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Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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End date: 2023 × Start date: 2022 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ETIOLOGY, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF CHRYSANTHEMUM FLOWER BLIGHT
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-12-26) A. SNEHALATHA RANI; V. PRASANNA KUMARI
    The present investigation entitled “Etiology, epidemiology and management of chrysanthemum flower blight” was carried out to assess the prevalence of the disease and further characterization. Disease dynamics during 2019-21 revealed that it is an important emerging disease both under protected and open filed conditions of Andhra Pradesh. Maximum per cent disease incidence (48.40 %) and severity (28.28 %) was recorded in East Godavari followed by Chittoor and Visakhapatnam districts. Predominant pathogen was Ectophoma multirostrata along with occurrence of Stemphylium lycopersici, Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum gloeosporoides and Lasiodiplodia theobroame. Pathogenicity of the six pathogens was proved on chrysanthemum cultivar New Man and twelve isolates of Ectophoma were characterized morphologically and molecularly. Ectophoma culture was greenish grey initially with floccose to felty appearance and later became dark brown or black with appressed texture on potato dextrose agar. It produced dark brown to black, globose or irregular, solitary or aggregated pycnidia that were partly or fully submerged in the media. Conidia were hyaline, single celled, mostly oblong to ellipsoid and guttulate. Pycnidial length and width of population varied between 89.67 and 132.98 μm and from 60.56 to 89.68 μm respectively. Mean conidial length of population was 4.00±0.24 μm and conidial width of population ranged between 1.00 and 2.90 μm. Pathological and morphological characters contributed significantly to study the divergence of isolates when compared to cultural characters. Incubation period (5.33 to 8.33 days) and lesion length (7.67 to 38.33 mm) among the isolates in detached xix leaf assay correlated with the incubation period and disease severity in pot experiment (1.00 to 2.67 days and 17.67 to 65.67 PDI respectively). Based on different characters studied, the multivariate analysis revealed grouping the twelve isolates in to four clusters. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) primer based diversity analysis showed that the Ectophoma isolates, VSPPM3 and VSPPM4 from Visakhapatnam were closely related with 96 per cent similarity whereas VSPPM3 from Visakhapatnam and EGPM3 from East Godavari were distantly related with only fifty per cent similarity. Isolates were grouped irrespective of their geographical region based on clustering by Tocher’s and SSR analysis. The most virulent isolate, EGPM1 was characterized molecularly by sequencing and Phylogenetic trees constructed based on ITS region and actin gene sequences showed 92 to 100 per cent similarity with Ectophoma multirostrata. The ITS sequence of EGPM1 (EGPM19-1) was submitted and obtained NCBI unique accession number, ON819852. Correlation studies between disease parameters of chrysanthemum and weather parameters during 2019-20 and 2020-21 revealed that disease incidence and severity were significantly and negatively correlated with maximum temperature, minimum temperature, morning relative humidity and evaporation during first and second dates of planting. In vitro fungicide assays were conducted with selected fungicides, against the six pathogens isolated where complete inhibition of E. multirostrata, B. cinerea, A. alternata and C. gloeosporoides was observed with difenoconazole while mancozeb completely inhibited S. lycopersici and L. theobromae. Under field conditions two years pooled data revealed that two sprays of difenoconazole @ 0.1 per cent was significantly superior over other treatments with 40.00, 76.67 % disease incidence, 2.17, 7.64 % of disease severity on flowers and 3.52, 4.28 % of disease severity on leaves respectively at five and 15 days after second spray. It was also observed with the highest yield (6.87 kg plot-1; 7.63 t ha-1), highest B: C ratio (2.06) and highest shelf life period of flowers (4.83 days, 10.33 days at room temperature and 4 0C respectively).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF YELLOW MOSAIC DISEASE INFECTING BLACKGRAM (Vigna mungo (L.) HEPPER)
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-12-07) VALLABHANENI TILAK CHOWDARY; V. MANOJ KUMAR
    In the present investigation on “Epidemiology and management of yellow mosaic disease infecting blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper)”, four major blackgram growing districts viz., Krishna, Guntur, West Godavari and Prakasam of Andhra Pradesh were surveyed for the incidence of yellow mosaic disease (YMD). Disease incidence among various districts ranged from 14.58% to 23.04% indicating the impact of disease. Fifteen weed species, showing typical mosaic symptoms were collected out of which six weeds viz., Abelmoschus moschatus, Ageratum conyzoides, Amaranthus viridis, Desmodium laxiflorum, Parthenium hysterophorus and Vigna trilobata, were found positive for Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV). First time, A. moschatus and D. laxiflorum were reported to have infected with Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus when confirmed using PCR detection. Association of betasatellite ( ̴1.3 kb) and MYMIV in A. moschatus was also reported for the first time, which defines the movement of MYMIV into new hosts and association with the already existing betasatellites. Molecular characterization based on coat protein revealed that the test isolates viz., YMV-KR from Krishna district (MZ475993), YMV-GN from Guntur district (MZ475994), YMV-WG from West Godavari district (MZ475996), YMV-PR from Prakasam district (MZ475995), YMV-ABEL from A. moschatus (MZ475997) and YMV-DES from D. laxiflorum (MZ475998) belong to MYMIV and none of them showed positive to MYMV. Hence it was concluded that YMD isolates of blackgram in surveyed areas of Andhra Pradesh were closely related to MYMIV (old world geminiviruses) than MYMV (New world geminiviruses). The sequence analysis of six isolates using SDTv1.2 revealed that YMV-GN and YMV-DES shared 99.58% homology, which was the highest among test isolates xv whereas, least homology of 94.85% was found between YMV-PR and YMV-WG. Isolates of the two weed species YMV-DES and YMV-ABEL shared an identity of 99.30% at nucleotide level. The isolates collected from crop species i.e., YMV-KR, YMV-GN, YMV-WG, YMV-PR shared a nucleotide similarity of 94.85-97.77%. Phylogenic analysis based on coat protein revealed that two isolates from Krishna district and West Godavari district varied with isolates collected from Guntur and Prakasam. The whole genome characterization of causal organism of YMD revealed a novel recombinant isolate (YMV-BG-BPT) from blackgram in Andhra Pradesh. The association of a bipartite begomovirus with the disease was confirmed by sequence analyses of the cloned full-length genome. The sequence analysis of DNA-A (MZ235792) of YMV-BG-BPT showed maximum of 99.12% similarity at nucleotide level with Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) isolate reported from Tamil Nadu, India (KC911719), which was also confirmed by clustering pattern in phylogenic analysis. The sequence analysis of DNA-B (MZ356197) showed 95.79% with Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) isolate reported from Tamil Nadu (KP319016) and 95.05% with Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) isolate reported from Karnataka (MT027037). The huge variation in DNA-B, was further confirmed by detecting a recombinant event in the intergenic region (IR), region coding for nuclear shuttle protein and movement protein in which MYMV-BG-AP-IND (KF928962) and MYMIV-GG-CH-IND (MN020536) have been identified as major and minor parents, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first molecular confirmation and characterization of blackgram infecting MYMIV with a recombinant DNA-B in Andhra Pradesh, India. During epidemiological studies (2019-2021), among the three sowings, Min T had showed negative correlation with both whitefly population and disease severity during first and second sowing. However, in the third sowing negative correlation with Min T was taken over by RHE in terms of whitefly population while the same was taken over by RHM in terms of disease severity. During the entire study, whitefly population had shown positive correlation with disease severity. The epidemiological studies conducted during present investigation indicated that first sowing of blackgram (2nd fortnight of October) had lesser YMD severity while late sowings favoured development of disease due to favourable weather conditions for buildup of whitefly and thereby the disease. Management studies with different insecticides and botanicals revealed that flonicamid 50 WG @ 0.4 g l-1 was effective in reducing whitefly population with a mean reduction of 67.52% and 61.01% at first and second spray, respectively over control, while among the botanicals cotton seed extract 5% (Gossypium herbaceum) was found effective with a mean whitefly reduction of 22.83% and 22.09% at first and second spray respectively over control. Among chemicals, flonicamid 50 WG @ 0.4 g l-1 treatment recorded least disease incidence (72.33%) and severity (68.24%), while the botanical ramaphal leaf extract 5% (Annona reticulata) has recorded with least disease incidence (85.02%) and severity (55.44%). Among all the treatments, AUDPC was highest in the control (1313.27) while least was recorded in flonicamid 50 WG @ 0.4 g l-1 (653.04). Among the botanicals, ramaphal leaf extract 5% showed least AUDPC (1006.83) when compared to turmeric corm extract 5% (1091.40) and cotton seed extract 5% (1096.44). Highest yield was recorded in flonicamid treated plots (537.39 kg ha-1) followed by acetamiprid (453.33 kg ha-1) whereas, among the botanicals ramaphal leaf extract treated plots recorded a yield of 340 kg ha-1.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ROLE OF MINERAL NUTRITION IN GROUNDNUT LATE LEAF SPOT DISEASE DEVELOPMENT
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-12-07) DASU RAMA SRI VINEELA; P. ANIL KUMAR
    The present investigation on "Role of mineral nutrition in groundnut late leaf spot disease management" was carried out at the Department of Plant Pathology and College farm, Agricultural College, Bapatla during 2019-20 and 2020-21. In the present investigation, plant and pathogen traits governing groundnut late leaf spot disease were assessed by growing susceptible cultivar (K-6) and tolerant cultivar (Kadiri Harithandhra) in sand culture and artificially inoculated with P. personata. The data obtained indicated that prolonged latent period (17 days) and less number of lesions (28.6/leaf), smaller lesion size (1.7 mm) and increased anti-oxidant enzyme activity (SOD, POD and CAT) might have resulted in decrease in turn chlorophyll senescence/ loss (28.80%) due to pathogen which accounted for tolerance in Kadiri Harithandhra compared to susceptible K-6 (latent period:14 days, lesion number: 57/leaf, lesion diameter: 2.5mm, decrease in chlorophyll content: 39.63%). Thus, these pathogenic and plant traits were used to assess role of mineral nutrition in incorporating tolerance to LLS susceptible variety i.e., K-6. Direct effect of nutrients on P. personata conidia revealed that lack of majority of nutrients except P and Ca had no direct effect on P. personata conidial germination (61.73% and 66.20%) and number of germ tubes (1.22) respectively. However, germ tube length was greatly enhanced in K and Mg deficient solutions while in Zn and N deficient solution, the same was decreased. Deficiency of nutrients especially K, Mg, S, Cu aggravated the disease by encouraging pathogen through decreased incubation (4,4,5 and 7 days respectively) and latent periods (8, 8, 7.33 and 11 days respectively), increased lesion number (22.00, 21.67, 22.33, 14.67/leaf respectively) and lesion diameter (2.83, 2.73, 3.03 and 2.70 mm) thus higher AUDPC values (19.33, 24.67, 32.00 and 10.67) compared to control (7 days incubation period, 11 days latent period, 8.33 lesions/leaf with xvi lesion diameter 2.70 mm and AUDPC value 6.67) which further impaired chlorophyll content (0.98, 0.73, 0.66, 0.74mg/g against 0.97 mg/g in control) and anti-oxidant enzyme activity which act as primary defence mechanism in scavenging reactive oxygen species during hemibiotropic pathogen infection. Visual deficiency symptoms and nutrient content in leaves further confirmed the role of nutrient deficiencies in aggravating LLS disease and hence effect of supplementation of these nutrients K, Mg, Cu and S in managing LLS were studied. CuSO4 twice the strength had similar affect as fungicidal check (6.33 and 9.67 days) in delaying incubation (6.33 days) and latent periods (8.67 days) while KNO3 thrice the strength, MgSO4 thrice the strength has similar effect as fungicidal check (2.00/ leaf and 1.00 mm) with respect to lesion number (3.00/leaf) and lesion diameter (1.00 mm) resulting in lesser AUDPC values as fungicidal check compared to absolute control (4 days incubation period, 7.33 days latent period, 10.33 lesions/leaf, 2.50 mm diameter). SOD and POD enzyme activities showed similar trend corresponding to incubation period and latent period when comparing antioxidant enzyme activity of nutrient supplemented treatments and fungicidal check with tolerant cultivar indicating that adequate amount of nutrient supplementation to plants offers tolerance to fungal infection through altered antioxidant enzyme activity. Supplementation of CuSO4 and MgSO4 were effective in reducing disease when applied through soil during initial stages by prolonging incubation (13.67 days and 13.33 days) and latent period (8.33 and 8.67 days) but with increase in age of the crop, foliar sprays were found more effective in reducing lesion number (2.67/ leaf, 4.00/leaf) with lesser diameter and AUDPC as fungicidal check (13.67 days incubation period, 9.67 days latent period, 2.00 lesions/leaf with 1.00 mm diameter). CuSO4 and combination of four nutrients were effective in delaying incubation (11.67 days, 12.33 days) and latent period (16.67 days, 17.00 days) while MgSO4 followed by combination of four nutrients were effective in reducing lesion number (17.65/leaf, 22.15/leaf) and diameter (0.20 and 0.27 mm) thereby reduction in AUDPC values. Nutrient supplementation, though inferior to fungicidal check (14 days, 18.33 days, 1.95 lesions/leaf with 0.22), was significantly superior than absolute control in reducing disease (10.33 days incubation period, 13.67 days latent period, 70.15 lesions/leaf with 0.33mm diameter). Nutrient solutions of S at 0.5%, K2SO4 at 0.5% and CuSO4 at 0.2% had inhibitory effect on conidial germination while combination of nutrients reduced germination percentage (4.53%) and germ tube length. Pooled analysis of the field experiments conducted during rabi and summer 2020-21 revealed that Cu+S and K+Cu+Mg+S were effective with least LLS incidence (54.58% and 54.97%) and were on par with fungicidal check (47.77%). Further, Cu+S supplementation results in higher pod yield (1766.67 kg/ha) with highest rate of returns (3.16) and found superior to fungicidal check (1572.22 kg/ha and 2.60).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CHARACTERIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF EMERGING PATHOGEN, CORYNESPORA IN COTTON
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-12-07) BANDI MOHAN VENKATA SIVAPRASAD; B. SREE LAKSHMI
    In the present investigation on “Characterization and management of emerging pathogen, Corynespora on cotton”, during kharif, 2019-20 & 2020-21 survey in five major cotton growing districts of A.P. revealed PDI of Corynespora target spot ranged from 26.8% to 50.9% and 19.6% to 37.5% in kharif, 2019-2020 and 2020-2021, respectively. Pure cultures of 21 isolates showed considerable variation in cultural characters such as texture, shape of the colony, colony elevation, growth habit, nature of mycelium, number of concentric rings, pigmentation on top of culture plate, pigmentation at bottom of culture plate and morphological characters such as conidial length, width and number of pseudo septa. Based on the characters studied, 21 test isolates were categorized into different groups. The incubation period varied from 4 to 6 days. Among all the isolates, CPIK-1909 isolate was found highly virulent with low incubation period (4 days) resulting in more lesions (42.40±3.34) and highest PDI (50.50). Multivariate analysis used for cultural, morphological and pathogenic characters revealed formation of six clusters based on Euclidean distance values. Characterization of 21 Corynespora cassiicola isolates was performed using ITS 1 and ITS 4 primers. PCR amplification using ITS region resulted in an amplicon of 550 bp. Sequences of six isolates (CGGL-19001, CGGG-19004, CPIK-19009, CKGV-19011, CYPP-19016 and CKDR-19018) were deposited in NCBI (MZ314930, 29, 28, 27, 25 and 26). Molecular variability was determined for the 21 test isolates using four RAPD primers which resulted in a total of 47 bands with polymorphism having band size ranged from 300 to 2500bp. Dendrogram obtained had two clusters (PL1 and PL2), PL1 consisted of single isolate (CYPG-19017) and PL2 consisted remaining 20 isolates. xx Pooled analysis of two seasons (kharif, 2019-2020 and 2020-2021) showed that PDI of Corynespora target spot was significantly and positively correlated with Tmax, Tmin, RF and WS and expressed negative correlation with SSH and Evap. Regression studies revealed that Tmax, Tmin, RHII and Rd influenced the Corynespora target spot in cotton upto 96.5%. Step up and step down regression analysis indicated that individually Tmax, Tmin, RF, SSH, WS and Evap. influenced up to 56.0, 51.6, 25.1, 48.0, 42.5 and 35.0% respectively. Pooled analysis for yield loss estimation (kharif, 2019-2020 and 2020-2021) revealed 26% of yield loss if management practices were unattended. Minimum of four sprays of propiconazole @ 0.1% were required to nullify the loss in yield (24%) due to cotton Corynespora target spot depending on weather conditions. PDC and yield showed positive correlation with number of sprays whereas PDI was negatively correlated with number of sprays. Yield and avoidable yield loss negatively correlated with number of sprays. The test pathogen, Corynespora was found to be both externally and internally seed borne. Among the externally seed borne mycoflora, Corynespora and Aspergillus spp. were associated with cotton seeds. In case of internally seed borne association, Corynespora ranged from 2 to 18% and showed higher association than other fungi. The seed mycoflora of cotton exhibited different distribution pattern among which, Corynespora and Aspergillus exhibited highest colonizing frequency (CF) and Isolation recovery (IR) in case of externally seed borne infection. In case of internally seed borne infection, CF and IR of Corynespora was found to be the highest among all the fungi observed. For externally seed borne mycoflora, the highest Simpson’s diversity index (DI=0.826), Shannon – Wiener diversity index (H’=1.846), species richness (1.219) and Species evenness (0.949) were recorded in samples of Jaadoo BG II. For internally seed borne fungi, highest DI of 0.794 was in LHDP-1 followed by NDLA-2463 (DI=0.792) having highest H’ (1.657) with Species richness (1.429) and Species evenness (0.851). Based on in vitro poisoned food technique, dual culture and detached leaf technique studies, propiconazole, carbendazim+mancozeb, four biocontrol agents (T18001, PF1, BS2 and ACT1) and salicylic acid @ 5 mM were utilized for field studies. Pooled data for management studies (kharif, 2019 and 2020) showed lowest disease severity in foliar spray with propiconazole at 0.1% (12.4 PDI), highest yield (2931.7 kg ha-1) and BC ratio 1.46 was found on par with carbendazim+mancozeb at 0.1% (13.9 PDI, 2851.1 kg ha-1 and 1.42) and significantly superior to other treatments as against control (27.3 PDI, 2265.6 kg ha-1 and 1.13) respectively.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    GENETIC ANALYSIS IN BLACKGRAM [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] FOR YIELD AND ITS COMPONENTS
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-12-07) Y. PUSHPA RENI; M.V. RAMANA
    The current study, "Genetic analysis in blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] for yield and its components," was conducted from 2019 to 2021 at Regional Agricultural Research station, Lam Farm, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. The study's main goal was to comprehend the type of gene action that underlies the inheritance of seed yield and yield contributing traits, as well as quality traits. In order to fully understand epistasis, generation mean analysis of a five-parameter model was performed. In this process, fifty nine genotypes including four checks of blackgram were evaluated for yield and yield attributing characters viz., days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight, harvest index, protein content, iron content, zinc content, MYMV incidence, leaf curl incidence and seed yield per plant during kharif, 2019 to study the diversity analysis and to identify the parents having resistance to MYMV and high yielding traits. Six parents from this material are used as parents to generate 15 crosses in half diallel fashion and these F1’s were evaluated during kharif, 2020. Out of fifteen crosses three best crosses were selected based on combining ability, heterosis and MYMV reaction studies, further to generate F2’s and F3’s. Parents, F1’s, F2’s and F3’s were evaluated during Rabi, 2020-21 to study the gene effects for yield and yield attributing characters. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated significant genotype differences for each character, showing that the genotypes under study have a sizable degree of variability and intrinsic genetic diversity. PCV values are higher than GCV values, indicating the role of the environment in the expression of these traits. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent mean was perceived for plant height, number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per plant, seed yield per plant, harvest index, iron content and zinc content specified the predominance of additive gene action in the expression of these traits. xvii By using Mahalanobis D2 statistic, PCA and ward’s method and per se performance, the genotypes LBG 904, LBG 752, TU 94-2 and TBG 129 were used in the crossing programme along with TU 40 and PU 31, as they (PU 31 & TU 40) are a potential source of YMV and leaf curl virus resistance as per earlier reports of MULLaRP. From the results of the correlation studies, yield related traits like number of pods per plant, harvest index, number of clusters per plant, number of seeds per pod, days to 50% flowering, 100 seed weight, number of branches per plant, pod length and plant height could be utilized as selection criteria for improving seed yield in blackgram. According to the residual effects for the current study, which is 0.1720, the analysed features were responsible for almost 83% of the variability in the dependent variable, seed yield per plant. Out of the fifty nine genotypes, 51 were found to be resistant with a disease score of ‘1-2.’ Four genotypes scored ‘3-4’ on the disease reaction scale, which denotes a moderate level of resistance. Six parents viz., LBG 904, LBG 752, TU 94-2, TBG 129, PU 31 and TU 40 and their 15 crosses were generated by crossing in a half diallel fashion for fourteen traits including yield, yield attributing traits and quality traits to obtain the information on their per se performance, combining ability and heterosis. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for most of the traits indicating the existence of sufficient variability in the material. Based on per se and gca effects, the parents LBG 752, LBG 904, and TBG 129 were shown to be the best combiners for yield and yield characteristics. For zinc content, PU 31 and TBG 129 are good combiners. According to the results of the sca effects, the crosses LBG 904 x TBG 129, LBG 904 x PU 31, LBG 752 x TU 40 and PU 31 x TBG 129 were found to be superior cross combinations for the majority of yield attributes and a few quality traits, while the crosses PU 31 x TBG 129, PU31 x TU 40 and TU 94-2 x TU 40 showed good mean and sca for quality traits with early maturity. Heterosis studies revealed that the crosses LBG 752 x TBG 129, LBG 904 x TBG 129, and PU 31 x TBG 129 manifested significant mid parents, a better parent and standard heterosis in a desirable direction for the majority of the yield, yield attributes and few quality traits and with early maturity. Partitioning of variance indicated that mean values [m] for gene effects were highly significant for all the characters in all three crosses. The significance of epistatic effects, in addition to the major components, additive and dominance gene effects, was revealed by the generation mean analysis for yield and yield components in the three best cross combinations, LBG 752 x TBG 129, LBG 904 x TBG 129, and PU 31 x TBG 129. Both duplicate and complimentary type of epistasis were observed in three crosses, but the majority of features are influenced by complimentary type of epistasis in addition to additive gene effects, indicating that these genotypes have the ability to create positive transgressive segregants. In presence of such additive x additive type of inter-allelic interaction with complementary type of epistasis, can be exploited using breeding methods which fix the additive effects and facilitate in identifying the transgressive segregants by selections in later generations.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON GENETIC DIVERGENCE AND STABILITY OF LARGE SEEDED PEANUT (Arachis hypogaea L.)
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-12-03) GALI SURESH; D. LOKANADHA REDDY
    The present investigation entitled “Studies on Genetic Divergence and Stability of Large Seeded Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)” was carried out in four seasons viz., kharif 2019, summer 2020, kharif 2020 and rabi 2020-21. Observations were recorded for kernel yield and its component traits in kharif 2019 to study the genetic divergence, genetic parameters, character association and direct and indirect effects of characters on kernel yield among 65 peanut genotypes. Among sixty five lines, twenty six lines were chosen for stability analysis across seasons namely, summer 2020, kharif 2020 and rabi 2020-21 to study G × E interaction. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for yield and confectionery traits revealed highly significant differences among the genotypes for all characters studied in kharif, 2019. An analysis of genetic parameters reveled number of mature pods per plant, number of immature pods per plant, pod yield per plant, kernel yield per plant, 100 seed weight, free amino acids, total soluble sugars and oleic and linoleic acid ratio showed high variability (GCV and PCV), high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean, indicating the predominance of additive gene action in expression of these characters and direct selection will be effective in improvement of such characters. Diversity analysis showed that linoleic acid content contributed maximum variation to total variation. The 65 genotypes were divided into 10 clusters, with cluster IV having the highest number of genotypes (28) and clusters VI, VII and X had only single genotype. Maximum inter cluster D2 value was observed between cluster IX and cluster X. Cluster VI, VII, VIII, IX and X recorded high cluster mean values for most of the yield contributing and quality characters. PCA analysis revealed first five principal components PC 1 to PC 5 accounted more than 92 % of the entire variation and have latent roots greater than one. Results obtained from individual PCA (vectors X, Y, Z) and 3D plot graphed based on PCA loading scores (vectors X, Y, Z) of 65 peanut genotypes revealed that genotypes ICGV 03137 (cluster X), ICGV 171002 (cluster IX), ICGV 171004 (cluster IX) and ICGV 94215 (cluster VIII) were scattered relatively far away from other genotypes in this plot which indicates that they were more divergent and also confirming the Tocher‟s clustering. Intercrossing genotypes included in these clusters could be effective for creating variability in the respective traits. Character association revealed plant height, number of secondary branches per plant, number of mature pods per plant, number of immature pods per plant, pod yield per plant, 100 seed weight and protein content were recorded significant positive association with kernel yield per plant both at genotypic and phenotypic levels. On the other hand, character like days to 50 % flowering showed significant negative correlation with kernel yield per plant at phenotypic level but non-significant at genotypic level. Path coefficient analysis revealed number of mature pods per plant, 100 seed weight, number of secondary branches per plant and sound mature kernel per cent were leading in determining the kernel yield of peanut through direct positive effects and indirect positive effects via different yield attributing traits. Molecular diversity analysis revealed a total of 17 bands or DNA fragments found to be polymorphic and mean number of polymorphic bands per primer was 2.83. PIC values ranged from 0.423 for primer EM 18 to 0.742 for S 109 with an average of 0.572. The dendrogram analysis divided the total 65 genotypes into 10 diverse sub clusters. The grouping pattern of both PCA (4 groups) and PCoA (3 groups) very nearer to the dendrogram obtained through UPGMA based cluster analysis. The ANOVA of Eberhart and Russell model revealed significant differences among genotypes for all traits which indicates the presence of substantial variation in the per se performance of all the 26 peanut genotypes. Significant differences due to environments were observed for all traits except shelling percentage and palmitic acid content indicating that the environments in which the genotypes evaluated were quite variable. The environments + (genotypes × environments) interaction was also observed to be significant for all traits studied except for 100 seed weight and palmitic acid content indicating considerable interactions of genotypes with environments (seasons). Significant genotype × environment interactions (GEI) were recorded for all traits except for days to 50 % flowering, days to maturity and 100 seed weight which inferred that differential performance of peanut genotypes under diverse environments. Mean sum of squares due to environment (linear) were found to be significant for all traits except for palmitic acid content. Environmental index (I) revealed the fittingness of an environment for different traits of peanut. Plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, number of mature pods per plant, pod yield per plant, kernel yield per plant, sound mature kernel per cent and 100 seed weight were recorded higher positive values of environmental index in kharif season indicating that kharif season was congenial for most of the yield contributing traits than summer and rabi seasons. On the basis of stability parameters, none of the genotypes were stable for all the traits across the environments (seasons). Genotypes viz., ICGV 171334, ICGV 98432 and ICGV 99105 were observed to be stable across the seasons for high pod and kernel yield in conjunction with confectionary traits like 100 seed weight, protein content and oleic linoleic acid ratio.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    VALIDATION OF MOLECULAR MARKERS LINKED TO YMD RESISTANCE AND GENETIC ANALYSIS OF YIELD COMPONENTS IN BLACK GRAM [VIGNA MUNGO (L.) HEPPER]
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-12-03) AYESHA MOHAMMED; D. RATNA BABU
    The present investigation was carried out with the chief objectives of assessing the role of different non-allelic interactions in the inheritance of various traits of black gram and to validate the reported molecular markers linked to YMD. Other parameters like mean, variability, heritability, expected genetic advance, correlation analysis, path coefficient analysis and divergence studies were also carried out for the 40 black gram germplasm lines. The required field experiments to achieve the targeted objectives were conducted at RARS, Lam, Guntur during 2019-20 and 2020-21 and the molecular biology experiments were carried out at Agricultural College, Bapatla during 2020-21. The analysis of variance indicated significant differences among the 40 genotypes for all the traits under study. High PCV and GCV were recorded for plant height, clusters per plant, pods per plant and grain yield per plant. The estimates of heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean were high for the characters viz., plant height, clusters per plant, pods per plant, seed per pod and grain yield per plant indicating the probable operation of additive gene action in inheritance of these traits and simple selection is sufficient to improve these traits. Considering the nature and magnitude of character associations and their direct and indirect effects, it can be inferred that clusters per plant, pods per plant, seed per pod, pod length, test weight and days to maturity could serve as important traits in any selection programme for selecting high yielding genotypes in black gram. The D2 analysis grouped the 40 black gram genotypes into ten clusters. It revealed maximum divergence between clusters IV and IX, followed by clusters VIII and IX, clusters VII and IX and clusters II and IX suggesting that there is wide genetic diversity between these clusters. The genotypes from these clusters which are having better per se performance may result in superior transgressive segregants depending on the gene action. The PCA analysis identified that the maximum contributing traits towards the existing variability are days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, pod length, clusters per plant, grain yield per plant, branches per plant and seed per pod. It also revealed that the first three principal components contributed 79.592 per cent towards the total variability. Further, the diverse xvii genotypes PU 31, LBG 623, IPU 94-1, TU 94-2, GAVT 7, UAHS BG 1 and Vamban 8 which are far apart from each other in the two dimension and three dimension diagrams may result in good hybrid combinations to produce transgressive segregants in their respective F2 and subsequent segregating generations. The 40 germplasm lines phenotyped for YMD, exhibited high range of variation with respect to the disease reaction. Fifteen genotypes recorded no visible symptoms or even small yellow specks with restricted spread on foliage, indicating that they are resistant to yellow mosaic disease. These genotypes could be utilized as donors for transfer of disease resistance into agronomically superior genotypes which are lacking disease resistance. The results of generation mean analysis indicate that additive-dominant model is adequate only for one trait i.e. test weight. All other ten traits viz., days to 50% flowering, plant height, branches per plant, clusters per plant, pods per plant, pod length, seed per pod, days to maturity, grain yield per plant and reaction to YMD had significance for one or more scaling tests and also had significant Chi-square values of joint scaling tests. This clearly indicate the inadequacy of additive-dominant model to explain inheritance in these traits. Hence, the estimates of inter-allelic or non-allelic gene effects were obtained using six parameter model of generation mean analysis. In spite of having significant additive [d] and dominance [h] components, the non-allelic interactions overpowered them due to their higher estimates hence, had a great role in the inheritance of these ten traits. Inadequacy of additive-dominant model for explaining the inheritance of the ten out of eleven traits emphasizes the complex nature of gene effects suggesting that simple selection procedures may not be sufficient to improve the yield and its contributing traits. From the results of the studies pertaining to validation of molecular markers reported to be linked to YMD resistance, it was found that four reported markers viz., CYR 1, YR 4, DMB-SSR 158 and MYMVR-583 could only produce monomorphic bands and could not differentiate the resistant and susceptible genotypes. With regards to the remaining three molecular markers, it was found that they could only differentiate few lines as resistant or susceptible. And in considerable number of genotypes these markers did not co-segregated with the phenotype. There are many deviations from the expected amplification of the target fragment in both resistant and susceptible genotypes. This clearly suggest that these markers failed in differentiating resistant and susceptible genotypes. The claim made by the researchers that the reported markers (at least the three markers which are producing polymorphic bands) were linked to resistance, need not be differed as they have used mapping populations in developing these markers. However, there might be few more genes that are responsible for complete resistance against YMD and are need to be identified using mapping populations produced from parental lines having varying degree of genetic background. Further, the amplification of amplicons linked to resistant genes in phenotypically susceptible genotypes indicate that the marker is not tightly linked to the gene of interest and might be segregated and separated due to crossing over between the marker and the gene in question. Hence, to identify YMD resistant line, tightly linked markers for all the genes responsible for resistance need to be identified.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SUSTENANCE OF WOMEN LABOURERS IN AGRICULTURE- A CASE STUDY APPROACH
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-12-02) C. DEEPA; M. RAMA DEVY
    In India, women have a multi-dimensional role. It is widely known to everybody that the agricultural workers are the most neglected class in the Indian masses. A unique feature of female participation throughout India is that they are workers, labourers, cultivators, producers, traders besides performing all house hold duties which are considered as ‘unproductive’. Women contribute about three-fourth of the labour required in the field. The contribution of female labour is towards agricultural production beside their usual domestic work, always more than the male labour. In cultivation except ploughing, levelling, irrigation all other works are generally shared by both men and women. Women usually get low wages for the work done under the worst conditions put in excessively burdens on hard work. The wages paid to the female agricultural labourers are much below the prescribed rates and wide spread of disparities in wages much disadvantages of them. Even though, most of the contributions made by women in the farm sector are unaccounted and they are not directly paid. Since agriculture also the prime engine of economic growth in developing countries particularly in India the role performed by both men and women must not be neglected. All obstacles to the full participation of women must be removed to ensure that they find themselves on equal terms with men in all facts of life culture social, economic and political. Growth in agriculture needs to be matched with feminization of agriculture for an overall development of rural economy. Appropriate strategy has to be made xiv to extend the benefits to transfer of technology process to the women, which will help in modernization of agriculture. Agricultural labourers were deciding factor of cost of production and adopting, practicing of technologies andplaying crucial role in yield improvement. Agriculture labourer’s livelihood plays crucial role in socio economic development of agriculture. The type of livelihood-practice influences the ecosystem. So analysis of the agricultural labourers livelihood is critical and important phenomena. Many such studies related to the agriculture labourers were conducted but there are limited studies related to livelihood analysis of women agriculture labourers. Hence, the present study on sustenance of women labourers in agriculture-a case study approach was undertaken. Case Study research design was adopted for the study. The study was carried out in three districts of Andhra Pradesh. Three districts were purposively selected based on the highest number of women agricultural labourers viz., Srikakulam, Guntur and Kurnool. Three mandals from each district were selected. From each of the selected mandal two villages were selected by using simple random sampling procedure thus comes to a total of 18 villages. From each of the selected village, ten respondents were selected by using simple random sampling procedure thus coming to a total of 180 respondents. The data was processed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test and Garrett ranking technique. Twenty one independent variables were identified for the study. Majority of the respondents were middle aged, nuclear family type, medium family size, wage earning as major occupation status, medium experience, medium number of trainings underwent, medium level of social status, medium annual income, wage earning major employment status of family members, medium credit orientation, medium savings behavior, medium urban contact, medium perception of skill, medium level of perception of drudgery bearing ability, medium level of decision making ability, medium level of self confidence, medium level of aspiration, medium availability of work, good health status and medium work environment. Nearly two third (52.22%) of the women agricultural labourers were having moderate livelihood security followed by below moderate (27.23%) and above moderate (20.55%) livelihood security.Wheat and rice items of food and nutritional security ranked as first (285) in food and nutritional security followed by pulses (247) which might be due to judicious supply by the public distribution system playing an important role and ranked as first and second. Consumption of vegetables, milk, sugar& jaggery, oil & fat ranked third, fourth, fifth and sixth respectively.Television (311) and storage bin (229) items of asset security of women agricultural labourers were ranked as first and second by the women agricultural labourers. Electric xv cooker, mixer, motor cycle, sofa and refrigerator were ranked third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh respectively. The source of energy for cooking (352) and availability of electricity (338) items of habitat security were ranked first and second respectively by the women agricultural labourers as these are the basic needs to survive perceived by the women agricultural labours. Type of house, availability of kitchen, accessibility of water supply, latrines facility, number of rooms in a dwelling and water purification were ranked third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth respectively. Existence of health centres (354) and vaccination (346) items of health security ranked as first and second by the women agricultural labourers. Affordability of health services, appearance of diseases, pregnancy care, utilisation of PHC and appearance of infant diseases were ranked as third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh respectively. Indebtness (332) and savings (285) items of financial security were ranked first and second by the women agricultural labourers. Sending children to the school (358) and availing hostel facilities to children (286) items of educational security were ranked first and second by the women agricultural labourers. Auto (209) and public transport (197) items of transportation security were ranked first and second by the women agricultural labourers. Own vehicle, bullock cart and going by walk were ranked as third, fourth and fifth respectively. Climatic hazards (444) and capacity building (435) were ranked first and second by the women agricultural labourers as they might get such information from television and local leaders. Skill up gradation, agriculture, employment and empowerment were ranked third, fourth, fifth and sixth respectively as this information might be available from neighbours. Transplanting/ sowing the nursery seedlings/seeds at correct depth in the main field were found to be the major skill possessed by the women agricultural labourers and ranked first followed by identifying the weeds from the main field, identifying the type of weeds i.e., shallow/ deep rooted, removing weeds in main crop along with roots and removing the stubbles from the main field, ranked second, third, fourth and fifth respectively. Stalking / erecting pendal system pertaining to crops found to be the major skill possessed by the women agricultural labourers and ranked first followed by technique of mixing and application of fertilizers i.e., broadcast/ band placement/ pocket placement in relation to crop, skill on irrigation i.e., amount, type and time of irrigation based on crop, preparation and application of biofertilizers and skill in operating sprayers ranked second, third, fourth and fifth respectively. Technique of grading the produce according to weight/ quality found to be the major skill possessed by the women agricultural labourers and ranked first followed by knowledge on planned harvesting considering xvi ripeness of crops, stacking of produce and efficient in post harvest techniques i.e., winnowing/ threshing were ranked as second, third and fourth fifth respectively. Majority of women agricultural labourers felt that wage majority of women agricultural labourers felt that Wage discrimination as one of the major constraints and it was ranked first among all the constraints. Dual responsibility ranked second followed by involves more drudgery ranked as third and Poor social relationship with other sections of society was ranked as fourth by the women labourers in agriculture. The other constraints include lack of basic facilities at work place, lack of training on skilled work performance, over exploitation of money lenders by charging higher rates of interest, non co-operation among different groups, delayed payment of wages from owners, lack of small scale labour intensive enterprises to save from unemployment during lean crop period and advances in mechanization leading to decreased demand for labour were ranked as fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth and tenth respectively by the women agricultural labourers. Wage rates must be increased was the major suggestion given by the women agricultural labourers and ranked first. Followed by establishment of small scale labour intensive enterprises, assured supply of basic living amenities like water, implementation of more government schemes to increase the employment opportunities, coverage of insurance and health programmes for women agricultural labourers, provision of nutritive food through PDS, simple procedure for loans and timely cash payment by owners ranked as second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth respectively by the women agricultural labourers.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON SEASONAL OCCURRENCE OF INSECT PESTS VIS-À-VIS USE OF PESTICIDES IN RICE ECOSYSTEM OF GUNTUR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-12-02) VALLURI JHANSI HIMA VARSHA; CHERUKURI SREENIVASA RAO
    The studies were carried out on occurrence of insect pests, insecticide usage pattern and pesticide residues in Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh during rabi 2020-21 in NSJ Canal area and kharif 2021-22 in Krishna Western Delta in 45 and 90 farmers fields, respectively. The farm gate and market rice samples were analyzed at ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accredited Pesticide Formulation and Residue Analytical Centre (PFRAC) of National Institute of Plant Health Management. Seasonal occurrence of insect pests during rabi 2020-21 in NSJ Canal area revealed that rice leaf folder, yellow stem borer, brown planthopper, white backed planthopper, armyworm and gall midge incidence was found in the entire crop growth period among which leaf folder, yellow stem borer incidence was more evident and the pest incidence was always below the ETL. The incidence of all insect pests was below ETL due to application of 345 pesticides in 177 applications / sprayings, with an average of 4.32 sprayings / applications per farmer, and 8.41 pesticides in each field during the crop season. The commonly used pesticides in the area were acephate, flubendiamide and propineb, out of a total of 34 pesticide formulations (17 insecticides; 12 fungicides; 4 herbicides and one bio chemical product) used by the farmers. The farmers of the area majorly used (92.75%) recommended pesticides, but 45.94 per cent of the pesticide applications at higher doses. Seasonal occurrence of insect pests during kharif 2021-22 in KWD area revealed that leaf folder, yellow stem borer, brown planthopper, rice hispa and rice leafhopper incidence was found but always below the ETL except for BPH where the pest has crossed ETLs in very few fields in one week. The incidence of insect pests was below ETL, due to application of 703 pesticides in 280 applications / sprayings, with an average of 3.45 sprayings per farmer, and use of 8.67 pesticides. xxvi The commonly used pesticides in the area are bispyribac sodium, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl and metsulfuron methyl + chlorimuron ethyl, all herbicides, because the farmers in this area follow direct seeding of rice. Among insecticides, and fungicides, pymetrozine and hexaconazole, respectively, were highly used. A total of 50 pesticide formulations (25 insecticides; 20 fungicides; one bactericide; three herbicides and one unregistered product i.e., bio chemical pesticide) are used in the area. The majority of the pesticide applications (92.32 %) with recommended pesticides, and applied (57.01 %) with recommended doses. A comprehensive study on general awareness and knowledge of farmers on pesticide use and handling reveals that majority of the farmers in the study areas were unaware about the recommended pesticides in rice, pesticide classification based on toxicity, pesticide residues in food, rejection of the food exports due to pesticide residues, use of personal protection equipment, and disposal of empty containers. A significant relation was found between the educational qualification of farmers and awareness on first aid practices and toxicity classification. However, it was recorded that majority of them in both areas were using recommended pesticides in rice as per the suggestions of pesticide dealers / officials of department, as majority of the farmers contact retail pesticide shop dealers (82.22 % in NSJ Canal area and 66.3 % in KWD area). The farm-gate rice (de-husked brown) samples from ZBNF farmers and polished rice samples from market were free from pesticide residues, due to non application of pesticides in ZBNF farms and may be removal of pesticide residues due to processing in polished rice samples. About 28.8 % of farm-gate rice (de-husked brown) samples from NSJ canal area were detected with pesticide residues, but all with recommended pesticides only. However, the use of higher dosages of pesticides (94.44 % applications of propiconazole; 37.5 % applications of hexaconazole) in the area led to occurrence of pesticide residues above FSSAI MRL in 10 % samples with propiconazole, 4 % samples with hexaconazole and 4 % samples with buprofezin residues above FSSAI MRLs. About 25.5 % of farm-gate rice (de-husked brown) samples from NSJ canal area were detected with pesticide residues, but all with recommended pesticides only. However, the use of higher dosages of pesticides (100 % applications of quinalphos; 42.85 % applications of thiamethoxam) in the area led to occurrence of pesticide residues above FSSAI MRL in 9 % samples, where quinalphos and thiamethoxam residues were above MRLs. Risk assessment was conducted taking Highest Residue (HR) into consideration for each pesticide in rice and it was revealed that the hazard quotients (HQ) for individual pesticides and the hazard index (HI) which is cumulative of all the detected pesticides from all the samples were less than unity i.e., HQ and HI < 1, indicating that food is safe for consumption. The comprehensive studies on pest and pesticide management in two major rice areas in Guntur district reveals that the insect pests were under control due to continuous use of pesticides, principally the recommended pesticides as per CIBRC, but sprayed at higher doses incase of insecticides and fungicides. The awareness on safe handling and reading the labels found to be lacking among farmers in both areas. Residue analysis for rice collected from study area farmers indicate that about 10 % samples are with residues above FSSAI MRLs, and residues can be managed through simple mitigation advisories such as avoiding use of higher doses through extension networks.