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Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PROSPECTS OF SUGARCANE CULTIVATION FOR JAGGERY -A CRITICAL ANALYSIS
    (guntur, 2022-08-04) ARCHANA, K; SATHYA GOPAL, P.V.
    Sugarcane is one of the most important commercial crops grown in the world. In India, there are three kinds of principal products obtained from sugarcane viz., sugar, jaggery and khandasari. Sugarcane crop provides employment to lakhs of people in the country from the cultivation of cane to production of sugar, jaggery and khandasari. The jaggery industry is an unorganized sector in the country run by small and marginal farmers. In Andhra Pradesh, it is providing employment to three lakh people who live in rural areas and relying on quick returns from jaggery. However, over the years the jaggery consumption has drastically reduced through the substitution of sugar as most of the cane utilized for sugar production. The other reasons for this are increased number of sugar mills, statutory price of cane, increased consumption of sugar, jaggery being in unorganized sector, low remunerative prices for jaggery and low preference of jaggery by the consumes etc. Even though the consumers are not preferring jaggery due to several reasons, some of the farmers are preparing different forms of jaggery to grab their attention. On the other side, in this era of health consciousness, jaggery is definitely a better substitute for sugar in terms of its medicinal and nutritional values. There is an urgent need to popularise jaggery among the consumers and to produce quality jaggery in order to meet the growing demand. Hence, this study has been undertaken to assess the extent of knowledge on sugarcane cultivation and jaggery making as well as the attitude of the farmers towards sugarcane cultivation for jaggery. Backward and forward linkages in sugarcane cultivation for jaggery and the problems associated with production and marketing of jaggery along with designing a suitable strategy helps to amplify the prospects of sugarcane cultivation for jaggery. Ex-post facto research and descriptive research designs were followed in the present investigation. Three districts were purposively selected from three regions of Andhra Pradesh viz., Vishakapatnam (North Coastal Region), West Godavari (Coastal Region) and Chittoor (Rayalaseema Region) based on the highest area under sugarcane cultivation. Four mandals from each district, two villages from each mandal and ten sugarcane growers for jaggery from each village were selected by using simple random sampling method. Thus, making a total of 12 mandals, 24 villages and 240 respondents xix for the study respectively. The data was collected by personal interview method through a structured interview schedule and analyzed by employing suitable statistical methods. Knowledge and attitude were taken as the dependent variables along with eighteen independent variables for the study. The results of the study shown that majority of the respondents were old aged with primary school education having small to marginal land holdings. They had medium level of farming experience, annual income, material possession, extension contact, social contact, mass media utilization, innovativeness, economic orientation, scientific orientation, management orientation, risk orientation and achievement motivation. They had high decision-making ability and drudgery perception. Nearly 41.66 per cent of the respondents had medium level of knowledge on sugarcane cultivation and jaggery making. Regarding the sugarcane cultivation, about 96.67 per cent of the respondents had high knowledge on “recommended varieties” followed by “depth of planting” (93.75%). Similarly, in jaggery making 87.50 per cent of the respondents had good knowledge on “consistency of jaggery” followed by “complexing agents” used in jaggery (85.00%). About 33.33 per cent of the sugarcane growers had neutral attitude followed by moderately favourable (25.00%) and moderately unfavourable (19.17%) attitude towards sugarcane for jaggery. Whereas, 12.92 and 9.58 per cent of the respondents had highly favourable and highly unfavourable attitude towards sugarcane for jaggery respectively. Farmers had highly favourable attitude towards “challenging nature of their enterprise” and highly unfavourable attitude towards “labour management”. Correlation analysis revealed that education, farming experience, land holding, trainings undergone, extension contact, social contact, mass media utilization, decision making ability, innovativeness, scientific orientation and achievement motivation had a positively significant relationship with the knowledge of the respondents. The variables like age, annual income, material possession, drudgery perception, management orientation and risk orientation were found to be non-significant with the knowledge of the sugarcane growers for jaggery. MLR revealed that mass media utilization, social contact, innovativeness and scientific orientation were having positive and significant contribution to the variation in the knowledge. Correlation analysis revealed that education, farming experience, trainings undergone, extension contact, social contact, economic orientation, scientific orientation, management orientation, risk orientation, annual income, mass media utilization and achievement motivation were found to be positively significant with the attitude of the respondents. Drudgery perception was found to have negatively significant relationship with the attitude. MLR revealed that education, scientific orientation and management orientation were found to have positive and significant contribution to the most of the variation in the attitude. The backward and forward linkages in sugarcane cultivation for jaggery were grouped into different components i.e., sugarcane cultivation, jaggery making and marketing under backward linkages and packing, storage, transportation and jaggery marketing under forward linkages. Regarding the input procurement, farmers were going for their own planting material. For the fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides and jaggery making chemicals they were primarily contacting village merchants. Irrigation machinery and equipment were mainly procuring from electric motor suppliers. The xx farm machinery for sugarcane cultivation and jaggery making were mainly getting from Department of Agriculture and local manufacturing companies respectively. Money lenders were major source of finance/credit. Regarding the sugarcane cultivation, majority of the sugarcane growers were having own electric motors/bore wells/oil engines. Farmers were getting labour from nearby village. Farmers had hired machinery from friends/neighbours and who had owned machinery were majorly approaching mechanics nearby town for repairs and replacements. For jaggery making the major source for labour were own family members. Majority of the farmers were hiring machinery and equipment from friends/neighbours. For technical support, farmers were mainly using his own experience and expertise. Pertaining to the forward linkages, majority of the farmers had approached local retailers for packing and the farmers do not have any storage facilities. The sources of transportation for jaggery marketing were rental vehicles. Registered jaggery merchants in market yards were found to be major linkages for jaggery marketing. The average per hectare cost of cultivation of sugarcane in Andhra Pradesh was Rs. 1,95,252 with a yield of 82.24 t/ha in sugarcane plant crop. Whereas, a yield of 73.89 t/ha was recorded in ratoon crop with a cost of cultivation of Rs. 1,41,887 per hectare. The overall BCR for jaggery making in Andhra Pradesh was 1.26. Highest BCR was noticed (1.38) in Rayalaseema Region followed by Coastal Region (1.37) and North Coastal Region (1.03). Regarding the sugarcane cultivation, “non-availability of labour” and “day by day increase in labour wages” were the major constraints. Similarly, “lack of support from government” and “lack of technical knowledge” were the problems pertaining to jaggery making. The major marketing constraints were “lack of remunerative price for jaggery” and “more middlemen involvement”. A suitable strategy was designed with four broad perspectives viz., Consumer’s perspective, Farmer’s perspective, Research and Development perspective and Administrative perspective. Consumer’s perspective was projected with strategies like “creating awareness on jaggery among the consumers”, “Public Distribution System” and “product range and branding”. Under Farmer’s perspective, the components like “capacity building”, “attracting youth” and “Farmers organizations/groups” were depicted. Similarly, Research and Development perspective was viewed with “mechanization”, “production of quality sugarcane” and “product range and quality of jaggery”. Administrative perspective includes “linkages”, “recognition under MSME” and “subsidies & incentives”.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    A STUDY ON IMPACT OF MAHATMA GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEME IN SRIKAKULAM DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2016) ARCHANA, K; RAMBABU, P
    The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) aims at enhancing the livelihood security of the people in rural areas by guaranteeing hundred days of wage employment in a financial year to a household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act was notified on 7th September, 2005. The Act came into force on February, 2006 and was implemented in a phased manner. In phase-I, it was introduced in 200 most backward districts of the country on 2nd February, 2006 and implemented in additional 130 districts in phase-II on 1st April, 2007. To bring the whole nation under its safety net and keeping in view of the demand the Act was extended to the remaining 285 districts of India on 1st April, 2008 in phase-III. An ex-post facto research design was followed to study the impact of MGNREGS in Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh. The study was conducted in Andhra Pradesh state during 2014-15. Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh was purposively selected based on criteria of maximum employment generation. Out of 40 mandals, three mandals and four villages from each mandal were selected for the study. Ten respondents were selected from each village by following random sampling procedure thus making 120 respondents constituted the sample of the study. Data was collected by pre-testing followed by personal interview method. For the purpose of statistical analysis of the coded data, various tools were used; Frequency (F), Percentage (%), Z- test, Arithmetic Mean (􀜺 􀴤 ), Standard Deviation (σ), Correlation co-efficient (r), Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), etc. The detailed analysis of profile characteristics indicated that majority of the MGNREGS beneficiaries were middle aged (70.84%), illiterate (25.00%) with medium size of the family (73.30%) and most of them were female (51.70%). Beneficiaries benefitted with 4-6 years of MGNREGS work experience (83.33%). They had high annual income (88.33%), high asset possession (89.17%), high socio-politico participation (80.80%) followed by medium sources of information (65.83%), high risk orientation (50.84%), medium level of aspiration (43.33%), medium economic motivation (40.00%) and medium achievement motivation (53.33%). The detailed analysis of the dependent variables indicated that majority (57.50%) of MGNREGS beneficiaries had medium knowledge followed by high (23.33%) and low knowledge (19.17%). Majority (55.83%) of MGNREGS beneficiaries experienced medium direct changes followed by more (31.67%) and less (12.50%) direct changes. Direct changes occurred due to implementation of MGNREGS were increased employment generation, increased number of employed persons in the family, increased daily working hours, increased daily wage rates, increased income generation, increased community and individual assets creation and reduced migration of people. About 44.16 per cent of MGNREGS beneficiaries experienced medium indirect changes followed by more (35.00%) and less (20.84%) indirect changes. Indirect changes occurred due to implementation of MGNREGS were empowerment of the people, personal and family security, food security, conservation of natural resources and strengthened democracy. Out of thirteen selected independent variables nine of them i.e. age, education, size of family, experience and number of years benefitted, sociopolitico participation, sources of information, risk orientation, economic motivation and achievement motivation showed significant relation with extent of knowledge of MGNREGS beneficiaries. Remaining variables such as gender, annual income, and possession of assets and level of aspiration did not show any significant relationship with extent of knowledge. The Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) analysis indicated that all the thirteen variables put together explained 86.26 per cent of variance in the extent of knowledge of beneficiaries on the MGNREGS activities, remaining 13.74 per cent due to the extraneous factors. Out of thirteen selected independent variables seven of them i.e. education, size of family, experience and number of years benefitted, sociopolitico participation, risk orientation, economic motivation and achievement motivation showed significant relation with direct changes experienced by MGNREGS beneficiaries. Remaining variables such as age, gender, annual income, and possession of assets, sources of information and level of aspiration did not show any significant relationship with direct changes experienced by MGNREGS beneficiaries. The Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) analysis indicated that all the thirteen variables put together explained 88.34 per cent of variance in the direct changes experienced by MGNREGS beneficiaries, remaining 11.66 per cent due to the extraneous factors. Out of thirteen selected independent variables eight of them i.e. education, experience and number of years benefitted, annual income, sociopolitico participation, sources of information, risk orientation, economic motivation and achievement motivation showed significant relation with indirect changes experienced by MGNREGS beneficiaries. Remaining variables like age, size of the family, gender, possession of assets and level of aspiration did not show any significant relationship with indirect changes. The Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) analysis indicated that all the thirteen variables put together explained 85.63 per cent of variance in the indirect changes experienced by MGNREGS beneficiaries, remaining 14.37 per cent due to the extraneous factors. The operational problems perceived by majority of selected MGNREGS beneficiaries were late payment of wages, non-payment of wages in the form of grains, non- provision of 100 days work, long distances of work sites, delay in allotment of work and non-payment of 10% extra wages for works outside the 5km. radius. Suggestions given to overcome operational problems perceived by majority of MGNREGS beneficiaries were timely payment of wages followed by payment of wages in the form of both cash and grains, fulfilment of 100 days employment guarantee, provision of works through Gram Panchayat nearer to the residence, timely allotment of works and payment of extra wages for long distance work sites. Operational problems perceived by the People’s Representatives were illiteracy of the people, absence of Village Monitoring Committee, lack of cooperation and conflicts between groups of people, allocation of less number of works through Gram Panchayat, limited work activities to be under taken in MGNREGS which may not be available at the village level, inability to ensure 100 days employment guarantee, diversion of MGNREGS fund for other works by mandal authorities, lack of trained technical staff at village level and corruption at mandal and district levels. Suggestions given by People’s Representatives were organisation of literacy programmes like “Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan” at village level, obtaining people’s co-operation in solving the conflicts among them through Gram Sabha, setting up of Village Monitoring Committee for better supervision, allocation of more than 50 per cent of works through Gram Panchayat, introduction of ‘Wage Subsidy’ to the farming community by applying MGNREGS workforce, enhancing minimum limit of 14 days and maximum limit of 100 days employment guarantee to higher side, appointment of trained technical staff at village level on permanent basis and timely supervision at mandal and district levels. Operational problems perceived by officials at various levels were illiteracy of the people, non- availability of staff on contract basis, non availability of funds in time, more and weak documentation, delay in payment of wages to the workers, lack of timely training and under payment of salaries to MGNREGS staff, lack of co-operation from people’s groups and social organisations and lack of technical facilities. Suggestions given by officials were organisation of literacy programmes like “Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan” at village level, appointment of adequate trained staff on permanent basis, timely allocation of sufficient funds, synchronization of related documents, timely training to the staff in accordance with their needs, extending the 4 per cent limit of administrative cost, organisation of weekly Gram Sabha, appointment of separate MGNREGS staff at village level for 20-25 villages, opening of postal accounts of those who are on work instead of all registered families and provision of technical facilities.