSS with a mean of 5.74 ºBrix. LE 7 had maximum ascorbic acid (30.13 mg/100g) and lycopene content (13.09 mg/100g). Beta carotene value was maximum in LE 16 (184.15 mg/100g). There was minimum incidence of pests, diseases and physiological disorders under protected conditions. Among the 12 hybrids evaluated, INDAM 9802 was the highest yielder (1444.40 g) followed by F1 T 30 (1412.22 g). F1 T 30 recorded maximum fruits per plant (35.66) which was on par with F1 Queen (35.55). Genetic parameters like phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation, heritability and genetic advance were studied to assess the genetic variability among the genotypes. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance were observed for characters like truss per plant, fruits per truss, fruit weight, fruits per plant, yield per plant and yield per plot. Path analysis revealed highest positive direct effect for fruit weight (0.3956), truss per plant (0.3558) and fruits per plant (0.3381). Based on D2 analysis the 40 genotypes were grouped into eight clusters. Cluster I was the largest with twenty four genotypes followed by cluster II with ten genotypes. Diallel analysis was carried out using nine parents selected based on genetic divergence and per se performance. The parents were crossed in a diallel fashion excluding reciprocals to obtain 36 F1 hybrids. The study revealed that P5 x P9 had the highest yield (3114.03 g) which was on par with P6 x P8 (3074.37 g) and P1 x P5 (3077.58 g). P1 x P5 had the maximum fruits per plant (103.93). The magnitude of relative heterosis, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis varied considerably. For yield, relative heterosis ranged from -32.40 to 92.72, heterobeltiosis from -47.14 to 89.54 and standard heterosis from 2.91 to 160.95. The σ2gca and σ2sca ratio indicated that non-additive gene action was predominant for all traits. Among the nine parents, P9 (LE 1), P5 (LE 20) P1 (LE 2), and P2 (LE 7) were superior for yield and yield attributes. The estimates of sca effects indicated that P5 x P9 (LE 20 x LE 1), P6 x P8 (LE 39 x LE 38) and P1 x P5 (LE 2 x LE 20) were the most promising hybrids for protected cultivation. The present study revealed that the genotypes LE 1 and LE 7 and the hybrids INDAM 9802 and F1 T 30 were superior for yield and yield attributes under protection. Based on the mean performance, standard heterosis and sca effects the three potential crosses viz., P5 x P9, P6 x P8 and P1 x P5 could be adjudged as suitable indeterminate tomato hybrids for protected cultivation.ThesisItem Open Access In vitro propagation and rapid analysis of selected varieties of papaya (carica papaya L)(Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2007) Bindhu, B; KAU; Jayachandran Nair, C SA study was carried out at the Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during 2003-2006 for refining existing tissue culture protocol with respect to selected varieties and hybrids of papaya. Molecular characterization of papaya hybrids was also carried out using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. Papaya varieties and hybrids selected for the study were Pusa Nanha, CO-5, Washington, Pusa Nanha x Coorg Honeydew, Pusa Dwarf x Coorg Honeydew, Solo x Coorg Honeydew and Pusa Nanha x Solo. Apical buds and lateral buds from seedlings and mature plants were used as explant for in vitro propagation. The present study revealed that full strength MS medium supplemented with sucrose 30.00 g l-1 and agar 6.00 g l-1 under light condition produced highest shoot number and longest shoot in papaya varieties and hybrids. Application of BA 0.50 mg l-1 along with NAA 0.10 mgl-1 was found to be better for initial culture establishment and proliferation of papaya varieties and hybrids. Application of amino acid, arginine 50.00 mg l-1 resulted in highest shoot proliferation rate, while highest shoot length was obtained from arginine 100.00 mg l-1. Addition of activated charcoal 0.05 per cent and Cobalt chloride 10.00 mg l-1 increased shoot proliferation rate and shoot length in papaya varieties and hybrids. In vitro rooting was best in full strength MS medium supplemented with IBA 3.00 mg l-1, sucrose 30.00 g l-1and activated charcoal 0.05 per cent. Earliest planting out of in vitro propagated plants in potting media was carried out in papaya variety Pusa Nanha and late planting out in papaya hybrid Pusa Nanha x Coorg Honeydew. Highest plant height of in vitro propagated plants, at time of planting out in potting media was recorded by papaya variety Washington and lowest by papaya hybrid Pusa Nanha x Coorg Honeydew, while hsighest leaf number was reported from papaya variety CO-5 and lowest from Pusa Nanha. But longest root was noticed in papaya hybrid Pusa Nanha x Coorg Honeydew and shortest root from CO-5. No significant difference was noticed in the number of roots produced at the time of planting out in potting media. In vitro propagated plants of papaya had better establishment in the potting mixture containing sand : soil : cowdung (1 : 1 : 1) + Mycorrhiza (1.00 g plant -1). After field establishment, highest plant height and plant girth was noticed in papaya variety Washington and lowest in papaya hybrid Pusa Dwarf x Coorg Honeydew. While highest leaf number upto six weeks after planting was shown by papaya variety CO-5 and thereafter by papaya variety Washington. Lowest leaf number upto eight weeks after planting was noticed in papaya hybrid Solo x Coorg Honeydew and thereafter by papaya hybrid Pusa Dwarf x Coorg Honeydew. Early flowering was reported in papaya hybrid Pusa Dwarf x Coorg Honeydew and late flowering in papaya variety Washington. Most of the papaya varieties and hybrids selected for the present study exhibited only dioecious nature, but papaya hybrid Solo x Coorg Honeydew showed gynodioecious nature. Highest field establishment of in vitro propagated plants was shown by papaya varieties CO-5 and Washington and lowest by papaya hybrid Solo x Coorg Honeydew. Genomic DNA was successfully isolated from four papaya hybrids using CTAB method. All the ten primers (six primers from OPA and four primers from OPB series) yielded amplification products with isolated DNA. A total of 39 RAPDs were obtained from ten primers of which 36 bands were polymorphic. Primers OPA-03, OPA-04, OPA-12, OPB-04 and OPB-17 gave 40 scorable bands, with an average of 8.0 bands per primer. The largest cluster in dendrogram was formed by three hybrids - Pusa Nanha x Coorg Honeydew, Pusa Dwarf x Coorg Honeydew and Pusa Nanha x Solo. The second cluster contained only one hybrid - Solo x Coorg Honeydew. The minimum similarity coefficient detected in the present study was 0.389, suggesting a genetic differentiation among the papaya hybrids.ThesisItem Open Access Nutritional management of yellowing in arecanut(College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2007) Jacob, D; KAU; Mercy, GeorgeYellowing of arecanut is the most serious problem affecting arecanut cultivation. The incidence of yellowing is noticed in isolated patches without any definite pattern. The diagnostic symptoms first appear as yellowing of leaflets in two to three leaves of outermost whorl, with abrupt demarcation between yellow and green regions. Yield in affected palms gets reduced by 30-40 per cent every year and in 3-4 years the entire garden becomes most uneconomical when left without proper management. Experiments of the research project entitled “Nutritional management of yellowing in arecanut” were conducted for three years from October 2003 to September 2006. Three hundred palms, hundred each in toposequences viz. converted paddy field, garden land and terraced upland of Thrissur, Palakkad and Malappuram districts were studied to develop an yellowing index to quantify yellowing in arecanut. The incidence of yellowing among various toposequences and popular cultivated arecanut varieties were recorded. To develop a management strategy to contain the yellowing, field experiments were laid out in three toposequences viz. converted paddy field, garden land and terraced upland respectively in the farmers’ fields of Thrissur district in RBD using single plant plot with five replications. Treatments involved provision of deep drainage, application of organic manure, lime, sand, sodium silicate, magnesium sulphate, zinc sulphate, borax, ammonium sulphate, urea and three levels of potassium. The index earlier developed by George et al. (1980) was modified as Yellowing index ( I ) = {(Y+N)/L + R} x 10, where Y is the total score for yellowing, N is the total score for necrosis, R is the score for reduction in crown size and L is half the number of leaves in crown. The modified yellowing index utilizes 13 classes in place of earlier 8 classes to score yellowing, 5 classes in place of earlier 3 classes to score necrosis and 5 classes in place of earlier 3 classes to score reduction in crown size, thus enabling precise quantification of yellowing. The highly significant negative correlation of the leaf elemental composition, growth and yield parameters with the yellowing index of experimental arecanut palm in all the three toposequences viz. converted paddy field, garden land and terraced upland clearly validated the reliability of the index. The survey done in Thrissur, Palakkad and Malappuram district showed that highest percentage of healthy palms are existing in garden land situations. Among the three toposequences, garden land was found to be inherently more productive and supportive to arecanut cultivation than converted paddy field and terraced upland due to its physiograhic layout. The severity of the yellowing incidence was more in terraced uplands followed by converted paddy field possibly due to the imbalanced availability and uptake of nutrient elements aggravated by excessive leaching of nutrient elements in terraced uplands, and due to impeded drainage in converted paddy field. Survey also showed that local cultivars remained healthier than any of the high yielding varieties such as Kasargode local, Mangala, Mohitnagar and Sumangala as local cultivars recorded the lowest incidence of yellowing. The local cultivars being comparatively healthy could be selected and used as elite mother palms for replanting in severely yellowing affected areas. Incidence of root rotting was found mainly confined to 16 percent of yellowing affected palms grown in converted paddy field alone. Presence of well drained soils in garden land and terraced upland might have resulted in absence of root rotting in arecanut palms grown under these toposequences. Incidence of both root xylem blockage and presence of phytoplasma in root phloem were found to occur simultaneously in the same yellowing affected palms. However these two phenomena were also found to occur independently of each other in yellowing affected palms irrespective of the toposequences under which the palms were cultivated. In the converted paddy situation, provision of deep drainage and additional lime application have created a condition congenial for balanced uptake of nutrients as shown by enhanced calcium, magnesium and sulphur contents and reduced phosphorus contents in leaf. The deep drainage treatment increased the nut weight and kernel weight by 3.5g to 1.5g respectively. This increase has helped to maintain the yield even with a reduction in number of nuts palms-1 occurred over the years in unfertilized treatments. Application of fertilizers at 100:40:140g palm-1 in conjunction with deep drainage and additional lime application increased the chali yield by 1001 to 1138 kg ha-1. Sulphur application along with this has further increased the yield to the level of 1289 to 1412 kg ha-1 under converted paddy field. Changing the N:K ratio to supply nutrients at 100:40:200 g NPK palm-1 increased the yield by 1138 to 1344 kg ha-1. S application together with this enhanced rate further increased the yield by 1385 to 1590 kg ha-1 under converted paddy field. Enhanced rate of potassium, combined with magnesium and sulphur application resulted in the highest chali yield of 3.22 kg palm-1 (4415 kg ha-1). This treatment resulted in the least yellowing index and highest content of chlorophyll, nitrogen, sulphur and magnesium in the plant under converted paddy field. Under garden land situation, additional application of organic manure by 5 kg ha-1 alone has not reflected in the yield increase but has improved the leaf elemental composition particularly that of nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur and magnesium. Additional quantity of lime over farmers’ practise has helped to increase the soil pH and thereby availability and content of calcium in plants. Under garden land situation, fertilizer application at 100:40:140 g ha-1 increased the yield by 1069 kg ha-1. Additional organic matter @5 kg palm-1 increased the yield by 1316 kg ha-1 over pre experiment yield. Enhancement of N:K ratio to 1:2 or 1:2.5 without sulphur application did not increase the yield. However together with sulphur application, notable yield increase by 1289 kg h-1 at 1:2 and by 1412 kg ha-1 at 1:2.5 ratio was resulted under garden land. Highest yield of 3.99 kg palm-1 (5470 kg ha-1) which was 1604 kg more than pre application of treatments was resulted from the treatment which received 100:40:250 g NPK combined with 60 g of magnesium sulphate. Nitrogen application through ammonium sulphate was better than urea since it contained sulphur. Boron application as 20 g borax has also increased yield by 0.97 kg palm-1 resulting in 5265 kg ha-1 which was 1330 kg more than pre application of treatments under garden land. Under terraced upland, nutrient application through sulphur containing fertilizers have found to increase the yield considerably. Fertilizer application at 100:40:250 g NPK palm-1 with 20 g borax was found to give 3.44 kg palm-1 (4716 kg ha-1) and with 20 g zinc sulphate gave 3.38 kg palm-1 (4634 kg ha-1). Application of magnesium sulphate has significantly reduced the yellowing index and increased the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b and total chlorophyll which in turn resulted in high dry matter production.ThesisItem Open Access Documentation and quality evaluation of selected traditional foods of central zone of Kerala(College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2009) Aneena, E R; KAU; Indira, VThe study entitled “Documentation and quality evaluation of traditional foods of central zone of Kerala” was taken up with the objectives of identifying and collecting information on the various traditional foods of central zone of Kerala and documenting their mode of processing, and evaluating quality characteristics of the selected less used traditional foods. The study was conducted in four districts namely Eranakualm, Thrissur, Palakkad and Malappuram comprising the central zone of Kerala. Senior citizens who possess the details of traditional food items and preparations in each locality were selected as the respondents. The respondents were categorised based on the communities they represent. Details of traditional food habits with respect to preference for traditional foods, the reasons for the preference, frequency of preparation of traditional foods, traditional foods prepared during special occasions, festivals/rituals and during physiological conditions and traditional foods included for breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks were collected from the selected respondents. Transition that occurred in the traditional food pattern and in the preparation of traditional foods was also collected. Quality evaluation of selected traditional foods was conducted at laboratory level with respect to chemical constituents, acceptability and microbial growth. The foods were packed in suitable packaging materials and stored under different conditions and the quality evaluation of foods was carried out during storage. Majority of the respondents preferred traditional foods due to their health benefits and palatability. Most of the respondents prepared traditional foods for break fast and lunch and also prepared different traditional snack items. Most of the respondents did not prepare traditional health foods at home due to the laborious procedure involved in the preparation and the commercial availability of these products. Respondents belonging to different communities prepared various traditional foods during special occasions, festivals/rituals and consumed traditional foods during different physiological conditions. Most of the respondents included traditional food items for breakfast and lunch. Changes were observed in the traditional food pattern and traditional foods over different years with respect to ingredients, method of preparation and vessels/ utensils used for preparation. The recent trend of food consumerism was portrayed by the increased frequency of eating out habits, purchase of instant mixes and bakery items. From the traditional food items collected, twelve traditional foods namely inderiyappam, kala kala, kaliyadakka, karinellikka, madhura puttu, manda, muttayappam, niracha pathiri, paniyaram, poruvelangai, rankayyan and vishu katta and three beverages namely, cherunaranga then vellam, inji paneeyam and paanakam which were least used, nutritionally viable and organoleptically acceptable were selected and replicated under laboratory level. Quality evaluation of these foods was conducted initially and during storage. Evaluation of the chemical composition of the traditional foods showed that most of the traditional foods are rich in certain macro and micro nutrients. Organoleptic evaluation of the replicated foods indicated that most of the traditional foods were acceptable to the younger generation. The replicated traditional foods were packed in suitable packaging materials and stored under ambient or ambient and refrigerated conditions for different intervals. Among the different replicated foods inderiyappam, muttayappam, niracha pathiri, rankayyan and vishu katta were highly perishable and could be stored only for a day. The quality attributes of paanakam, cherunaranga then vellam and inji paneeyam also decreased considerably during storage. From the present study, it was found that the selected traditional food items could be replicated under the prevailing conditions without change in their quality aspects. Hence, these technologies should be popularised as an attempt to conserve the traditional cuisines of Kerala.
