Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively. Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively. On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs. In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc. During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.

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Open Access
Study of genetic correlations under full -SIB mating system (Two loci case)
(Department of Statistics, College of veterinary and animal sciences Mannuthy, Thrissur, 1985) Khin Moe Moe; KAU; George, K C
A purely theoretical investigation entitled ,JA Study of Genetic Correlations under Fu ll-s ib Mating System (two lo c i case)*1 was carried out with the following objectives, i ) to derive the joint distribution (correlation table) and to find the correlation between fu ll -s ib pairs under fu l l -s ib mating system in the case of two lo c i when there i s no linkage as well as when there i s complete linkage. l i ) to derive the joint distribution (correlation table) and to find the correlation between parent-offspring pair© under fu l l -s ib mating system in the case of two loci when there is no linkage as well as when there is complete linkage, i i i ) to derive the joint distribution (correlation table) and to find the correlation between fu l l -s ib pairs under paront-offspring mating system in the case of two lo c i when there is no linkage as well as when there is complete linkage, iv) to derive the joint distribution (correlation table) and to find the correlation between parent-offspring pairs under parent-offspring mating system in the case of two lo c i when there is no linkage as well as when there is complete linkage. 2 Th© joint distributions of fu ll -s ib pairs and parent- ©Ffspring pairs undor fu ll-s ib gating system wore derived with the help of generation matrix technique and th© correlations wore worked out therefrom, assuming additive genie e ffec ts and using the product-momeni correlation coefficient formula. The correlations were worked out for tho f i r s t ten generations of fu ll -s ib mating in both cases of no linkage and complete linkage, & comparative study of fu ll -s ib correlations and parent-offspring correlationsf conducted both numerically and graphically, revealed that £i) evonthough fu ll -s ib correlation was greater than parent-offspring correlation in in i t ia l generation (random mating) when there was complete linkage, the la tte r increased more rapidly than the former from in it ia l generation to f ir s t generation and ( i i ) from the second generation onwards, the rate of increase in both o f correlations were nearly the same upto tenth generation. I t was interesting to note that the parent-offspring correlations wore of comparatively higher order than th© fu ll-s ib correlations in both cases of complete linkage and no linkage. Similarly, th© joint distributions (correlation tables) for fu ll-s ib pairs and parent-offspring pairs under parentoffspring mating system were derived employing generation matrix approach and the correlations for the f i r s t ten 3 generations of parent—offspring mating in both cases of no linkage and complete linkage were worked out therefrom. A comparative study of those correlations was carried out both numerically and graphically. It was found that the trend in both correlation curves remain the same, but the value of parent-offspring correlation was always greater than that of full-sib correlation in case of no linkage as well as in caso of complete linkage. In comparison of all these correlations, it was found that the correlations increased as the number of generation increased and ultimately reached the limit unity when the number of generations increased indefinitely large. It was also observed that the magnitude of correlation in case of complete linkage was more than that of correlation In case of no linkage even under the same system of mating*
Open Access
Study of Genetic Diversity in Desert and Culinary Types of Banana Varieties
(Department of Statistics,College of Veterinary,Mannuthy, 1981) Mercey, K A; KAU; George, K C
The data taken from the Bana Research Station, Kannara for 30 culinary varieties for 13 morphological characters and 56 dessert varieties for 12 morphological characters were the base material for this study. Genetic divergences in the varieties were studied using D2-statistic and canonical analysis. The varieties were grouped into clusters by using Tooher’s minimum generalized distance concept. The same clustering pattern was obtained through canonical analysis. In the case of culinary varieties 12 clusters were formed consisting 11 varieties in the first cluster 5 each in second and third and the others were single variety clusters. Whereas the dessert varieties were grouped into 7 clusters 13 varieties in the first cluster 17 in the second cluster, 20 in the third, 2 each in the fourth and fifth and the last two were single variety clusters. The intra and inter cluster distance were diagrammatically represented in a two dimensional space. The scatter diagram showing the mean values of the canonical variates in order to have an idea of the appropriateness of the clustering pattern were also formed in both the type of varieties. In the case of culinary varieties the character bunch weight and in the case of dessert varieties the character finger length was contributing maximum towards divergence. The character girth was contributing minimum towards divergence in both the cases.
Open Access
Designs balanced for residual effects
(Department of Statistics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1984) Sathianandan, T V; KAU; George, K C
The usual problem in long term experiments is that due to residual effects of treatments. The effect of a treatment that persists for a period after the application of the treatment is referred to as residual effect of that treatment. In the present study an attempt is made to construct designs which will balance for first order residual effects to suit the above mentioned situations. By definition a design is said to be balanced if every treatment follows every other treatment equally frequently. We have established three different methods of construction of such type of designs. The first method of construction is by using cyclic latin squares as in the line of Amble (1977) and we have shown that such an arrangement is balanced for first order residual effects. The second method of construction is based on the set of (v-1) orthogonal latin squares of order v in the case of v treatments. A third method of construction of designs balanced for first order residual effects is also given. This is based on the procedure given by Nair (1967) for the construction of designs balanced for pairs of residual effects. A general intuitive method of analysis is also given.
Open Access
Influence of weather parameters on yield of coconut
(Department of Statistics, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1985) Pankajakshan Nair, B; KAU; Gopinathan Unnithan, V K
Influence of eighteen climatic factors for a period ranging from 10-45 months before harvest of coconut, were studied on monthly and annual coconut yield. Monthly climatic factors showed a seasonal relationship with monthly yield changing sign alternatively. Month-wise and season-wise climate and their influence on monthly and annual yield was also studied. The influence of climatic factors were more in evidence during pre and post monsoon seasons. RH, SSH and EV are frequently showed significant relationship with monthly yield than the rest. Seasonal grouping of climate showed stronger relationship on annual yield than month-wise climate. May, September, October and December months of yester years showed explicit association with annual yield.
Open Access
Confounded asymetrical factorial designs construction and analysis
(Department of Statistics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1984) Santy George; KAU; George, K C
Experiments in agriculture require several types of designs. Situations in which treatments are combinations of factors with asymetrical factors are many. When the total number of treatment combinations is large, confounding is practised In order to get more precise estimates. Confounding is inextricable mixing up interaction effects with block effects. In the present study four different methods of construction of asymmetrical designs are attempted. In the first method polynomials In Galois field ore used for construction. These polynomials ore devised on the basis of two lemmas and following the line of Kichen end Srivastava (1959).
Open Access
Study of half-sib correlations and parent-off spring correlations under half-sib mating system
(Department of Statistics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1983) Shailaja, R; KAU; George, K C
A purely theoretical investigation entitled ’ a study of half-sib correlations and parent-off spring correlationsi under half-sib mating system was carried out with the following objectives. i) to derive the joint distribution - correlation table as well as the correlation of half-sib pairs under different generations of half-sib mating, in the case of autosomal genes, assuming single locus with two alleles. ii) to derive the joint distribution - correlation table as well as the correlation of parent-off spring pairs under different generations of half-sib mating, in the case of autosomal genes, assuming single locus with two alleles. iii ) to derive the joint distribution - correlation table and the correlation between both the parents and several offspring as well as the correlation between one parent and several offspring under different generations of half-sib mating, in the case of autosomal genes, assuming .single locus with two alleles. iv) to derive the joint distribution - correlation table as well as the correlation of the different ’ half-sib pairs, viz ., brother-sister, brother-brother and sister-sister and also the correlations of different parent-off spring pairs, viz ., mother-daughter, mother-son and father-daughter, in the sex-linked gene case. As the generation matrix of half-sib pairs is too tedious to derive, the Joint distribution of half-sib pairs, both in the autosomal gene case and sex-linked gene case, was derived from fir s t principles and the correlation was calculated from the correlation table, assuming additive genic effects and by using the product-moment correlation coefficient formula. The correlations were worked out for the first ten generations of half-sib mating. The Joint distribution of parent-offspring pairs under half-sib mating system, both in the autosomal gene case and sex-linked gene case was derived by using the generation matrix approach. Here also, the correlations were worked out for the fir s t ten generations of half-sib mating. A comparative study of the half-sib correlations and parent-offspring correlations, conducted both numerically and graphically, revealed that even though the half-sib correlations are of lower order than parent-off spring correlations, the rate of Increase in the former is much higher than the rate of increase in the latter.
Open Access
Pattern of occurrence of rainfall and estimation of rainfall probabilities in northern districts of Kerala
(Department of Statistics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1987) Santhoh, K; KAU; Prabhakaran, P V
A study was undertaken with a view to characterize the pattern of occurrence of rainfall and to estimate the rainfall probabilities and confidence limits at six reporting stations of the northern districts of Kerala viz, Kasaragod, Irikkur, Cannanore, Kozhikode, Quilandy and Mananthody, Daily rainfall data of the past 30 years were used to investigate the pattern of fortnightly and seasonal rainfall occurrence by fitting a first order Markov chain model to the sequence of wet and dry days. The rainfall probabilities and confidence limits were computed by fitting appropriate probability distributions to fortnightly rainfall amounts. The results of the analysis showed that at all the centres, there were more chances for a wet day to be preceded by a wet day than by a dryday. The maximum expected length of wet spell at different centres was observed during 12th to 14th fortnight of the year. The state occupation probability at equillibrium for a wet day was also foundmaximum during the same period. It could be seen that at all the centres, the likely commencement of southwest monsoon would be in the 11th fortnight. Suitable probability distributions from among normal, root normal, log normal and gamma distribution were selected and fitted to fortnightly amounts of rainfall. Rainfall probabilities of getting a fixed amount or less of rainfall wore worked out together with the 80% and 90% confidence limits of the mean fortnightly rainfall. The 3rd fortnight of the year all over the centres was found to be the driest fortnight and the 12th or 13th fortnight was found to be the wettest fortnight of the year.
Open Access
Standardisation of techniques of clustering genotypes using mahalanobis D2 and wilks ^ criterion
(Department of Statistics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1986) Suresh, K M; KAU; Gopinathan Unnithan, V K
Two major drawbacks of Tocher's method of clustering genotypes using Mahalanobls D were pointed out and animprovement over Tocher's method was suggested. The cluster configuration obtained by these two methods were compared with those obtained by canonical analysis method. A new computer oriented iterative algorithm for clustering using Mahalanobis D values was proposed. A procedure for formation of clusters statistically, using O V Mahalanobls Er was suggested to form maximum nonsignificant subsets of genotypes. A new measure of dissimilarity which does not require any assumption on distribution of the population, viz., the determinant of the pairwise scatter matrix was proposed in the study. Minimum /W/ criterion of Friedman and Rubin (1967) was also used for clustering. The clustering obtained by the new iterative algorithm using either Mahalanobls or determinant of pairwise scatter matrix or both could be used as the initial solution for it A graphical method for determining the optimum number of clusters was suggested The different methods were illustrated in two sets of data
Open Access
Comparative study of selection indices for the improvement of poultry
(Department of Statistics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1983) Narayanikutty, N; KAU; George, K C
Data collected on White Leghorn strain N were entitled for the construction of selection indices. The characters under this study were 20 week and 40 week body weights, egg weight and egg production. From the study of general in d ices constructed for selection among males and females with and without the use of record on dam, the index with the use of record on dam was found to be more efficient than the one without the use of record on dam. Simultaneous selection index considering all the four characters was constructed. 3?be efficiency of this index was tested by finding the percent gain in efficiency due to this index over that due to straight selection . This comparison showed that the index selection was more efficient than straight selection

Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

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