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Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF POWER OPERATED CLEANER CUM PEARLER FOR FINGER MILLET
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2015) Er. V. VENKATA TEJASWINI; Dr. D. BHASKARA RAO
    Finger Millet (Eleusine coracona), popularly known as Ragi, has high yield potential of greater than 10 t/ha under optimum irrigated conditions. Usually millet seeds have four layers namely hull, bran, germ and endosperm. Among these, endosperm is only the edible part of millet. Bran and germ are rich in oil and hence affect the storage quality of millets. So dehulling / pearling of finger millet is necessary to remove the hull, bran and germ to increase the shelf life of the pearled grain and flour. In traditional dehulling, the grain is mixed with water, allowed to stand for 5 minutes and pounded with a wooden pestle for 10-15 minutes. Then grains are subjected to drying and then winnowing operation to remove the bran and other fine material. The pounding and winnowing processes are repeated several times till the good quality millet is obtained. The most rustic equipment for cleaning is the winnower fan, air blowers etc., This operation is time consuming, laborious and uneconomical to the farmers. Therefore, there is a need to develop a suitable small scale cleaner cum pearling unit for finger millet so that the pearling losses can be reduced and it can be useful for farmers with small land holdings. The effect of moisture content of 10, 13 and 16 % (w.b) on physical properties has been evaluated for finger millet of saptagiri variety. The average values of physical properties observed were length : 1.63 to 1.7 mm, width : 1.58 to1.65 mm, thickness : 1.43 to 1.54, geometric mean diameter : 1.54 to1.622mm, sphericity : 0.942 to 0.955, surface area : 7.4 to 8.2 mm2, volume : 1.74 to 2.26 mm3,thousand grain weight : 2.56 to 3.51g, porosity : 40.1 to 45.2, angle of repose : 25.5˚ to 30.5˚, static coefficient of friction for galvanized iron : 0.39 to 0.423, mild steel : 0.43 to 0.456, stainless steel 0.35 to 0.356 and terminal velocity : 2.56 to 3.4 m/s were increased as moisture content increased from 10 to 16 % w.b. Bulk density and true density were decreased from 740.6 to 671.4 kg/m3 and 1289 to 1232 kg/m3 respectively with the increase in moisture content from 10 to 16% w.b. Name of the Author : V. VENKATA TEJASWINI Title of the thesis : “DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF POWER OPERATED CLEANER CUM PEARLER FOR FINGER MILLET” Degree to which it is submitted : Master of Technology Faculty : Agricultural Engineering Major field of study : PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING Major Advisor : Dr. D.BHASKARA RAO University : Acharya N.G Ranga Agricultural University Year of Submission : 2016 The developed cleaner cum pearler for finger millet machine consisted of cleaning unit, hopper, and outer cylinder, inner cylinder with 12 cotton felts (10 x 10 x 1 cm) with one end of them bolted on its surface, main frame, aspirator (0.5hp) and electric motor (2.5hp). The cleaning unit consisted of stainless steel plate with circular perforations of 2 mm diameter which works on the principle of vibration through which the cleaned grains goes into pearling unit which consists of inner and outer cylinders. The clearance between cylinders was 2 cm and 1 cm at cotton felts for maximum compression and shearing of grains so that the grains get pearled. Pearled grain enter into closed outlet at the middle of which a pipe from the aspirator was fixed so that the husk and other lighter particles were collected by suction and cleaned, pearled grains were collected at the other end of the outlet. The cleaning efficiency of the machine was 88.2%. The performance of the machine was tested for its pearling efficiency, percentage of broken grain at speeds 1400, 900,500, 300 rpm; moisture contents 10, 13, 16 % (w.b) and at feed rates 90, 120, 150 kg/h for two passes. The optimum value of pearling efficiency was 80.1 % , 4.3 % of broken grain at 10% w.b moisture content, 900 rpm at 150 kg/h feed rate (II pass). The pearling efficiency decreased with increase in moisture content and increased with the increase of cylinder speed and feed rate. The percentage of broken grain decreased with the increase in moisture content and feed rate and increased with increase in cylinder speed. The highest percentage of broken grain was found to be 9.5 % at 10 % w.b moisture content, 1400 rpm at 90kg/h (II pass). The operating cost of the machine per kg was Rs 0.326/-. Key words: Finger millet, physical properties, small scale cleaner cum pearler, moisture content, Screen effectiveness, pearling efficiency, percentage of broken grain.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON RICE PRODUCTIVITY UNDER MODIFIED SRI IN THE FIELDS OF CHITTOOR DISTRICT
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2015) NAGA JYOTHI, M; Dr. M.V. RAMANA
    Field experiments were conducted for assessing productivity in rabi under modified SRI in the fields of Chittoor District. The investigations comprised of two sets of field experiments conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Perumallapalli. In both the experiments, the test variety was BPT 5204. Experiments were designed with RBD with four replications. The treatments comprised of combination of 10 different nursery bedding materials and five intra row spacing planting patterns. The water applied was also documented for estimating water use efficiency (WUE). The highest PH value was found in with rice husk as nursery bedding material as 7.9 followed by groundnutshell (7.8) and highest EC was found with groundnutshell (GS) as 5.1ds/m, whereas lowest EC was recorded in rice husk (RH) as 0.95ds/m. However, the highest N value was found in groundnut shell as 1.7% followed by FYM (1.42%), whereas the lowest N value was recorded for rice husk as 0.48%. Vermicompost (0.72%) followed by groundnutshell (0.48%) and rice straw (0.26%) were considered to have the highest and lowest P values. Similarly, 1.9% and 0.48% were recorded as the highest and lowest K values for rice straw and rice husk respectively. Finally it is concluded that using the entire nursery bedding materials and it is not only conserves the soil but also adds nutrients to the soil and leads to reduction in the requirement of fertilizers and so these materials were mixed with soil in different combinations and used for rising nursery. It is also concluded that transplanting of seedlings from younger stage provides sufficient nutrients for vegetative growth and also for reproductive phase which ultimately leads to increased plant height. Highest and lowest numbers of tillers were found to be 6.75 and 5.00 at 15 DAT in T10 and T2 respectively. Similarly, 14.50 in T8 and 9.50 in T2 at 30 DAT and 36.75 in T3 and 23.75 in T10 at 60 DAT were considered to be the highest and lowest number of tillers respectively. Highest panicle length was observed in T9 as 20.90cm where as the lowest panicle length was observed in T1 and T3 as 19.37cm. in T2 and T10, 39.45 and 20.80 were considered to be the highest and lowest number of productive tillers. Similarly, number of unproductive tillers i.e., 3.62 in T6 and 2.37 in T1 and T7 as the highest and lowest values were observed. Filled grains and unfilled grains also had the highest and lowest values i.e 186.58 in T2 and 144.53 in T6 and 24.32 in T5 and 10.90 in T8 respectively. Finally, highest and lowest values for total grains were found to be 200.45 and 158.27 in T4 and T6 respectively. Finally, it has been concluded that spacing and nutrients available in different bedding materials helps the plants to grow healthy, which has more number of tillers and increases the yield. Highest grain yield 4858.54 kg/ha in T8 and lowest grain yield, 2212.60kg/ha in T6 were observed. Similarly, 5081kg/ha and 2380 kg/ha in T1 and T6 were considered to be the highest and lowest values for straw yield. T8 and T6 possessed the highest and lowest thousand grain weight values as 13.86 gm and 10.58 gm respectively. In transplanting experiment, panicle length, filled grains and root length possessed the highest and lowest values in different treatments i.e 20.77 cm and 19.59 cm in T3 and T1,25.31 and 153.79 in T4 and T5 and 11.96 cm and 9.17 cm in T3 and T5 respectively. In the same way, highest and lowest grain yield were observed in T3 and T5 as 7267.50 kg/ha and 5831.00 kg/ha respectively. Straw yield was highest in T4 and lowest in T5 and had the values of 8872.50 kg/ha and 6332.50 kg/ha respectively.13.88gm and 11.34 gm were recorded as the highest and lowest thousand grain weight values were in T3 and T5. Higher water use efficiency (5.69kg/ha-mm) was recorded in mechanized paddy crop compared to conventional method i.e., (2.31 kg/ha-mm). It was also observed the increase in the water use efficiency as (3.38 kg/ha-mm) and concluded that higher yield (15.78%), high water use efficiency (57%) and reduced water consumption (49.48%) were possible through machine transplanted rice production system. Human labour is one of the most critical components in rice production system and also a major cost influencing factor of any crop cultivation. The total labour requirements for mechanised and conventional paddy production were 26 man days and 85 man days per hectare respectively. The total variable costs per hectare mechanised paddy and conventional paddy were Rs 39755/- and Rs 41580/- respectively. On an average, the yield advantage of 4.75 quintals per hectare was observed in mechanised compared to conventional paddy. The higher productivity on mechanised paddy farms were relatively better and timely management practices (like young seedling transplantation, aerated field with more row space and mechanical weeding) were followed. The by products from the mechanised and conventional fields were 2.5 and 2 tonnes respectively. Mechanised paddy farmers were able to secure a net income Rs 1.81/- per every rupee of expenditure. While, the convectional paddy farmers realised Rs 1.42/-. Key Words: MSRI, Growth Parameters, Yield Parameters, Economics
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF FARMYARD MANURE PULVERIZER CUM SPREADER
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2015) NKR GURUDATT MADDU; Dr. S. JOSEPH REDDY
    On one side of the coin negative impacts coupled with escalating prices of mineral fertilizers and on other side high demands of nutrients to soil due to intense cultivars of high yielding varieties, the use of organic matter is necessary to meet the nutrient demands with low cost. In India application of farmyard manure (FYM) to the agricultural fields has been generally accepted practice, which improves soil physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. Keeping in view the problems of not meeting the desired agronomic rates and disintegration of large manure un-decomposed clods during manual application of FYM to the field, a machine (FYM pulverizer cum spreader) was developed by RARS, Nandyal to pulverize and spread the manure simultaneously to the fields. Pulverization of large un-decomposed FYM clods to 0 to 40 mm size encourages the faster decomposition when hits the lands due to the more surface area exposed for the attack of microorganisms present in the soil, environment and FYM. To meet the desired FYM application rates to the fields in required pulverized form, it is necessary to study the physical properties of manure affecting the performance of the machine and behavior of the machine at different component settings and operated under prescribed levels. Hence, a study was carried out on the performance evaluation of the FYM pulverizer cum spreader. The machine parameters with levels viz., feed control shutter opening (half open and full open), number of blades per flange of rotor (2, 3, and 6) and operational parameters viz., spreader peripheral velocity (4.72 ms-1, 6.92 ms-1and 7.86 ms-1) spreader forward speed of (2 Km h-1,3 Km h-1 and 5 Km h-1) were selected to study the effect on bulk density, clod size distribution and FYM application rate. Based on the study, the machine and operational parameters were optimized for minimum bulk density, higher percentage of 0 to 40 mm clod distribution and desired range of agronomic application rates. The experiments were carried out at stationary condition as well as in field conditions. The experiments revealed that, the decrease in bulk density and increase in percentage of 0 to 40 mm clod size distribution was observed when the rotor peripheral velocity was increased from 4.72 ms-1 to 7.86 ms-1 and numbers of blades were increased from 2 to 6. The lowest bulk densities of 0.510 g cm-3and 0.515 g cm-3and higher 0 to 40 mm clod size percentages of 78.28 and 66.55 was recorded at peripheral velocity of 7.86 ms-1 and 3 number of blades for both half and full shutter opening of the machine respectively. The application rate was increased when rotor peripheral velocity increased and decreased with increase in forward speed. The agronomic application rates of 5.8 t ha-1and 12.6 t ha-1with minimum bulk density and higher percentage of 0 to 40 mm clod size distribution was observed at forward speed of 3 Km h-1, peripheral velocity of 7.86 ms-1 and 3 blades per flange of rotor at half shutter and full shutter opening. A prototype FYM pulverizer cum spreader was developed and evaluated under field condition with the best optimized variables derived from the experimental trails. The bulk density, clod size distribution and application rate was observed as 0.512 g cm-3 & 0.521 g cm-3, 75.99 % & 64.45 % and 5.9 t ha-1 & 12.5 t ha-1 at half and full shutter opening area respectively. The cost of operation of FYM pulverizer cum spreader works out to be Rs.620 per acre when the machine is used for dry FYM pulverizing cum spreading operation. There was a saving of Rs.504 per acre over traditional method of spreading.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDY OF RADIO FREQUENCY DRYING OF PADDY GRAIN
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2015) Er. S. SRIKANTH; Dr. D. D. SMITH
    The drying characteristics of a paddy grain (NLR 33 892) were studied using Radio Frequency Dryer (RFD). The drying chamber of the RFD consisted pair of electrodes of size 75 cm X 55 cm and a grain holding cell of 36 L X 25.5 W X 5.5 H, cm3. The cell was filled with grain for three levels of bed thickness (2, 3 and 4 cm) to study the drying and drying rate curves. The weight of the drying grain was recorded at every 1 min interval to calculate the moisture loss. The obtained data was plotted and analyzed for moisture loss and drying rate. It was observed that the drying curve followed the falling rate period for all the bed thickness experiments conducted in Radio Frequency drying. The longest time of drying 9 min was observed in the experiment where the grain bed thickness was 3 cm whereas the shortest time of drying 6 min was observed in the experiment where the grain bed thickness was 4 cm. It was also found that the drying rates were decreased along with the drying bed thickness. The milling and cooking quality characteristics of Radio Frequency dried paddy were studied as affected by the drying bed thickness at four levels (2.00, 3.00 and 4.00 cm). The milling of rice was evaluated using the combined huller cum sheller based on the percentage of milled rice, head rice and broken rice. Similarly, the quality of cooking of rice of RF dried paddy were evaluated in terms of minimum cooking time, viii water uptake ratio, grain elongation ratio and volume expansion ratio in percentage. The milling percentages of RF dried paddy found were 78.89%, 77.06% and 76.32% at 2, 3 and 4 cm thick grain bed in RF drying. The average milled rice quantity of sun dried paddy found was 79.19 g and its milling efficiency was 79.19%. In comparison, the highest milling efficiency found was 79.19% in sun dried and the lowest milling efficiency found was 76.32% at 4 cm thick bed in RF dried. The head rice yield was found to be 35.90, 48.06, 61.17 and 27.79% for the grain dried at 2, 3, 4 cm bed thickness in RF and sun dried paddy, respectively. The broken rice recorded 42.99, 29.00, 15.16 and 51.40% for the grain dried at 2, 3, 4 cm bed thickness in RF and sun dried. The water uptake ratio varied from 3.54, 3.54, 3.54 and 3.38 for the grain dried at 2, 3 and 4 cm bed thickness in RF and sun dried paddy, respectively. The grain elongation ratio was found to be 1.68, 1.67, 1.66 and 1.76 for the grain dried at 2, 3, 4 cm bed thickness in RF and sun dried paddy. The volume expansion results found in Radio Frequency dried were 4.63, 4.76 and 4.89 whereas in sun dried was 4.32. Among all the grain bed thickness investigated, the 2 cm thick bed yielded better results in terms of less brokens and more head rice when compared to 3 and 4 cm thick beds dried under RFD. Key Words: Radio Frequency dying; Drying curve; Drying rate; Paddy; Milling; Cooking.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF MULTI CROP PRECISION PLANTER
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2015) SRIGIRI, DOPPALAPUDI; Er. G. VEERA PRASAD
    Sowing is one of the most important operations in crop production. The time and method of sowing decisively influence the germination and hence production. Sowing at optimum depth and time is essential which will affect the yield of the crop. Sowing in late season will decrease yield about 35%. With the present day advanced agronomic practices, seed genetics and on- farm technology to deliver optimal yield while using fewer resources, precision planting is not out of place. Although many planters having different seed metering mechanisms i.e. inclined plate, cup feed type and roller with cells on periphery for the application of single seed at a time has been developed, their performance is not up to the mark due to nonperformance in obtaining required spacing for irregular shaped seed crops like Paddy, Maize, Black gram etc. It is a well-known fact that the bulk of agricultural production in the India is in the hands of the small holder farmers who depend very much on tools with very low mechanical advantage. Most of the commercial equipment available in market are very expensive to procure and manage by the small holder farmer. A study was taken up to develop a manual planter suitable for different crops without changing metering mechanism and to evaluate its performance. The planter was developed at workshop, Department of Farm Machinery and Power, College of Agricultural Engineering, Bapatla. The planter was evaluated in the field at College of Agricultural Engineering, Bapatla as per BIS test code IS 6316: 1993 for Bengal gram, red gram and paddy. The cost of operation of the planter was compared with manual sowing cost. The capacity of planter was found to be 2.25, 2.87 and 1.91 kg h-1 for Bengal gram, red gram and paddy respectively. The planter capacity is more for red gram compared with Bengal gram and paddy. The seed rate required for planter was observed to be 30.67 kg ha-1, 24.76 kg ha-1 and 36.26 kg ha-1 for Bengal gram, red gram and paddy respectively. The planter requires less seed rate than manual sowing. The seed damage was found to be 1.96 %, 1.41 % and 0.89 % for Bengal gram, red gram and paddy respectively. The seed damage was due to size of the groove on metering cone and rupture of the seed between hopper and metering cone. The missing rate was found to be 4.38 %, 2.94 % and 3.67 % for Bengal gram, red gram and paddy respectively. It was also observed that missing rate is less for red gram compared to Bengal gram and paddy. The effective field capacity of the planter was found to be 0.081 ha h-1, 0.152 ha h-1 and 0.059 ha h-1 for Bengal gram, red gram and paddy respectively. The field efficiency was found to be 77.33 %, 81.06 % and 78.66 % for Bengal gram, red gram and paddy respectively. The depth of sowing was found to be 0.0410 m, 0.0362 m and 0.0355 m for Bengal gram, red gram and paddy respectively. The seed to seed spacing was found to be 0.2820 m, 0.2742 m and 0.2664 m for Bengal gram, red gram and paddy respectively. This variation is due to some early dropping of seed from hopper sometimes at edges of metered cone to furrow openers. The germination was found to be 96, 98 and 98% for Bengal gram, red gram and paddy respectively. The number of plants per square metre was found to be 30, 26 and 47 for Bengal gram, red gram and paddy respectively. The number of plants per square metre was more for paddy than Bengal gram and red gram. The cost of planter was found to be Rs. 4500 with an operating cost of Rs. 41.34 per hour. The cost of operation was found to be Rs. 474.99, Rs. 271.60 and Rs. 700.29 per ha for Bengal gram, red gram and paddy respectively. The cost of sowing for red gram was found to be less with planter than compared to other crops. The cost of sowing was less with planter compared to manual sowing in all the crops. Finally it was concluded that the seed rate requirement of the planter was less compared to traditional method of sowing. The cost of sowing was less with the planter compared to traditional methods of sowing. The planter is useful equipment for small and marginal farmers who cannot afford large machinery. Key words: Development, Evaluation, Bengal gram, Red gram, Paddy, Planter, Operating cost.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF LOW COST MICROCONTROLLER USED IN AUTOMATED DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2015) GOWTHAM DEEKSHITHULU, N.V.; Dr. G. RAVI BABU
    This chapter deals with the development of low cost microcontroller based automated soil moisture sensor and results of experimental observations that have been carried out, analyzed and discussed in relation to the sweet corn crop and watermelon crop under different irrigation systems as single row, paired row and flood with different row to row spacings and methods of irrigation applied. The yield response, moisture content computed using computer surfer, moisture distribution, wetting pattern in the soil, crop water requirement computed in CROPWAT and water use efficiency are mainly discussed. 4
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    WATERSHED MODELLING ON VARIABILITY OF RUNOFF AND GROUND WATER POTENTIALS
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2015) RAKESH, G; Er. I. BHASKARA RAO
    Water resources of a country constitute one of its vital assets. India receives annual precipitation of about 4000 km3 and India’s average annual surface run-off generated by rainfall and snowmelt is estimated to be about 1869 billion cubic meters (BCM) (Chatterjee, 2014). However, it is estimated that only about 690 BCM or 37% of the surface water resources can actually be mobilized. The average annual rainfall in India is about 1170 mm. This is considerable variation in rainfall both temporarily and spatially. Possible changes in rainfall patterns in the coming decade, global warming and climate change and other predicted or observed long-term trends on water availability could affect India’s water resources. India’s rechargeable annual groundwater potential has been assessed at around 431 BCM in aggregate terms. On an all India basis it is estimated that about 30 per cent of the groundwater potential has been tapped for irrigation and domestic use. The regional situation is very much different and large parts of India have already exploited almost all of their dynamic recharge. Haryana and Punjab have exploited about 94 per cent of their groundwater resources. The total water resources (surface water and groundwater) of Andhra Pradesh are estimated to be about 108 BCM (about 78 BCM from surface water, primarily from the Godavari and Krishna rivers), of which nearly 65 BCM are currently utilized (0.6 BCM for drinking, 64 BCM for irrigation, 0.3 BCM for industry and 0.3 BCM for power generation) (Rakesh et al., 2005). Most of the water (about 92%) is currently supplied for irrigation, although other needs are expected to grow in the future. The current trends of increase in water supply from all users will outstrip available supplies significantly by 2025.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON MOLE DRAINAGE TECHNOLOGY IN WATERLOGGED BLACK SOILS
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2015) KARUNYA, M; Dr. H. V. HEMA KUMAR
    As the conventional drainage measures require huge capital investment and requires lot of integrity among farmers in terms of maintenance too, it is felt that the mole plough drainage technology if could be popularized in the waterlogged sugarcane fields, could be easily adapted by the farmers without disturbing the natural recourses with proper ecological, economical disturbance. Further the mole plough could be easily fabricated by among village artisans. Major agricultural fields of some of the coastal districts namely Guntur, Prakasam, Krishna, East Godavari and West Godavari of Andhra Pradesh (A.P) suffers with waterlogging and salinity problems. Under the close supervision and guidance of the subject matter experts of Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, a network of drainage systems, namely open, mole and subsurface drainage (SSD) systems were installed in farmers’ fields of Kapileswarapuram, East Godavari with the support of M/s Sarvaraya sugars PVT Limited, Chelluru, East Godavari District to benefit the farming community in terms of recommending better drainage system and better crop variety in their waterlogged fields. The average SEW30 index was found to be 2068 cm days in the study area necessitating reclamation measures of drainage nearby Peddakaluva fields. The soil samples and water samples EC with in the safe limit only i.e 0.55dS/m indicates that the study area is not prone to salinity problem. The extent of nitrogen traces are considerable i.e.in the tune of 614 ppm in leachates (N, P and K) when compared to phosphorous and potassium which are far within the limits in the drainage effluent immediately after application of fertilizers. Exponential equations were fitted for drain discharge (q)-depth to water table (d) with elapsed time for all the spacing and depth combinations under mole drainage which is useful in controlling the discharge through the system to control the water table. Two varieties of sugarcane CO7805 and 2000V46 were planted in study area and out of which 2000V46 variety gave higher yields compared to the other one. Among all drainage systems mole drainage system with 2000V46 gave higher yield of 64 t/ha followed by open drainage system. The yields under subsurface drainage plot were found not satisfactory because of less pumpage from the collection sump by the field staff in view of operational constraints connected with adjoining paddy growers. The benefit cost ratio was worked out to be 1.3 for the mole drainage system considering sugar cane crop based on the first year yield results itself which is expected to increase in the subsequent years.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SHRINK WRAPPING OF BANANA FOR ENHANCING SHELF LIFE
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2015) SUREKHA, B; Dr. L. EDUKONDALU
    Physical properties of banana are necessary to design handling, packaging equipments and for safe transportation. Some physical properties of commercially grown banana cultivars namely Dwarf Cavendish and Chakkerkeli were investigated. The axial dimensions of fingers, volume, peel to pulp weight, coefficient of friction on different surfaces such as galvanized steel, plastic and wood were measured for the above two cultivars. The calculated attributes were geometric mean diameter, sphericity, surface area, true density and bulk density. The mean lengths of the banana cultivars Dwarf Cavendish and Chakkerkeli were 12.72 and 13.91 cm; mean width values were 3.348 and 3.581cm; and mean thickness values were 3.376 and 3.38 cm, respectively. The mean values of individual fruit weight and volume of the two cultivars were 69.9 g, 70.5 cc and 71.9 g, 73.3 cc respectively. The peel and pulp weight for Chakkerkeli were found to be higher than Dwarf Cavendish. The geometric mean diameter of Dwarf Cavendish and Chakkerkeli were 4.43 and 4.65 cm, respectively. The fruit sphericities were 0.348 and 0.33 respectively for the two cultivars. The true density and bulk density of Dwarf Cavendish were 0.99 and 0.53g/cc and for Chakkerkeli the values were 0.98 and 0.49 g/cc respectively. The coefficient of static friction for Dwarf Cavendish on galvanized steel, plastic and wooden surfaces was 0.28, 0.32 and 0.34 respectively; for Chakkerkeli, the values were 0.32, 0.35 and 0.40 respectively. The bananas were pretreated (hot water 50 °C; 10 min) and shrink wrapped in shrink films of polyolefin 15 µ and cryovac 9 µ and stored at ambient storage conditions (Temp = 33°C; RH 72%). Experiment was conducted both for fingers and hands, periodical observation was recorded on % weight loss, firmness, colour, other chemical changes and organoleptic quality of stored bananas was evaluated. The PLW increased gradually in both the cultivars of banana during the storage period. The firmness of the both the cultivars followed a declining trend because of softening of fruits. Hands wrapped with polyolefin 15 µ of the two cultivars retained more firm. Colour of the fruits changed slowly from green to yellow. pH was found low in hands wrapped with polyolefin 15 µ in both the cultivars. Titrable acidity of both the cultivars decreased with ripening. TSS and total sugars was found increasing with storage. Ascorbic acid Name of the Author : DAMMU SUREKHA Title of the thesis : “SHRINK WRAPPING OF BANANA FOR ENHANCING SHELF LIFE” Degree to which it is submitted : Master of Technology Faculty : Agricultural Engineering Major field of study : PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING Chairperson : Dr. L. EDUKONDALU University : Acharya N.G Ranga Agricultural University Year of Submission : 2015 content increased gradually in Dwarf Cavendish banana with ripening and declined suddenly during senescence, whereas ascorbic acid decreased gradually in case of Chakkerkeli bananas. The percent decay increased with storage and the lowest was found in hands wrapped with polyolefin 15 µ in both the cultivars. Organoleptic quality characteristics with respect to visual appearance, taste, flavor and overall acceptability increased up to certain stage thereafter decreased during the end of storage period. The maximum overall acceptability of 8.51 was noticed in hands wrapped with polyolefin 15µ in both the cultivars. In all the treatments of both the cultivars, hands wrapped with polyolefin 15 µ retained higher values of physico- chemical parameters studied and was found best under ambient storage conditions. However, the hands wrapped with polylefin15 µ in both the cultivars, the shelf life is increased to 18 and 14 days as against 10 and 7 days in unwrapped fruits and wrapped fingers, for Dwarf Cavendish and Chakkerkeli respectively. Keywords: Dwarf Cavendish, Chakkerkeli, physical properties, physico-chemical parameters, shrink wrapping, Polyolefin 15µ and Cryovac 9µ