Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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Open Access
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF FLAKING MACHINE FOR RAGI
(guntur, 2022-11-09) NETHRA, VULAVALA; SOMESWARA RAO, Ch.
Ragi (Eleusinecoracana L.) also called finger millet is widely cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical regions of India and Africa. India is the major producer of various kinds of millets. Millet flaking would be a new avenue for wide spread utilization. Flaking of millets has been successfully attempted by adapting the normal cereal flaking methods using roller flaker with minor modifications. Finger Millet (Ragi) of ‘Vakula- PPR2700’ variety procured from Agricultural College farm, Bapatla was selected for conducting the experiments. Physical properties of finger millet grains were determined. To study the effect of soaking and roasting; steaming and roasting of finger millet on quality of flakes, experiments were conducted at different soaking times (9,10.5 and 12 h), steam pressures ( 1 and 1.5 kg cm-2) , roasting temperatures ( 120, 160 and 200 ° C) and roller speeds (60 and 80 rpm). Fixed gap of 0.1 mm between the rollers was maintained for all the experiments. Experiments were formulated using CCD design in design expert at different levels of independent variables. Optimization of process parameters for maximization of flake yield and minimization of broken content was carried out using design expert. The quality characteristics of finger millet flakes obtained at optimized conditions were also determined for both soaking and roasting; steaming and roasting treatments separately. Optimized conditions for production of finger millet flakes by soaking and roasting treatment were observed at soaking time of 12h, roasting temperature of 120 ̊ C for 20 min and processed at roller speed of 80 rpm with fixed roller gap of 0.1 mm. The flake yield, broken yield and moisture content of finger millet flakes obtained at optimized soaking and roasting conditions are 88.146 %, 28.12 %, 8.162%, respectively. Similarly, experimental values at optimized soaking and roasting conditions were observed as flake yield (83.67%), broken yield (29.12%) and moisture content (7.456%).The water absorption capacity, bulk density and flake thickness of finger millet flakes obtained for soaking and roasting treatment are observed as 82.190 g/100g, 447 kg/m3, 0.5683 mm, respectively. Optimized conditions for production of finger millet flakes by steaming and roasting treatment were observed at steam pressure of 1.5 kg cm-2 for 20 min duration, roasting temperature of 120 ̊ C for 20 min and processed at roller speed of 80 rpm with fixed roller gap of 0.1 mm. The flake yield, broken yield and moisture content of finger millet flakes obtained at optimized steaming and roasting conditions are 77.528 %, 23.45%, 7.978%, respectively. Similarly, experimental values at optimized steaming and roasting conditions were observed as flake yield (72.75%), broken yield (24.12%) and moisture content (7.779%).The water absorption capacity, bulk density and flake thickness of finger millet flakes obtained for steaming and roasting treatment are observed as 51.395 g/100g, 524 kg/m3, 0.7857 mm, respectively. Keywords: Finger millet flakes, Soaking, Steaming, Roasting, Flake yield, Water absorption capacity, Bulk density, Flake thickness.
Open Access
ASSESSMENT OF WATER RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT OF WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR POTHAKAMURU WATERSHED
(guntur, 2022-11-09) . ANILA, P; RAGHU BABU, M.
Water requirement has been increasing by 1% since 1980. Over two billion people live in countries experiencing high water stress. Water stress is not a factor that solely depends on water availability. At the same time it depends on the management of available resources. Watershed based study is considered as the best way to manage water resources properly. The study was conducted on Pothakamuru watershed of Darsi Mandal in Prakasam District. Prakasam District is one of the drought affected districts in coastal Andhra Pradesh. A number of soil and water conservation works has done on this watershed from 2012 to 2018. So that Pothakamuru watershed has been selected for fulfilling following objectives. i) To assess surface and groundwater resources and estimate the water demand for agricultural sector of Pothakamuru watershed. ii) To develop sustainable water resources plan for the watershed using appropriate optimization techniques. iii) To assess the impact of soil conservation measures on crops and water bodies. DEM of the study area was downloaded for the generation of watershed boundary, drainage lines, drainage area and slope map of watershed. The watershed comprises an area of 12952.85 ha with a population of 54599 people. The farmers on the watershed mainly depend on groundwater for irrigation. The surface waterbody on the watershed comprises an area of 574.68 ha. The watershed has a stream having a water spread area of 198.96 ha. LISS III data of 2012 and 2018 were downloaded from BHUVAN website, for the generation of LULC map and NDVI map. Sentinel 2 satellite image from USGS Earth Explorer was used for the extraction of agricultural areas on different agricultural seasons of the hydrological year 2017-2018. Total agricultural water demand was estimated by adding the crop water requirement and livestock water demand. The crop water demand of the study was estimated from Modis ET data product( MOD16A2) by the extraction of crop area. Livestock water demand was obtained from livestock population. Total water demand for the agricultural sector was obtained as 21.14Mm3 for the year 2017-2018 where crop water requirement is obtained as 20.7Mm3 and livestock water demand is found to be 0.44Mm3. Water requirement for the domestic sector is obtained as 1.09Mm3. Hydrological soil group map and LULC map were made in for the estimation of runoff. Highest percentage of of soil came under the category of moderately high runoff potential. The runoff from the watershed was estimated using SCS Curve number method. Out of 572.4 mm of average rainfall, 151.41 mm of water was going as runoff from the watershed which is 26.45% of the total precipitation. This runoff joins into the surface water resources. Drainage map of the watershed was obtained from SRTM DEM file.the study has drainage order four. Drainage density of watershed was obtained and drainage density map was generated. Runoff map of the watershed was prepared in ArcMAP. Runoff coefficient for the entire watershed was obtained as 0.3. Runoff coefficient map was generated with the help of the GIS platform. Most of the soil and water conservation measures on the study area were concentrated on the upstream side of the watershed. A better water resource management plan was needed for the study area. Water resource management plan for the study area was adopted from decision rules which are separate for water conservation structures and soil conservation measures. Soil conservation measures were adopted by considering LULC and slope of the study area. Water conservation measures were adopted by considering slope, drainage order and runoff potential of the area. Contour bunding, grassed water way, farm ponds, silt application, drainage disposals, forest restoration and crop plantation were the soil conservation measures selected. Farm ponds, percolation ponds, gully plugs and subsurface dykes were the water conservation structures adopted for the watershed. Decision rules were applied in the study area, by considering a grid of 25 ha in ArcGIS. Soil conservation works on the watershed between 2012 to 2018 were collected. LULC map of the study area in 2012 and 2018 was prepared from LISS III satellite image. The LULC map showed a noticeable change in land use pattern. Built up area, agricultural area, plantation area and water spread area of watershed had increased. At the same time, the area of wasteland was reduced. A portion of wasteland was converted into agricultural land and plantation. NDVI maps of respective years were prepared. Area came under the category of no vegetation on 20111-2012 and decreased on 2017-18. Area came under moderate vegetation which includes agriculture and plantation on 2011-12 increased on 2017-18.
Unknown
IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MAPPING OF AQUA PONDS ON REDUCTION IN PADDY AREA IN GUNTUR DISTRICT USING RS & GIS
(guntur, 2022-11-09) PALLAVI, CHIPPE; HEMA KUMAR, H. V.
Commercial aqua ponds and aquaculture has experienced a remarkable increase in global production in the last decades. Rice farms are the favored sites for conversion into aqua ponds because they provide several characteristics well suited for aquaculture. The coastal belt of Guntur district is one such area where aquaculture activity is spreading at a rapid pace. Conversion of agricultural lands into aqua ponds leads to salinization of soil and ground water resources reducing crop production and fertile paddy croplands. Hence, it is desirable to monitor the problem and trends in conversion of paddy fields to aqua ponds by the modern techniques of remote sensing and geographical information systems (GIS). The present study is proposed to assess the impact of aqua ponds in Guntur district coastal area which consists of Bapatla, Karlapalem, Nagaram, Nizampatnam, Pittalavanipalem and Repalle mandals as major concern. The assessment of extent of area under aqua ponds were estimated by the NDWI image thresholding method, the Hybrid classification approach which combines the benefits of unsupervised and supervised classification approaches were used for the estimation of area under paddy cultivation in the study area. The effect of aqua ponds on crop production was estimated by the reduction of area (ha) under paddy cultivation and the total yield obtained (t/ha). Soil and ground water samples were collected during pre and post-monsoons (2019-20) at various distances away from aqua ponds (100, 500 and 1000 m). Various physico-chemical and chemical properties of soil and ground water were analyzed. The benefit cost analysis of aqua pond enterprise considering economic water productivity was performed by using necessary data collected from well- structured questionnaire through technical survey. The classified images of aqua ponds and paddy cultivation from 2012 to 2019 showed the total area of 954.39 ha of paddy lands were converted in aqua ponds. Among, the six mandals under study Nizampatnam with 335.1 (ha) has the maximum and Bapatla with 63.0 (ha) has the minimum area under conversion of paddy lands into aqua ponds. The results showed that the total reduction in crop yield due to aqua ponds under the study area from 2012 to 2019 was 5,156.57 (t). The pH values of soils from six mandals ranked from neutral (6.5 to 7.5) to strongly alkaline (8.5 to 10.0). The electrical conductivity values recorded in soils ranked from low salinity ( 2.25 dSm-1). The results showed that soil samples collected in 6 mandals has shown soil salinization. The available nitrogen content in soils adjacent to ponds ranked low (< 280 kg ha-1). Available phosphorus content in soils ranked between low (< 25 kg ha-1) and medium (25 to 59 kg ha-1). The soils indicated that they are low (< 145 kg ha-1) with respect to available potassium. Available calcium content in soils was grouped under low category (< 145 meq l-1). A minimum of 5.6 meq l-1 in Nagaram and maximum of 63.7 meq l-1 in Repalle of available magnesium content was recorded in six mandals under study. The organic carbon of soils ranged from low productive to average productive. The pH of ground water samples from six mandals was neutral to slightly alkaline, whereas, EC was found to be saline (1.74 to 18.34 dSm-1). Bicarbonates were in excess of permissible limits of 200 ppm. The chlorides and sulphates were also very much higher than the permissible limit of 250 ppm in all six mandal. The concentration of calcium, magnesium, sodium, RSC and SAR of water samples were all in excess of permissible limits and indicated that most samples studied were not suitable for irrigation All the cations & anions indicated ground water contamination. All the cations and the anions in ground water samples have shown to decrease with increase in distance in both seasons, except carbonates which were not detected in some mandals. The aquaculture has shown to have negative effect in water properties than soil properties. The overall analysis for pooled farmers in aquaculture showed that benefit cost ratio of 1.51 means that aqua farming gives net benefit cost ratio of Rs. 0.51 with a payback periods of 156 culture days. Study revealed that one crop in a year Rs.5,75,529/ha of net profit. The overall gross and net economic water productivity obtained as Rs.93.6/m3 and Rs.31.5/m3. The overall analysis for pooled farmers in paddy cultivation showed that benefit cost ratio of 1.18 means that aqua farming gives net benefit cost ratio of Rs. 0.18 with a payback periods of 206 culture days. Study revealed that one crop in a year Rs.16,441.46 /ha of net profit. The overall gross and net economic water productivity obtained as Rs.6.5/m3 and Rs.1.0/m3 Keywords: Aqua Ponds, Paddy Cultivation, NDWI, Hybrid Classification approach, Crop production, soil and ground water quality, pre-monsoon, post-monsoon, Aquaculture, Benefit cost analysis, Economic water productivity.
Open Access
STABILITY OF PHENOLOGICAL TRAITS, SEED YIELD AND QUALITY TRAITS IN ADVANCE BREEDING LINES OF CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.)
(guntur, 2022-11-11) PRASANTHI, GOLLA.; JAYALAKSHMI, V.
The present investigation entitled “Stability of phenological traits, seed yield and quality traits in advance breeding lines of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)” was carried at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh, during rabi 2020-21 to study the nature and extent of genotype by environment interaction on phenological traits, seed yield and quality traits in chickpea and to investigate the stability and adaptability of the advance breeding lines of chickpea to various sowing windows of Andhra Pradesh. The study was taken up with 10 advance chickpea breeding lines and four released varieties planted in Randomized Block Design with three replications sown during October (E1), November (E2) and December (E3) representing various sowing windows adopted by farmers in Andhra Pradesh. The analysis of variance for nineteen characters viz., phenological traits like days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering, duration of vegetative phase, duration of flowering, duration of reproductive phase, days to maturity, leaf area index; yield attributing traits namely plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight, harvest index, seed yield; and quality traits like hydration capacity, swelling capacity, cooking time, protein content, zinc content and iron content recorded in three days of planting revealed significant variation among genotypes for all these traits, except for harvest index and protein content in E1 and days to first flowering and duration of vegetative phase in E3. Across various environments, advance breeding lines NBeG 690, NBeG 776 and NBeG 699 and released variety NBeG 119 exhibited high per se performance for phenological traits. Desi genotypes, NBeG 776, NBeG 779 and NBeG 690 were identified as promising for seed yield while in Kabuli genotypes, NBeG 789 is promising for harvest index, 100 seed weight and zinc content. NBeG 833 is a large seeded Kabuli with desirable quality traits like high protein content, hydration capacity and swelling capacity. Stability analysis as per Eberhart and Russel (1966) revealed highly significant genotype × environment interaction for days to 50% flowering, duration of flowering, leaf area index, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, harvest index, seed yield, hydration capacity, swelling capacity and iron content indicating a variable response of the genotypes to different dates of planting studied. Environments + (genotype x environments) were significant for all characters except for leaf area index, hydration capacity, swelling capacity, iron content and zinc content. The higher magnitude of mean sum of squares for environment (linear), compared to genotype × environment (linear) indicated that linear response of environment accounted for major part of the total variation for all the traits studied and might be responsible for high adaptation of the genotypes in relation to yield and other traits. Except for days to first flowering, cooking time, protein content and zinc content, the mean squares for pooled deviation (non-linear) were also significant indicating the importance of both linear and non-linear components in genotype × environment interaction observed for the traits in the present investigation. The E1 environment (October) was favourable for phenological traits, yield attributing traits and quality characters and E2 environment (November) was congenial for yield attributing traits. NBeG 47, NBeG 798 and NBeG 690 were stable genotypes with respect to the seed yield and considered to be promising genotypes for achieving high yields under variable environments. Genotypes NBeG 699, NBeG 440, NBeG 789, NBeG 833, NBeG 119 and KAK 2 were recommended for December planting (late planting) where as NBeG 779, NBeG 776, NBeG 452, NBeG 857 and NBeG 810 could be suggested for rich environment (October) for realizing enhanced yield. With respect quality traits, Kabuli genotypes NBeG 833, NBeG 789 and NBeG 440 had stable performance in all three sowing windows. The studies on variability revealed that there is sufficient genetic variability for leaf area index, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, plant height, harvest index, seed yield, 100 seed weight, hydration capacity, swelling capacity, cooking time and iron content in the genotypes and the traits exhibited high heritability and high to moderate genetic advance. Breeders can exploit the additive gene effects of these traits and transgressive segregation in breeding programmes would be fruitful for further genetic improvement in chickpea to develop high yielding chickpeas with matching phenology to various environments and with faster cooking time and high iron content. Seed yield exhibited positive and significant association with phenological traits viz., duration of flowering and duration of reproductive phase in all the three sowing windows. These key traits were influencing seed yield indirectly via other contributing characters like days to first flowering, duration of vegetative phase, leaf area index and days to maturity in October sowing and traits like plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight and also harvest index in late planting situation where crop is exposed to high temperature. Number of pods per plant though exhibited highly significant correlation with seed yield but had negative direct effect in October planting and high positive direct effect in December planting. Its significant correlation during October planting was established indirectly through duration of vegetative phase, days to maturity and leaf area index. Plant height with significant positive correlation with seed yield in December planting had high positive direct effect and also high indirect effect via duration of vegetative phase, duration of flowering, number of branches per plant. Swelling capacity, hydration capacity and cooking time are positively associated with 100 seed weight, but cooking time increased with the increase in seed weight. Strong correlations have been established between seed size and cooking time especially in Kabulis and therefore, special emphasis may be given for improving the seed size with less cooking time in extra-large seeded Kabulis.
Unknown
DEVELOPMENT OF NUTRI SNACK ITEMS FROM PUFFED AMARANTH SEEDS
(guntur, 2022-09-12) SPURTHI, N.; LAKSHMI, K.
Unknown
STABILITY OF PHENOLOGICAL TRAITS, SEED YIELD AND QUALITY TRAITS IN ADVANCE BREEDING LINES OF CHICKPEA
(guntur, 2022-09-12) PRASANTHI, GOLLA.; JAYALAKSHMI, V.
The present investigation entitled “Stability of phenological traits, seed yield and quality traits in advance breeding lines of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)” was carried at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh, during rabi 2020-21 to study the nature and extent of genotype by environment interaction on phenological traits, seed yield and quality traits in chickpea and to investigate the stability and adaptability of the advance breeding lines of chickpea to various sowing windows of Andhra Pradesh. The study was taken up with 10 advance chickpea breeding lines and four released varieties planted in Randomized Block Design with three replications sown during October (E1), November (E2) and December (E3) representing various sowing windows adopted by farmers in Andhra Pradesh. The analysis of variance for nineteen characters viz., phenological traits like days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering, duration of vegetative phase, duration of flowering, duration of reproductive phase, days to maturity, leaf area index; yield attributing traits namely plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight, harvest index, seed yield; and quality traits like hydration capacity, swelling capacity, cooking time, protein content, zinc content and iron content recorded in three days of planting revealed significant variation among genotypes for all these traits, except for harvest index and protein content in E1 and days to first flowering and duration of vegetative phase in E3. Across various environments, advance breeding lines NBeG 690, NBeG 776 and NBeG 699 and released variety NBeG 119 exhibited high per se performance for phenological traits. Desi genotypes, NBeG 776, NBeG 779 and NBeG 690 were identified as promising for seed yield while in Kabuli genotypes, NBeG 789 is promising for harvest index, 100 seed weight and zinc content. NBeG 833 is a large seeded Kabuli with desirable quality traits like high protein content, hydration capacity and swelling capacity. Stability analysis as per Eberhart and Russel (1966) revealed highly significant genotype × environment interaction for days to 50% flowering, duration of flowering, leaf area index, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, harvest index, seed yield, hydration capacity, swelling capacity and iron content indicating a variable response of the genotypes to different dates of planting studied. Environments + (genotype x environments) were significant for all characters except for leaf area index, hydration capacity, swelling capacity, iron content and zinc content. The higher magnitude of mean sum of squares for environment (linear), compared to genotype × environment (linear) indicated that linear response of environment accounted for major part of the total variation for all the traits studied and might be responsible for high adaptation of the genotypes in relation to yield and other traits. Except for days to first flowering, cooking time, protein content and zinc content, the mean squares for pooled deviation (non-linear) were also significant indicating the importance of both linear and non-linear components in genotype × environment interaction observed for the traits in the present investigation. The E1 environment (October) was favourable for phenological traits, yield attributing traits and quality characters and E2 environment (November) was congenial for yield attributing traits. NBeG 47, NBeG 798 and NBeG 690 were stable genotypes with respect to the seed yield and considered to be promising genotypes for achieving high yields under variable environments. Genotypes NBeG 699, NBeG 440, NBeG 789, NBeG 833, NBeG 119 and KAK 2 were recommended for December planting (late planting) where as NBeG 779, NBeG 776, NBeG 452, NBeG 857 and NBeG 810 could be suggested for rich environment (October) for realizing enhanced yield. With respect quality traits, Kabuli genotypes NBeG 833, NBeG 789 and NBeG 440 had stable performance in all three sowing windows. The studies on variability revealed that there is sufficient genetic variability for leaf area index, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, plant height, harvest index, seed yield, 100 seed weight, hydration capacity, swelling capacity, cooking time and iron content in the genotypes and the traits exhibited high heritability and high to moderate genetic advance. Breeders can exploit the additive gene effects of these traits and transgressive segregation in breeding programmes would be fruitful for further genetic improvement in chickpea to develop high yielding chickpeas with matching phenology to various environments and with faster cooking time and high iron content. Seed yield exhibited positive and significant association with phenological traits viz., duration of flowering and duration of reproductive phase in all the three sowing windows. These key traits were influencing seed yield indirectly via other contributing characters like days to first flowering, duration of vegetative phase, leaf area index and days to maturity in October sowing and traits like plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight and also harvest index in late planting situation where crop is exposed to high temperature. Number of pods per plant though exhibited highly significant correlation with seed yield but had negative direct effect in October planting and high positive direct effect in December planting. Its significant correlation during October planting was established indirectly through duration of vegetative phase, days to maturity and leaf area index. Plant height with significant positive correlation with seed yield in December planting had high positive direct effect and also high indirect effect via duration of vegetative phase, duration of flowering, number of branches per plant. Swelling capacity, hydration capacity and cooking time are positively associated with 100 seed weight, but cooking time increased with the increase in seed weight. Strong correlations have been established between seed size and cooking time especially in Kabulis and therefore, special emphasis may be given for improving the seed size with less cooking time in extra-large seeded Kabulis.
Open Access
IMPACT OF SOIL HEALTH CARDS ON RICE CULTIVATION IN ANDHRA PRADESH
(guntur, 2022-09-07) NAVEEN, B.; PRASAD, S.V.
ABSTRACT The present study entitled ‘Impact of Soil Health Cards on rice cultivation in Andhra Pradesh’ had been initiated focusing on attitude of farmers towards Soil Health Card and Impact of Soil Health Card on farmers with the following objectives; the profile of Soil Health Card farmers, develop attitude scale and measure the attitude of the farmers towards Soil Health Cards, the impact of Soil Health Card on farmers, the relationship between the attitude, impact and profile of the farmers and the problems faced by the farmers in the adoption of recommendations of Soil Health Cards and elicit suggestions to overcome them. Ex post facto research design was used for conducting the study. Andhra Pradesh state was selected purposively for the study as the researcher hails from the same state and is familiar with local language and culture. Three districts of Andhra Pradesh namely East Godavari, West Godavari and Krishna were selected purposively based on the highest area under rice cultivation. Two mandals from each of the selected districts were selected purposively based on the highest area under rice cultivation, for present study. Two villages were selected from each of the 6 mandals by following simple random sampling thus making a total of 12 villages. From each village, 20 farmers possessing Soil Health Cards were selected by following simple random sampling procedure, thus making a total of 240 respondents for the study. Thirteen independent variables and two dependent variables viz., attitude of the farmers towards Soil Health Card and impact of Soil Health Card on farmers were selected for the study. A pre tested interview schedule with measurement devices of all the variables was used for the collection of raw data. The data were collected by personal interview method through a structured interview schedule and analyzed by employing suitable statistical methods. The analysis of profile characteristics of the farmers indicated that majority of the respondents belonged to middle age, middle school education, semi medium land holding with medium farming experience, extension contact, mass media xvii exposure, social participation, achievement motivation, scientific orientation, management orientation, innovativeness, economic orientation and differed gratification. The detailed analysis of the dependent variables indicated that majority (74.58%) of SHC rice farmers had medium favourable attitude followed by high (15.84%) and less (9.58%) favourable attitude. The Soil Health Card has shown 24.50 per cent of impact on the rice farmers. The study also revealed that different indicators of dependent variable i.e., change in dosage of fertilizers, micro nutrients, manures and soil amendments, change in sources of fertilizers, change in time of application, change in problematic soil management, change in pest and disease management, change in cost of inputs, change in yield level, change in income has shown significant change. SHC had shown medium (53.33%) level of impact followed by low (30.42%) and high (16.25%) levels of impact on the farmers. The computed correlation coefficient (r) values of education, farm size, extension contact, mass media exposure, social participation, achievement motivation, scientific orientation, innovativeness, economic orientation and differed gratification were positively significant at 0.01per cent level of probability and management orientation was also positively significant at 0.05 per cent level of probability in their relationship with attitude of the farmers. However, age and farming experience exhibited negative and non-significant relationship with attitude of the farmers. The computed correlation coefficient (r) values of education, farm size, extension contact, mass media exposure, social participation, achievement motivation, scientific orientation, management orientation, innovativeness, economic orientation, and differed gratification were positively significant at 0.01per cent level of probability. However, farming experience exhibited negative and significant relationship and finally age exhibited negative and non-significant relationship with impact of SHC on farmers. The major problems perceived by the farmers about SHC were; calculation of fertilizer doses was difficult on the basis of nutrient status of the soil, difficult to understand SHC information without expert, the quantity of FYM recommended as per SHC was not available for farming and lack of trust on SHC information with regards to reliability and validity. The major suggestions elicited by farmers to surmount problems regarding Soil Health Card were: Calculation of fertilizer dose of application through SHC should be made easy, availability of micronutrient status of soil in SHC should be displayed, subsidies for fertilizers should be given as per soil heath card and innovative farmers should follow the SHC recommendation which should make other farmers to follow SHC.
Open Access
RELATIONSHIP OF PARENTING STYLES WITH PERSONALITY AND MORAL DEVELOPMENT OF ADOLESCENTS
(guntur, 2022-09-06) BABITHA, BOJJAGANI; UMA DEVI, L.
Adolescence is transition period from a relatively dependent childhood to the adulthood’s psychological, social and economic independence. Adolescence is an important phase for parents and children. They make special efforts to understand one another. The proper role of the parents is to provide encouragement, support and access to activities that enable the child to master key developmental tasks.Parenting style is one of the vital variables of personality growth and development in adolescence. Personality and identity formation during adolescence is influenced by the dyadic parent-child association (Schofield et al. 2012). Children learn about moral values from how parents share about rules and the penalties of violating them, but they absorb even more when parents conversation about people’s feelings and how those feelings are affected by the child’s conduct (Killen and Smetana, 2006). The current research is about connection between parenting styles with moral and personality development of adolescents, which wasconducted in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. Current research was planned using exploratory research design. The sample was selected randomly, 180respondentswho are in the age of 12-21 years and their parents (either of the parent). The study focused on child related, parent related and family related factors which includes age, gender, education/ class of study, ordinal position, parent education, parent occupation, type of family, size of family and socio- 12 economic status, parenting styles. Personality and moral developmentwere dependentvariables. The personal information of the selected sample was collected through general information schedule. The data related to parenting patterns adopted by the parents was collected through a standardized scale developed Shyny. T.Y and V. G. Omana in 2017which consists of fourparenting styles i.e. Authoritarian, Authoritative, Permissive and Uninvolved. The personality development of adolescents was assessed by using a Big Five Personality test developed by Goldberg in 1992 which comprised of 5dimensions i.e. Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism and Openness to experience. The moral development of adolescents was assessed by using Moral Development scale developed by Alpanan Sen Gupta and Shagufta Fakhrudden in 2015 which consists of five dimensions i.e. Lying, Stealing, Dishonesty, Cheating and Moral reasoning. Most of the parents of selected adolescents were not well-educated and are from nuclear families and nearly one third of them are from upper middle, lower middle and upper lower class of socio-economic status. Majority of the parents of selected adolescents adopted democratic parenting and only few of the parents adopted permissive and authoritarian parenting styles. The data regarding personality factors revealed that early adolescents had high level of agreeableness and low level of neuroticism. Conscientiousness and agreeableness personality factors seem to be high in middle adolescents. Late adolescents scored high on positive personality traits and low in negative traits. Irrespective of adolescents age, openness to experience, conscientiousness, agreeableness dimensions had high level in adolescents and low level of extraversion and neuroticism. Gender of the respondents did not differ much in all the personality factors. Early adolescents had scored high in moral development as compared to middle and late adolescents. Irrespective of age, majority of the adolescents scored high level of moral development followed by low and medium. Boys and girls did not differ significantly in moral development. The outcomes of the current study showed that, Democratic parenting was found to have positive relation with extraversion and agreeableness. Authoritarian parenting had negative relationship with conscientiousness and agreeableness personality factors. Permissive parenting had significant and negative related with openness to experience 13 and uninvolved parenting has a positive relation with agreeableness, neuroticism personality factors of adolescents. Among demographic variables, age, education was correlated with openness to experience, conscientiousness and agreeableness personality factors. Gender was positively correlatedwithconscientiousness and negative relationship with openness to experience personality factors. Socio-economic status had positive relation with neuroticism personality factor only. Democratic and authoritarian parenting was positively significantly correlated with adolescents moral development. Neglected and indulgent parenting had negative relation with adolescentsmoral development. Among demographic variables, gender, family size, family type had positive relationship with moral development of adolescent. Socio-economic status and adolescent’s moral development was found to be negatively significant. Hence, Democratic parenting style is good than the other parenting styles and it has good impact on adolescent’s personality and moral development. Similarly joint families contributing better in adolescent’s moral development as compared to nuclear families.
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STUDIES ON INCIDENCE OF INSECT PESTS OF FINGER MILLET (Eleusine coracana (L) Gaertn) AND THEIR MANAGEMENT WITH BIOPESTICIDES AND NEEM BASED PRODUCTS
(guntur, 2022-08-26) MURALIDHAR, LOVA; ANIL KUMAR, D.
A field experiment entitled as “Studies on incidence of insect pests of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L) Gaertn) and their management with biopesticides and neem based products” was conducted at College Farm, Agricultural College, Naira during rabi, 2020-21. The peak incidence of pink stem borer, Sesamia inferens (12.89 % DH) was observed during 5th-6th standard meteorological weeks. Whereas, in case of white ear heads (8.40 % WEH) the peak incidence was observed during 7th-8th standard week. On observing the multi regression analysis, it was found that all abiotic factors together accounted for 53.6 and 21.6 per cent variation in dead heart and white ear heads infestation, respectively. The minimum temperature (r = -0.539) and evening relative humidity (r = -0.712) showed significant negative correlation with the incidence of dead hearts formation. Whereas in case of white ear heads incidence, all the weather parameters had a non significant positive correlation except rainfall (r = - 0.161) which exhibited a non significant negative correlation. The incidence of natural fauna viz., spiders and lady bird beetles population was noticed from 3rd standard week, whereas the maximum incidence of spiders was observed at 6th -7th and lady beetles was observed at 5th -6th standard meteorological weeks. A significant positive correlation with morning relative humidity (r = 0.626) and significant negative correlation with evening relative humidity (r = -0.699) was observed with ladybird beetle population. Whereas a non-significant correlation was observed with all weather parameters related to spiders occurrence. The data of overall and cumulative mean related to management of ragi pink stem borer, S. inferens revealed that cartap hydrochloride 50 SP @ 2 g/l (9.36% DH, 10.42% WEH) was highly effective followed by Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki, Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana. The treatments, Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki and azadirachtin 10000ppm were observed to be effective among biopesticides and botanicals tested, respectively. The performance of the botanicals remained the same all along the period of experimentation where azadirachtin 10000 ppm was followed by azadirachtin 3000 ppm, NSKE 5% and azadirachtin 300 ppm. The studies on management with biopesticides and neem based products in finger millet revealed that, Cartap hydrochloride 50 SP @ 2.0 g/l was found to be very effective in containing ragi pink borer. The highest B: C Ratio of 2.64: 1 was obtained by Cartap hydrochloride 50 SP @ 2.0 g/l with a yield of 30.68 q/ha followed by other treatments which were observed to be significantly superior over untreated control (1.42:1).

Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

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