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Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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Start date: 2015 × Type: Thesis × Rating Count: 4 × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PROTOTYPE RIPENED CHILLI HARVESTER
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2018) PRABHAKARA RAO, T; RAMANA, C
    India is the world’s largest producer, consumer and exporter of chilli. Chillies are cultivated mainly in tropical and sub-tropical countries like India, Japan, Mexico, Turkey, United states of America and African countries. Chilli is believed to have been introduced to India by Portuguese explorers at Goa in 17th century. The fruit of chilli plants have a variety of names depending on place and type. It is commonly called chilli pepper, red or green pepper, or sweet pepper in Britain, and typically just capsicum in Australian and Indian English. In Indian subcontinent, chillies are produced throughout the year. Two crops are produced in kharif and Rabi seasons in the country. Chilli grown best at 20–30°C temperatures, growth and yields suffer when temperatures exceed 30°C or drops below 15°C for extended periods. Now-a-days, cost of cultivation of chilli is increased day by day due to indiscriminate use of inputs like seeds, fertilizers and pesticides and also scarcity of labour. The major harvest season is between December-March with supply reaching peak levels in February-April. Planting is held mainly during August-October. Chilli cultivation needs more number of labourers for harvesting apart from the usual field operations such as sowing, weeding, pesticide applications, etc. as compared to other field crops. It is harvested (picking) 2 to 4 times and these harvestings are within a short span of time to get the quality produce, otherwise market price of chilli will be reduced. High cost and dearth of labour for hand harvest has resulted in increased chilli production cost declining even as consumption grows. Mechanization is only the way to reduce the cost of harvest and there by cost of production to make farmer comfortable with cost of harvest. The experimental set up was designed with two counter rotating double helical rollers of each length 200 cm and overall diameter 14 cm. The base frame was developed with the height of 100 cm, width of 85 cm and length of 160 cm to house the double helical rollers inside of the base frame. The rollers were fixed in the base frame inclined to the horizontal. The electrical motor was used as a prime mover to operate the double helical rollers at required speed for harvesting of ripens chilli pods. The experimental set up was tested to optimize the design parameters to get the maximum harvesting efficiency.The experimental unit of chilli harvester was fabricated to accommodate four different gaps between two rollers and four rotational speeds of counter rotating double helical rollers. The pulleys were changed on the double helical roller to get the four numbers of speeds like 289 rpm, 393 rpm, 484 rpm and 658 rpm by keeping constant pulley on power source. The four numbers of gaps were provided between the two rollers as 31cm, 32cm, 33cm and 340cm. The chilli harvester efficiency was calculated and varied from 29% to 31%. The harvesting efficiency of experimental set up was not in the acceptable range. The experimental set up was tested in all possible operating parameter combinations. The computed harvesting efficiency of machine observed at rollers speed of 289 rpm and rollers having gap of 320 mm was 9.41% at 2.0 km. h-1 forward speed. Likewise efficiency of machine at 330 mm gap of rollers was 9.97%, 14.00% efficiency was got at 340 mm space between rollers and 13.88% machine efficiency was observed at 350 mm gap between rollers with same 289 rpm of rollers speed with 2.0 km. h-1 forward speed. The roller speed was changed to 393 rpm and the computed resultant efficiencies of machine were 15.65%, 21.04%, 42.16% and 43.78% at rollers gap 320, 330, 340 and 350 mm respectively. The machine was run at 2.0 km. h-1 forward speed 481 rpm rollers speed with 320, 330, 340 and 350 mm space between rollers and computed efficiencies were 15.50%, 46.09%, 73.21% and 64.95% respectively. The efficiencies of machine at 658 rpm rollers speed with variable gaps between rollers 320, 330, 340 and 350 mm were 15.81%, 65.52%, 73.75% and 67.02%, respectively at same forward speed 2.0 km. h-1. In the similar way the machine was tested at 3.5 km. h-1 forward speed with variable gaps between rollers 320, 330, 340 and 350 mm at variable roller speeds 289, 393, 481 and 658 rpm respectively. The maximumefficiency 59.52% at rollers speed 658 rpm with gap 340 mm and minimum efficiency was observed 7.04% at 289 rpm rollers speed with gap between rollers 320 mm. The maximum mechanical damage of the harvested crop was 3.6%. The experimental set up was modified with regards power supply to double helical rollers, rotational speed and gap between the two rollers. The prototype ripened chilli harvester was fabricated with optimized design parameters and hitched to the high clearance tractor with help of two linkages. The power was transmitted to run the double helical rollers from the high clearance tractor PTO. The machine was evaluated in the farmers fields at Murikipadu village in Guntur district. The prototype harvester was operated with the optimized combinations of rollers speed and gap between two rollers like S1G1, S1G2, S1G3, S1G4, S2G1, S2G2, S2G3, S2G4, S3G1, S3G2, S3G3, S3G4, S4G1, S4G2, S4G3 and S4G4. The prototype chilli harvester was evaluated at each combination of rollers and the harvesting efficiency of prototype ripen chilli harvester was 72.08% at the speed 2.0 km. h-1 and roller gap of 340 mm. Thecalculated efficiencies were compared with existing practice of harvesting in manual harvesting. The labour required for harvesting of ripened chilli varied from 350 to 400 man.days per acreand approximate cost incurred for pickings was Rs.93750/- per acre whereas mechanical harvesting with developed machine was Rs.1567 per picking and for two pickings it is Rs.3134 per acre (Rs.7835/- per hectare). More importantly the labour saving was 98% and 2904 man hours when compared to manual harvesting.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    A STUDY ON LIVELIHOODS OF TRIBAL FARMERS IN ANDHRA PRADESH
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2016) SWATHI, G; RAMBABU, P
    The concept of livelihood has become increasingly popular in development thinking as a way of conceptualizing the economic activities that the poor people undertake in their totalities. Livelihoods are the means people use to support themselves, to survive and to prosper, which are shaped by the broader environment in which they live and other factors like economic and cultural systems. Agriculture being a seasonal activity, the tribals eke some living and meet all their cash needs through gathering and selling of the Non Timber Forest Produce (NTFP). In the last few decades, there is tremendous pressure on these dwindling natural resources because of the unsustainable ways of harvesting these NTFPs. Increased population pressure and ever increasing cash needs to meet the educational, health and recreational needs are the main reasons for the faster dwindling of these NTFPs. The recent approach suggested by the DFID categorizes livelihoods as the peoples’ access to five basic sub capitals such as human capital, social capital, natural capital, physical capital and financial capital. With the intervention of various developmental agencies, how the tribal farmers have been accessing these sub capitals, best describes their livelihoods. Currently the tribal farmers’ livelihoods are operating under two distinct and opposing forces such as development proposed by the current policy makers and the one nurtured and passed on from their predecessors. A study on livelihoods of tribal farmers in three districts of Andhra Pradesh was carried out during 2012. From each district two mandals had been selected based on highest number of tribal population. From the selected mandals four villages had been selected randomly. From each village ten tribal farmers were selected randomly thus making a total of 240 tribal farmers as the sample for the study. Considering knowledge and attitude as dependent variables, test and scale was developed respectively. Scale was developed for attitude by using summated rating technique. The attitude scale comprised of 50 statements. The study was conducted by following an Ex-Post-Facto Research Design. Data was collected by pre-tested schedule followed by personal interview method. For the purpose of statistical analysis of the coded data, various statistical tools were used viz., frequency and percentage analysis, mean and standard deviation, correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis, ranking and inclusive class interval. The analysis of profile characteristics of tribal farmers indicated that majority of them had no schooling (48.75%), belonged to marginal farmers in podu (70.00%) and normal (75.00%) cultivation, small family size (70.41%), non-primitive tribes (88.33%) and carried occupation in Agriculture + wage work + Non Timber Forest Products (77.50%). Further, majority of them fell under medium category in terms of age (62.50%), farming experience in podu (55.83%) and normal (41.67%), one training undergone (48.33%), extension contact (47.50%), information source utilization (58.33%), religious belief (43.33%), economic orientation (59.58%), scientific orientation (56.25%), market orientation (64.58%) and low urban contact (62.08%). Majority of the tribal farmers (62.09%%) had medium level of livelihoods followed by high (20.83%) and low (17.08%) level of livelihoods, respectively. Tribal farmers with medium level of livelihoods had higher access towards the financial capital index (62.14%) followed by physical capital index (60.20%), social capital index (58.66%), natural capital index (57.56%) and lastly human capital index (48.92%). The data further revealed that, their financial capital was high because of dependence on the NTFP collection and selling. The results clearly indicate that, low human capital and natural capitals are causes of serious concern and the developmental agencies have to gear up their efforts to improve the human capital and natural capital aspects otherwise, it would result in unsustainable dependence on the dwindling natural resources which will further worsen their livelihoods. The detailed analysis of dependent variables indicated that majority (56.25%) of the tribal farmers had medium knowledge followed by those with low (29.17%) and high (14.58%) knowledge towards their existing livelihood systems, respectively. On the other hand, majority (69.59%) of the tribal farmers had moderately favourable attitude towards their existing livelihood systems followed by those with less (15.83%) and high (14.58%) favourable attitude towards their existing livelihood systems. Out of sixteen selected independent variables, age, land holding, farming experience, expenditure pattern, trainings undergone and market orientation were significant at 0.01 level of probability. The other variables such as education, family size, caste/tribe, occupational status, extension contact, urban contact, information source utilization, religious belief, economic orientation and scientific orientation did not show any significant relationship with knowledge of tribal farmers on existing livelihood systems. The multiple linear regression analysis (MLR) indicated that all the sixteen independent variables put together explained about 72.83 per cent variation in the knowledge of tribal farmers, remaining 27.17 per cent was due to the effect of extraneous characteristics. The variables age, farming experience, caste/tribe, trainings undergone, urban contact and market orientation were positively significant at 0.01 level of probability where as variables such as education, expenditure pattern and information source utilization were negatively significant at 0.01 level of probability. The other variables such as land holding, family size, occupational status, extension contact, religious belief economic orientation and scientific orientation did not show any significant relationship with attitude of tribal farmers on existing livelihood systems. The multiple linear regression analysis (MLR) indicated that all the sixteen independent variables put together explained about 80.97 per cent variation in the level of attitude of tribal farmers, remaining 19.03 per cent was due to the effect of extraneous characteristics. The most important problems encountered by the tribal farmers were: inadequate technical knowledge in farming (85.42%) under agriculture category, non-remunerative price for milk in dairy (76.25%) under animal husbandry category and unavailability of proper marketing channels for selling forest products (100.00%) under collection and selling of forest products category. The most important suggestions given by the tribal farmers to overcome the above problems were: organisation of skill oriented vocational training programmes on modern agricultural technologies such as sericulture, apiculture etc. (85.42%) in agriculture category, enhanced milk price for the producers (76.25%) in animal husbandry category and proper marketing channel should be made available (93.75%) in collection and selling of non timber forest products category. Strategy suggested for the improvement of livelihood of tribal farmers who had less access to human capital issues, ITDA and local NGOs have to work in coordination to organize the trainings to improve their knowledge, skills and abilities to access the capitals of Livelihoods. Physical capital can be improved by improving the road connectivity to tribal villages which will reduce the drudgery on the tribals and improve their access to other institutions like schools, banks, and government offices etc. and providing safe drinking water facilities and supply of telecommunication facilities to remote areas. Natural capital need to be conserved to increase the resource base of the tribal farmers who directly depend on the collection and selling of various natural capital assets. Strengthening the local institutions, SHGs, and members participation, encouraging tribals to organize local festivals are the important forms of cognitive social capital, which in turn helps in popularizing local food crops and recipes as ethnic crops and recipes, so that younger generation will have a chance to learn about their cultures. Further, tribal farmers should maintain good contact with the government and nongovernment agencies. Financial capital can be improved by providing basic facilities such as leaf press for making leaf plates with Bauhinia leaves, tamarind dryers for hygienic drying adds value to their NTFP which in turn will empower them to get better price for their produce. Employment opportunities should be provided through MGNREGS and other wage works and providing short term credit to the tribal farmers for their seasonal agricultural operation.