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Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    FIELD SCREENING OF CERTAIN GENOTYPES AGAINST MAJOR PESTS OF BLACKGRAM AND THEIR MANAGEMENT WITH INDIGENOUS PRODUCTS AND NEWER INSECTICIDES P. PRASHANTHI B.Sc.
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2018) PRASHANTHI, P; CHIRANJEEVI, Ch.
    The present investigation on “Field screening of certain genotypes against major pests of blackgram and their management with indigenous products and newer insecticides” was carried out in the Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla during kharif and rabi, 2017-18 with an aim to identify the resistant blackgram genotypes against major insect pests and to know the efficacy of indigenous products and newer insecticides against insect pests and influence on natural enemies. Twenty five blackgram genotypes were assessed for the incidence of insect pests viz., whiteflies, thrips and spotted pod borer and correlated with morphological and bio chemical characters of the genotypes in both the kharif and rabi 2017-18. The genotypes, KU-17-114 and KU-17-130 recorded minimum population of whiteflies (1.59 and 3.70 per plant respectively), thrips (1.10 and 0.86 per plant respectively) and minimum per cent pod damage by spotted pod borer (8.72% and 10.69% pod damage/ plant respectively) and hence grouped as low preferred blackgram genotypes for these insect pests. The blackgram genotype, KU-17-114 having low preference for the insect pests has recorded higher trichome density (43.33 trichomes/ cm2), higher amount of total phenol content (12.34 and 10.35 mg, during vegetative and reproductive stages, respectively) and lesser quantity of total sugars (33.86 and 26.24 mg, during vegetative and reproductive stages, respectively) whereas, the highly preferred genotypes, KU-17-111 and KU-17-116 have recorded less trichome density (12.59 and 11.48), low phenol content (6.13 and 10.91 at vegetative stage, 5.72 and 8.43 at reproductive stage) and high amount of total sugars (66.56 and 54.85 at vegetative stage, 42.63 and 39.87 at reproductive stage) respectively. xv The pest infestation was significantly and negatively correlated with trichome density and total phenol content whereas, positively correlated with total sugars. Management studies, with indigenous products and newer insecticides revealed that spinosad 45 SC @ 0.3 ml/L was significantly superior in reducing the whiteflies (55.74% during kharif and 59.87% during rabi, 2017-18) and thrips (58.49% during kharif and 62.73% during rabi, 2017-18) population followed by diafenthiuron 25 WP @ 1.25 g/ L and emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 0.5 g/ L with high per cent reduction in population over control, during both kharif and rabi 2017-18. Among the indigenous products tested, NSKE 5% recorded the highest per cent reduction of whitefly population (23.15% during kharif and 25.08% during rabi, 2017-18) and thrips (30.36% during kharif and 32.54% during rabi, 2017-18) population. Flubendiamide 39.35 SC @ 0.3 ml/ L (77.65% and 68.15%) and spinosad 45 SC @ 0.3 ml/ L (73.35% and 68.05%) were effective in the reduction of mean larval population of spotted pod borer during kharif and rabi, 2017-18 respectively. Among the indigenous products, NSKE 5% (51.86% during kharif and 49.72% during rabi, 2017-18) recorded highest per cent reduction in larval population. Panchagavya 3% was found least effective against whiteflies (20.87% and 22.11 % reduction), thrips (21.78% and 25.43 % reduction) and spotted pod borer (42.69% and 42.45% reduction over control) during both kharif and rabi, 2017-18 respectively. There was no significant influence of indigenous products and newer insecticides on coccinellids during both the seasons. The seed yield of blackgram was highest in the treatment spinosad 45 SC @ 0.3 ml/ L (1334.58 kg ha-1) followed by emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 0.5 g/ L (1198.19 kg ha-1). Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.3 ml/ L recorded the highest incremental cost benefit ratio (2.72) over the other treatments. However, all the treatments were found significantly superior over the untreated control both in terms of pests suppression and seed yield in blackgram.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY FOR IRRIGATION IN EAST GODAVARI DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2018) GIRI SHASHANK REDDY, T; MOHANA RAO, P
    Present study entitled, “Assessment of groundwater quality for irrigation in East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh” was under taken in East Godavari district. A total number of 632 groundwater samples from 59 mandals of East Godavari district were collected during pre and post-monsoon periods. Water reaction (pH) in irrigation waters of study area varied from 6.4-8.1 and 6.5-7.9, EC ranged from 0.2-49.0 dS m-1 and 0.1-23.0 dS m-1, SAR ranged from 0.144.2 and 0.1-25.1, RSC ranged from -100 to 14.0 me L-1 and -111.4 to 10.0 me L-1 during pre and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. Dominant cation was Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+> K+. Likewise, in case of anions, Cl- > HCO3- > SO42- > B during pre-monsoon season. Similarly, during the post-monsoon season water dominant cation was Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ type waters and Cl- > HCO3- > SO42- > CO32- type water in respect of anions. In both pre and post-monsoon seasons in all mandals of East Godavari district majority of the underground water samples had pH between 6.5 to 7.5 and majority of the samples recorded under neutral class. Based on EC, maximum number of underground water samples had EC between 0.75 to 2.25 dS m-1 (C3) i.e. high salinity. Based on SAR classification, during the pre-monsoon season 93.7, 4.1, 1.6 and 0.6 per cent samples recorded under S1, S2, S3, and S4 classes, whereas, in post-monsoon season 94.6, 4.4, 0.9 and 0.0 per cent samples recorded under S1, S2, S3, and S4 classes, respectively. In both pre and post-monsoon seasons majority of the samples were found under S1 class i.e. low sodium hazard. Based on RSC classification, during the premonsoon season 83.2, 4.7 and 12.0 per cent samples recorded under A1, A2 and A3 classes, whereas in post-monsoon season 77.8, 8.5 and 13.6 per cent samples recorded under A1, A2 and A3 classes, respectively. In both pre and post-monsoon seasons majority of the samples found under A1 class i.e. RSC<1.25 me L-1. xviii As per CSSRI classification 62.3, 20.9, 4.1, 1.3, 4.1, 4.1 and 3.2 per cent of water samples in East Godavari district during pre-monsoon season were classified under good, marginally saline, saline, high SAR saline, marginally alkali, alkali and high alkali categories, respectively. Likewise, during the post-monsoon 73.1, 11.7, 1.9, 0.9, 3.5, 5.4 and 3.5 per cent of waters were classified under good, marginally saline, saline, high SAR saline, marginally alkali, alkali and high alkali categories, respectively. In both pre and post-monsoon seasons majority of the samples were recorded under good category. As per USSL (1954) classification 0.9, 17.7, 55.4, 19.6, 3.8, 1.9 and 0.6 per cent of waters in East Godavari district during pre-monsoon season were classified under C1-S1, C2-S1, C3-S1, C4-S1, C4-S2, C4-S3 and C4-S4 categories, respectively. Likewise, during the post-monsoon 2.2, 27.2, 54.4, 1.6, 11.1, 2.2 and 1.3 per cent of water samples were classified under C1-S1, C2-S1, C3-S1, C3-S2, C4-S1, C4S2 and C4-S3 categories, respectively. In both pre and post-monsoon seasons majority of the samples recorded under C3-S1 category i.e. high salinity-low sodium hazard class. The yield of rice crop was negatively correlated with pH, but not at significant level whereas, it was negatively correlated with EC, Na+, and Cl- at one per cent level of significance, Boron and Ca+2-, were positively correlated at one percent level of significance and HCO3-, K+ and SO4-2 were positively correlated but not at signiciant level. It is observed that indiscriminate use of fertilizers for agriculture and sea water intrusions were contributed to higher concentration of some ions like Na+ and Mg2+ in irrigation water. Since majority of the groundwaters indicated high salinity and low sodium hazard ultimately result in reduced crop yield and lowering of net profit. Therefore, salt tolerant crops may be grown in salt affected areas
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON FIELD SCREENING OF SORGHUM GENOTYPES AGAINST SHOOT FLY & STEM BORER AND THEIR MANAGEMENT WITH AQUEOUS ORGANIC EXTRACTS
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2018) NEETHU NATARAJAN; SANDHYA RANI, C
    The present investigation entitled “Studies on field screening of sorghum genotypes against shoot fly and stem borer and their management with aqueous organic extracts” was carried out during kharif 2017-18 at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla. Thirty genotypeS including two resistant checks were screened under field conditions against shoot fly and stem borer both under unprotected and protected conditions and replicated twice in a Randomized Block Design. The evaluation of different genotypes against shoot fly based on data collected on dead hearts that Mahalakshmi and R 68 were found to be highly resistant and the genotypes ICSR 172, 4019, ICSR 96, NJ 2647, R 149, 73902-4-2-1, 73904-2-1, 81-52-4, 73902-4-1-2 and R 91019 were identified as resistant for shoot fly. The genotypes 73902-2-1, 73902-8-2-2, NJ 2446, ICSR 98, 73904-1-1, 4109, 73911-3-2-30, 81-1-1, 73902-2-7, R 75, R 29, 73902-1-2-1 were found to be moderately resistant, whereas the genotypes R 91014 and 4993 were found to be susceptible to shoot fly when compared to the resistant checks IS 18551 (C) and IS 2205 (C). Regarding the biophysical characters, the highest number of trichomes on adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces were recorded in highly resistant genotypes, viz. R 68, Mahalakshmi, IS 2205 and IS 18551 compared to susceptible genotypes R 91014 and 4993 with lower number of trichomes. The genotypes Mahalakshmi, 73904-2-1, 73911-3-2-30, R 68, IS 2205 and IS 18551 were found to be glossy in nature, whereas the genotypes R 75, R-91014 and 73902-2-7 found to be nonglossy in nature. Pertaining the stem borer infestation, the genotypes IS 2205, I 33, R 75, NJ 2647 and IS 18551 were found to be less susceptible and the remaining all the genotypes were categorized as highly susceptible. The genotype ICSR 98 showed multiple resistant to shoot fly and stem borer. xvii Regarding the yield attributes, among the thirty genotypes, eight genotypes were found to be sturdy, whereas the twelve genotypes were lean in nature. The genotypes ICSR 96 was found to be sturdy, while NJ 2446 and 73902-4-2-1 were found to be lean under both protected and unprotected conditions. Among the thirty genotypes, 4993, R 91014, NJ 2647 and ICSR 98 were short stature type, whereas the remaining were having medium stature. The genotypes 73903-1-2-1, 4109, 81-52-4, 73911-3-2-30, 81-1-1, R91019, R 75, ICSR 172, 4019, R 29, R-49, Mahalakshmi, R-91014, 73903-1-2-1, 739022-5, R 149 and R 68 were categorized as medium duration and 73902-8-2-2, NJ 2446, ICSR 98, 73904-1-1, 73904-2-1, IS 2205, 73902-2-7, I 33, ICSR 96, NJ 2647, 73902-42-1, IS 18551, 73902-4-1-2 and 4993 were found to be late. The genotypes 81-1-1 (3519 kg ha-1), 73902-4-1-2 (3418 kg ha-1 ) and 81-52-4 (2870 kg ha-1) gave the high grain yield, whereas R 68 (833 kg ha-1) and R 149 (833 kg ha-1) were poor yielding genotypes under both unprotected and protected conditions. Avoidable losses ranged from 4.76% (R-91019) to 63.64% (NJ 2647). The highest avoidable losses were recorded in genotypes NJ 2647 (63.64%), R- 49 (60.00%), R-91014 (58.33%), NJ 2446 (55.56%) and ICSR 98 (55.00%), whereas the lowest were recorded in genotypes R-91019 (4.76%), 73902-8-2-2 (5.26%), 81-1-1 (6.98%) and ICSR 172 (9.50%) when compared to the resistant check IS 18551(C) (10.89%). The genotypes 81-1-1, 73902-2-7, 73902-4-1-2, R 68 and 73904-2-1 recorded the highest number of spiders, whereas the lowest number of spiders recorded in genotypes ICSR 98, 4993 and 73903-1-2-1, but spider population was nil in genotypes 73903-1-2-1, Mahalakshmi, R 29, 4019, R 75, R 91019 and 4109 when compared to the resistant checks IS 18551 (C) and IS 2205 (C) under unprotected condition. The maximum number of coccinellids were recorded in the genotypes NJ 2647, 4993, 4019 and R 75, whereas the lowest number of coccinellids recorded in genotypes 73903-1-2-1, 73902-42-1, ICSR 96 and 81-52-4, but coccinellids were nil in genotype R 149 when compared to the resistant checks IS 18551 (C) and IS 2205 (C). Among the natural enemy complex, coccinellid beetles and spiders were predominant in sorghum crop ecosystem. Among coccinellids, Chilomenus sexmaculata and among spiders, Neoscona sp., Hyllus sp., Argiope sp., Olios sp., male and female of Telomonia dimidiata were recorded. Regarding the management of shoot fly and stem borer with aqueous organic extracts, chlorantraniliprole followed by NSKE @ 5% was found to be effective and significantly superior over all the treatments. Regarding the efficacy of remaining aqueous organic extracts, karanj leaf extracts @ 5% and custard apple leaf extracts @ 5% were found to be effective against shoot fly and stem borer in terms of reduction in dead hearts, larval population, leaf damage and stem tunneling. The order of efficacy of the treatments was chlorantraniliprole > NSKE @ 5% > karanj leaf extracts 5 & 10% > custard apple leaf extracts @ 5 & 10% > neem leaf extracts @ 5 & 10% > chilli pod extract @ 5 & 10% > chilli leaf extracts @ 5 & 10%. Regarding the efficacy of aqueous organic extracts against natural enemies, chilli leaf extracts @ 5% and 10%, chilli pod extract @ 10% and neem leaf extracts @ 10% were found to be safe and recorded the highest number of natural enemies viz., spiders and coccinellids. Among the aqueous organic extracts, NSKE @ 5% recorded the highest yield (1667 kg ha-1) and statistically on par with chlorantraniliprole (1861 kg ha-1) by recording 81.81 per cent increase in yield over control. The treatments custard apple leaf extracts @ 5% (1506 kg ha-1) with 64.24, karanj leaf extracts @ 5% (1500 kg ha-1) with 63.63 and custard apple leaf extracts @ 10% (1497 kg ha-1) with 63.33 per cent yield over control respectively are statistically on par with NSKE @ 5%.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON FIELD SCREENING OF SORGHUM GENOTYPES AGAINST SHOOT FLY & STEM BORER AND THEIR MANAGEMENT WITH AQUEOUS ORGANIC EXTRACTS
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2018) NEETHU, NATARAJAN; SANDHYA RANI, C
    The present investigation entitled “Studies on field screening of sorghum genotypes against shoot fly and stem borer and their management with aqueous organic extracts” was carried out during kharif 2017-18 at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla. Thirty genotypes including two resistant checks were screened under field conditions against shoot fly and stem borer both under unprotected and protected conditions and replicated twice in a Randomized Block Design. The evaluation of different genotypes against shoot fly based on data collected on dead hearts that Mahalakshmi and R 68 were found to be highly resistant and the genotypes ICSR 172, 4019, ICSR 96, NJ 2647, R 149, 73902-4-2-1, 73904-2-1, 81-52-4, 73902-4-1-2 and R 91019 were identified as resistant for shoot fly. The genotypes 73902-2-1, 73902-8-2-2, NJ 2446, ICSR 98, 73904-1-1, 4109, 73911-3-2-30, 81-1-1, 73902-2-7, R 75, R 29, 73902-1-2-1 were found to be moderately resistant, whereas the genotypes R 91014 and 4993 were found to be susceptible to shoot fly when compared to the resistant checks IS 18551 (C) and IS 2205 (C). Regarding the biophysical characters, the highest number of trichomes on adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces were recorded in highly resistant genotypes, viz. R 68, Mahalakshmi, IS 2205 and IS 18551 compared to susceptible genotypes R 91014 and 4993 with lower number of trichomes. The genotypes Mahalakshmi, 73904-2-1, 73911-3-2-30, R 68, IS 2205 and IS 18551 were found to be glossy in nature, whereas the genotypes R 75, R-91014 and 73902-2-7 found to be nonglossy in nature. Pertaining the stem borer infestation, the genotypes IS 2205, I 33, R 75, NJ 2647 and IS 18551 were found to be less susceptible and the remaining all the genotypes were categorized as highly susceptible. The genotype ICSR 98 showed multiple resistant to shoot fly and stem borer. xvii Regarding the yield attributes, among the thirty genotypes, eight genotypes were found to be sturdy, whereas the twelve genotypes were lean in nature. The genotypes ICSR 96 was found to be sturdy, while NJ 2446 and 73902-4-2-1 were found to be lean under both protected and unprotected conditions. Among the thirty genotypes, 4993, R 91014, NJ 2647 and ICSR 98 were short stature type, whereas the remaining were having medium stature. The genotypes 73903-1-2-1, 4109, 81-52-4, 73911-3-2-30, 81-1-1, R91019, R 75, ICSR 172, 4019, R 29, R-49, Mahalakshmi, R-91014, 73903-1-2-1, 739022-5, R 149 and R 68 were categorized as medium duration and 73902-8-2-2, NJ 2446, ICSR 98, 73904-1-1, 73904-2-1, IS 2205, 73902-2-7, I 33, ICSR 96, NJ 2647, 73902-42-1, IS 18551, 73902-4-1-2 and 4993 were found to be late. The genotypes 81-1-1 (3519 kg ha-1), 73902-4-1-2 (3418 kg ha-1 ) and 81-52-4 (2870 kg ha-1) gave the high grain yield, whereas R 68 (833 kg ha-1) and R 149 (833 kg ha-1) were poor yielding genotypes under both unprotected and protected conditions. Avoidable losses ranged from 4.76% (R-91019) to 63.64% (NJ 2647). The highest avoidable losses were recorded in genotypes NJ 2647 (63.64%), R- 49 (60.00%), R-91014 (58.33%), NJ 2446 (55.56%) and ICSR 98 (55.00%), whereas the lowest were recorded in genotypes R-91019 (4.76%), 73902-8-2-2 (5.26%), 81-1-1 (6.98%) and ICSR 172 (9.50%) when compared to the resistant check IS 18551(C) (10.89%). The genotypes 81-1-1, 73902-2-7, 73902-4-1-2, R 68 and 73904-2-1 recorded the highest number of spiders, whereas the lowest number of spiders recorded in genotypes ICSR 98, 4993 and 73903-1-2-1, but spider population was nil in genotypes 73903-1-2-1, Mahalakshmi, R 29, 4019, R 75, R 91019 and 4109 when compared to the resistant checks IS 18551 (C) and IS 2205 (C) under unprotected condition. The maximum number of coccinellids were recorded in the genotypes NJ 2647, 4993, 4019 and R 75, whereas the lowest number of coccinellids recorded in genotypes 73903-1-2-1, 73902-42-1, ICSR 96 and 81-52-4, but coccinellids were nil in genotype R 149 when compared to the resistant checks IS 18551 (C) and IS 2205 (C). Among the natural enemy complex, coccinellid beetles and spiders were predominant in sorghum crop ecosystem. Among coccinellids, Chilomenus sexmaculata and among spiders, Neoscona sp., Hyllus sp., Argiope sp., Olios sp., male and female of Telomonia dimidiata were recorded. Regarding the management of shoot fly and stem borer with aqueous organic extracts, chlorantraniliprole followed by NSKE @ 5% was found to be effective and significantly superior over all the treatments. Regarding the efficacy of remaining aqueous organic extracts, karanj leaf extracts @ 5% and custard apple leaf extracts @ 5% were found to be effective against shoot fly and stem borer in terms of reduction in dead hearts, larval population, leaf damage and stem tunneling. The order of efficacy of the treatments was chlorantraniliprole > NSKE @ 5% > karanj leaf extracts 5 & 10% > custard apple leaf extracts @ 5 & 10% > neem leaf extracts @ 5 & 10% > chilli pod extract @ 5 & 10% > chilli leaf extracts @ 5 & 10%. Regarding the efficacy of aqueous organic extracts against natural enemies, chilli leaf extracts @ 5% and 10%, chilli pod extract @ 10% and neem leaf extracts @ 10% were found to be safe and recorded the highest number of natural enemies viz., spiders and coccinellids. Among the aqueous organic extracts, NSKE @ 5% recorded the highest yield (1667 kg ha-1) and statistically on par with chlorantraniliprole (1861 kg ha-1) by recording 81.81 per cent increase in yield over control. The treatments custard apple leaf extracts @ 5% (1506 kg ha-1) with 64.24, karanj leaf extracts @ 5% (1500 kg ha-1) with 63.63 and custard apple leaf extracts @ 10% (1497 kg ha-1) with 63.33 per cent yield over control respectively are statistically on par with NSKE @ 5%.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF FARMERS’ INDEBTEDNESS IN VISAKHAPATNAM DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2018) AMRUTHA, SAVARAM; RAMA RAO, I.V.Y.
    Agriculture and natural calamities are going at tandem since time immemorial. But, its severity is increasing now-a-days, thereby, negatively affecting the agriculture production prospects and making the farmers to end up in a debt trap. This led some of the farmers to commit suicides in many states including agro-potential states like Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra etc. The problem of indebtedness is an age-old and the disheartening is that it has aggravated further in the recent years. The present research study entitled, “An Economic analysis of Farmers‟ Indebtedness in Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh” was taken up with the objectives: to study the extent and magnitude of agricultural credit to the farmers in Visakhapatnam district; to analyse the factors responsible for indebtedness of farmers; to study the impact of Loan Waiver Scheme on farmers and lending agencies and to study the constraints faced by farmers in repayment of loans. In Andhra Pradesh, Visakhapatnam district was selected purposively. Major sources of institutional credit were cooperative and commercial banks. Hence, District Cooperative Central Bank (DCCB) for cooperative sector and State Bank of India (SBI) for commercial sector were selected. The sampling framework consists of one district viz., Visakhapatnam, two institutions viz., DCCB (Co-operative sector) and SBI (Commercial sector), four branches (two each from DCCB and SBI) viz., Kaspa jagannadhapuram and Madugula of DCCB and Kodavatipudi and Narsipatnam ADB of SBI, 30 farmers (15 beneficiaries and 15 non beneficiaries from ADWDRS) from each branch. Thus, in total the sample size was 120 farmer-borrowers. Results emerged-out from analysis revealed that, credit supply by institutional agencies to total agriculture had increased. The share of commercial banks and cooperative banks had increased, whereas, other banks had decreased. Significance of dummy variable for loan waiver scheme in the analysis of factors responsible for indebtedness of farmers shows that there is significant difference between beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. Other significant independent variables taken into account are viz., Land holding, family expenditure and farming experience. xiv The impact of Loan waiver scheme on lending agencies: Institution wise showed that over dues of the debt waived borrowers and debt relieved borrowers were higher in commercial banks than co-operative banks. While, in borrowers the overdue was higher in debt relieved borrowers than debt waived borrowers. Benefit of ADWDRS (2014-2017) was extended higher by co-operative banks than commercial banks. While, in borrowers debt waived borrowers benefited more than debt relieved borrowers. The major constraints in repayment of debt were adverse climatic conditions, small size of land holdings, rising cost of cultivation, high rate of interest etc. The role of cooperative sector vis-à-vis commercial sector is low. This needs immediate strengthening of co-operative institutions on war-footing. The cumbersome procedure for availing loans from institutional sources should be simplified and further adequate loans should be provided at affordable rates of interest. The educational level and farm experience had positive associations with repayment of debt; there is greater need to educate the farmers on skills of crop rising to improve the productivity. Family expenditure and farming experience were found significant; the policy makers should take into consideration of these factors to formulate the policies in alleviating the debt. The adverse climatic factor was the major factor in non-repayment of debt, hence, government should take necessary measures to speed-up the compensation mechanism, as all crop loanees are insured.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PLANTING DENSITY AND INM INTERVENTIONS IN SESAME PRODUCTION
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2018) SAI KUMAR, R; PRASAD, P. V. N.
    A field experiment entitled “Planting Density and INM Interventions in Sesame Production” was conducted at Agricultural College Farm, in sandy loam soil of Bapatla during rabi 2017-18. The treatments comprised combination of two planting densities viz., S1( 2.22 lakh plants ha-1), S2( 3.33 lakh plants ha-1) and five nutrient treatments F1(100%RDF (60, 40, 60 NPK ha-1), F2(75% RDF + 5t FYM ha-1), F3(75% RDF + 0.75 t PM ha-1), F4(75% RDF + 1.3t Sun hemp Green manuring ha-1) , F5(25% RDF + FYM 5t ha-1 + PM 0.75 t ha-1 + Sun hemp Green manuring 1.3t ha-1). The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications. Numerically taller plants were produced at higher planting density of 3.33 lakh plants ha-1 than lower planting density (2.22 lakh plants ha-1)at 30, 60 DAS but significantly taller plants (77.3 cm)was recorded at maturity. Significantly the highest plant height (34.4cm, 64.9cm, and 79.5cm) at 30, 60 DAS and maturity respectively was recorded with the application of treatment F5 and the lowest plant height was observed with treatment F3. Drymatter accumulation (193 kg ha-1, 1348 kg ha-1 and 2548 kg ha-1) was significantly higher in plant densities of 3.33 lakh plants ha-1 at all the stages of crop growth (30, 60 DAS and at maturity). Treatment F5 produced significantly higher drymatter (187, 1659, 2704 kg ha-1) at 30, 60 DAS and maturity respectively and the lowest drymatter production was recorded in treatment F3. Number of capsules plant-1(35) was recorded significantly higher in plant density (2.22 lakh ha -1) with a spacing of 45cm X 10cm. Application of treatment F5 has recorded significantly higher number of capsules per plant (37.0). However lower number of capsules per plant (31.1) was noticed with treatment F3. Numerically the highest test weight (2.49 g) was recorded with the spacing of 30 cm X 10 cm. Among the treatments the test weight of 2.56 g was recorded numerically higher weight with the treatment F5. xiii The highest seed yield and stalk yield (713.5 kg ha-1, 1604 kg ha-1) was produced in higher planting density (3.33lakh ha-1) with the spacing of 30cm X 10cm. significantly the highest seed yield (794 kg ha-1) was recorded under F5 treatment. Application of treatment F5 has recorded the highest stalk yield (1795 kg ha-1) and it was on par with treatment F2. The lowest seed and stalk yields (619 kg ha-1, 1362.5 kg ha-1) was recorded with the treatment F3. Numerically the highest harvest index (30.8 %) was observed in 30cm X 10cm planting density as compared to 45cm X 10 cm planting density. Application of treatment F5 recorded numerically higher harvest index (31.5%) and lowest harvest index (29.5 %) was registered with treatment F3 Oil content of 48.24 % was observed in plant density of 3.33lakh plant ha-1, which was numerically higher than plant density of 2.22 lakh plant ha-1.Among the nutrient treatments the oil content of 48.8 % the maximum was recorded under the treatment F5. Protein content of 23.47 % was observed in plant density of 3.33lakh plant ha-1, which was numerically higher than protein content in plant density of 2.22 lakh plant ha-1. Application of treatment F5 the highest recorded protein content (24.41%) Numerically higher nitrogen content in seed and stalk (3.74%, 1.74 %) was noticed in 30cm X 10 cm spacing Significantly the highest nitrogen content in seed and stalk (3.91 %, 1.88 %) were recorded with treatment F5. Numerically higher phosphorus content in seed and stalk (1.35%, 0.39 %) was noticed in 30cm X 10 cm spacing. Among the treatments, numerically higher P content of 1.36 % in seed, was noticed however P content of stalk (0.43%) was significantly higher in treatment F5. Numerically higher potassium content in seed and stalk (1.93%, 1.40 %), was noticed in 30cm X 10 cm spacing. Among the treatments numerically higher K content of 1.94 %, in seed, was exhibited however the K content of stalk (1.54 %) was significantly higher in treatment F5. Significantly the highest total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake (69.5 kg ha-1, 19.5 kg ha-1, 49.5kg ha-1) of sesame was recorded with 30 cm X 10 cm. Among the nutrient treatments, maximum total uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (81.6 kg ha-1, 22.3 kg ha-1, 57.0 kg ha-1) in sesame was recorded with treatment F5. The lowest total uptake of nitrogen recorded with treatment F3. Significantly the highest available nitrogen (183 kg ha-1), phosphorus (10.5 kg ha-1) and potassium (268 kg ha-1) in soil after harvest of sesame in 45cm X 10cm spacing (2.22 lakh plant ha-1). The highest gross returns (Rs.42091 ha-1), net returns (Rs. 17926 ha-1) and returns per rupee investment (1.74) were recorded with application of 25%RDF + 5t FYM ha-1 + 0.75 t PM ha-1 + 1.3t Sunhemp Green manuring ha-1 over all other treatment combinations, followed by treatment F2.
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    DETECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF SEED BORNE FUNGI IN SESAME
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2018) LAKSHMI PRAVALLIKA, PALUSANI; SREE LAKSHMI, B
    The present investigation was carried out in the laboratory of Plant Pathology, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lam and Department of Seed Science and Technology, Advanced Post Graduate Centre, Lam, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh during 2017-2018 to estimate seed borne mycoflora of sesame, their impact on seed quality parameters and management of seed borne fungi in sesame. A total of 28 including 16 farmers‟ saved seed samples of sesame were collected from different farmers‟ and research stations from various sesame growing areas in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states. The seed samples were analysed for seed borne mycoflora by standard blotter method, deep freezing blotter method, 2, 4-D blotter method, water agar method, agar plate method with PDA and paper towel method. A total of seven fungal species belonging to six genera viz., Alternaria sesami, Curvularia sp., Fusarium sp., Helminthosporium sp., Rhizopus sp., Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger were found to be associated with the seed of sesame indicating their seed borne nature. Among these fungi, the mean incidence of Alternaria sesami was highest (31.44%), while that of Helminthosporium sp. was found to be the lowest (4.82%) in all the detection methods. Among the six methods, standard blotter method was found to be superior by recording maximum incidence of mycoflora (31.48%) from all the test samples, while water agar method (9.50%) was found to be least effective for the detection of seed borne fungi. Samples collected from farmers‟ were highly infected with different mycoflora when compared to samples collected from research stations in all the six detection methods. The inhibitory effect of major seed borne fungus, Alternaria sesami was observed on seed germination, seedling length and seedling vigour index of sesame seed samples collected from different sources and locations. Significant differences in seed germination, seedling length and seedling vigour index were observed among the uninoculated as well as inoculated sesame seed samples. The results indicated that xv Alternaria sesami caused 15.13% to 49.68%, 12.77% to 46.14% and 28.28% to 72.87% per cent reduction in seed germination, seedling length and vigour index, respectively of inoculated seed over uninoculated seeds. The per cent reduction was highest in the seed samples of YLM-17 collected from farmers‟ of Prakasam district. A total of eleven fungicides, six botanicals and six bio-control agents were evaluated against Alternaria sesami under in vitro conditions using poisoned food technique and dual culture technique, respectively. Among them, fungicides viz., Combination product of carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63% @ 0.2% and hexaconazole @ 0.2%; bio-control agents Trichoderma viride (isolate-2) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (isolate-1) and botanicals viz., garlic clove extract 10% and neem leaf extract 10% significantly inhibited the growth of A. sesami under in vitro conditions. A total of seven seed treatments, comprising of two each of fungicides, bio-control agents and botanicals and untreated control, which were identified as the best treatments under in vitro conditions, were imposed for the management of Alternaria blight in sesame in pot culture. The observations on various seed quality parameters were recorded and the results revealed significant differences in germination (%), seedling length (cm) and seedling vigour index-I among different seed treatments as compared to control (untreated seeds). The variation in seedling vigour index-II was non-significant among different seed treatments. Sesame seed treated with combination product of carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63% @ 0.2% recorded higher seed germination (98.75%), seedling length (16.80 cm), seedling vigour index-I (1659) and seedling vigour index-II (2.94) when compared to other treatments prior to sowing. Evaluation of selected fungicides, botanicals and bio-control agents against Alternaria leaf spot of sesame in pot culture showed that seed treatment with combination product of carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63% @ 0.2% was effective in reducing the disease intensity (63.20%) of Alternaria leaf spot and also increase in plant height (44.11 cm), number of capsules per plant (12.53), seed yield per plant (2.23 g) and harvest index (14.17) when compared to control (without seed treatment). The observations recorded on various seed quality parameters of harvested seed from pot culture revealed significant differences among different seed treatments. Sesame seed harvested from seed treated with combination product of carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63% @ 0.2% recorded highest seed germination (99.33%), seedling length (17.37 cm), seedling vigour index-I (1725) and seedling vigour index-II (3.97). Based on the present results it is concluded that seed treatment with combination product of carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63% @ 0.2% reduces the seed borne infections besides improving yield and quality parameters in sesame.
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    NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT STUDIES IN SWEET CORN
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2018) KAVYA, T; VENKATESWARLU, B
    Agriculture is one of the most significant sectors of the Indian economy. Population of India is 1.332 billion in 2017 and estimated an increase in population of 1.807 billion by the end of 2050. Hence, it is required to produce more food to meet the needs of growing population. Yield of a crop can be increased by using high yield variety of seeds or using proper agricultural practices and preventing yield loss due to natural factors like weeds, insects, rodents, etc. Out of these factors weed is one of important component which cause the serious damage to the crop yield, this include the decrease in crop yield, increase the cost of production, lower the quality of crop. Weed causes 20-30% loss in yield which might increase up to 80% if adequate crop practices are not observed. Adoption of proper weed management technologies results in additional national income of Rs. 1, 05,036 crores per annum (NRCWS, 2007). Present study was carried out on development of adjustable self-propelled basket weeder. Prototype of basket power weeder was developed by considering the optimized gear ratio of 1:2 among the three gear ratios, through manually operated test weeder and the prototype weeder was evaluated for its performance parameters such as weeding efficiency, weed index, plant damage, effective field capacity, field efficiency, performance index, fuel consumption and cost of operation of weeder in groundnut, maize, chilli and cotton crops. Results of the basket test weeder showed the weeding efficiency of 68.92%, 81.93% and 75.47% with 1:1.5, 1:2 and 1:3 gear ratios, respectively. Plant damage was 1.6%, 0.96% and 2.38% with 1:1.5, 1:2 and 1:3 gear ratios, respectively. Field efficiency was found to be 78.86%, 83.92% and 60.36% with 1:1.5, 1:2 and 1:3 gear ratios, respectively. Results of the adjustable self-propelled basket power weeder showed the highest and lowest values of weeding efficiency were obtained as 79.49% in maize crop and 76.33% in groundnut crop at 30 days of weeding operation. Highest and lowest values of weeding efficiency at 60 days of weeding operation were obtained as 75.59% in maize crop and 70.57% in groundnut crop. Plant width increased about 3% to 4% of plant damage at 60 days of weeding operation compared to 30 days of weeding operation in all the four crops. High field efficiency was found to be 80.07% in maize followed by 79.89% in cotton, 79.63% in groundnut crop and low was found to be 79.39% in chilli crop. High performance index was obtained as 93.09 in maize followed by 89.75 in cotton, 87.92 in chilli and lower was found to be 86.31 in groundnut crop. Less fuel consumption was found to be 0.58 L h-1 in chilli crop followed by 0.60 L h-1 in both groundnut and cotton crops and higher was obtained as 0.62 L h-1 in maize crop. Reduction in cost of weeding operation by using prototype weeder over the manual weeder is 74.80%, 74.95%, 74.72% and 74.89% in groundnut, maize, chilli and cotton crops respectively. Saving of time by using prototype basket power weeder over manual weeder is 94.51%, 94.54%, 94.48% and 94.52% in groundnut, maize, chilli and cotton crops, respectively.
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    STUDIES ON COMPOSTING AQUASLUDGE AND ITS SUITABILITY TO DIFFERENT CROPS
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2018) SRIKANTH, MANGALAPURI; RAMACHANDRA RAO, G
    “Studies on composting aquasludge and its suitability to different crops” was undertaken at the Department of Environmental Sciences, Advanced Post Graduate Centre, Lam, Guntur during 2017-18. The physico-chemical characteristics of aqua sludge, paddy straw and water hyacinth and also the best bulking material between paddy straw and water hyacinth was determined to make compost for use as organic fertilizer for its suitability to different crops. The aquasludge obtained from the three districts namely Nellore, Parkasam and Guntur in Andhra Pradesh was analyzed separately with standard procedures for pH, EC, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorous, total potassium, Ca, Mg, S and micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu).The aquasludges collected from these three districts were found to be neutral in reaction (6.8, 6.5 and 6.7), with EC of (1.81, 2.05 and 1.59 dS m-1) and organic carbon (6.06, 6.71 and 6.24 %). Primary nutrients like total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorous and total potassium contents of aquasludges were (1.06, 1.97 and 0.77 per cent), (0.0368, 0.0573 and 0.0452 per cent), (0.0479, 0.0570 and 0.0520 per cent g Kg-1) and (0.176, 0.221 and 0.193 g Kg-1) respectively. Secondary nutrients like calcium, magnesium and sulphur contents of aqua sludge were 3.60, 4.18 and 3.08 g Kg-1, 2.73, 3.00 and 2.13 g Kg-1 and0.442, 0.5206 and 0.4 % respectively and micronutrients like Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn in aqua sludge were 36.16, 39.95 and 35.25 g Kg-1, 0.179, 0.191 and 0.173 g Kg-1 0.70, 0.79 and 0.59 g Kg-1 and 0.271, 0.364 and 0.338 g/Kg respectively. Currently, there are only few treatment options available for aqua sludge. Among them composting can provide a simple and cost effective method to treat the sludge and at the same time reuse excessive organic matter and nutrients for enhanced production of different crops. Composting study was conducted by mixing different proportions of aqua sludge with bulking materials like paddy straw and water hyacinth collected from Live Stock Research Station, Lam, Guntur and Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla respectively. Three sets of experiments were conducted using three different aqua sludge samples collected from Pantapalem (Nellore), Vetapalem (Praasam) and Karlapalem (Guntur) locations of Andhra Pradesh. Experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design with three replications and nine treatments comprising of T1-Aqua sludge alone 100% (control) ,T2-Aqua sludge 80% +paddy straw 20%, T3-Aqua sludge 70% + paddy straw 30%, T4-Aqua sludge 60% + paddy straw 40% , T5-Aqua sludge 80% + water hyacinth 20%, T6-Aqua sludge 70% + water hyacinth 30% , T7-Aqua sludge 60% + water hyacinth 40% , T8-Aqua sludge 70% + paddy straw10%+water hyacinth20% and T9-Aqua sludge 60% + paddy straw20%+water hyacinth20%. Three such sets were maintained to facilitate destructive sampling at 30 days of incubation and at 60 days after composting. Aqua sludge compost samples were analyzed for physico-chemical properties employing standard procedures. The results revealed that the aqua sludge compost pH became neutral with the end of composting process; while organic carbon of compost increased with increasing percentage of bulking materials. The pH and EC of treatments containing water hyacinth was significantly higher than those without water hyacinth in all the three sets of experiments. 30 days after incubation, the pH and EC increased gradually, later decreased but organic carbon gradually increased up to 60 days of composting. Total nitrogen and available nitrogen increased significantly with increasing percentage of bulking material in the three sets of experiments. Final values of total nitrogen at 60 days ranged from 1.02 to 1.79%, 1.47 to 2.68 and 0.61 to 1.38 % respectively. Available nitrogen also followed the same pattern as that of total nitrogen and the same trend was apparent. Total potassium (K), available- P, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulphur (S) and manganese (Mn) were significantly higher in treatments with Water hyacinth than treatments with Rice Straw used as bulking materials due to the initial composition of this material. Treatments with higher aqua sludge tended to have higher Zn, Cu and Fe. The same trend was apparent in all the three sets of experiments. A desirable organic fertilizer is rich in N, P and K, which is released into the soil over time. The results of the present study indicated that the final quality of aqua sludge compost in terms of nutrient content varied depending on the initial materials. Total nitrogen of final compost increased with increasing percentage of aqua sludge. Available P and total K of the final compost increased with increasing percentage of water hyacinth, which was expected because water hyacinth had higher available P and total K than aqua sludge and rice straw. The final micronutrients, pH and EC of the composts could also be explained by the initial aqua sludge, rice straw and water hyacinth. Thus the characteristics of initial materials seems to be a good indication of the quality of the compost produced. It was concluded that polluted aqua sludge from aqua ponds in these three districts could be effectively treated by composting and have potential for subsequent use as an agricultural fertilizers. Finally, compost made with aqua sludge was used to test the germination per cent, height and fresh weight of the three crops viz., bengal gram, cotton and black gram. In terms of germination %, height and fresh weight in sludge + paddy straw combinations T4 recorded the highest values. In sludge + water hyacinth combinations T7 recorded the highest values and sludge + paddy straw + water hyacinth combinations T8 recorded the highest values. T1 maintained as control containing 100 % aqua sludge showed lowest values of germination %, height and fresh weight of the three crops. A similar trend was followed in the three sets of experiments. Among nine aqua sludge composts T4 showed the best germination percentage, tallest in height and high in fresh weight of the three crops. Overall the results showed that paddy straw was the best bulking material when combined with 60:40 ratio of aqua sludge and paddy straw. Based on the results, it could be concluded that aqua sludge has a potential to be used as compost material when mixed with either rice straw or water hyacinth.