Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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Open Access
STUDIES ON RICE PRODUCTIVITY UNDER MODIFIED SRI IN THE FIELDS OF CHITTOOR DISTRICT
(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2015) NAGA JYOTHI, M; Dr. M.V. RAMANA
Field experiments were conducted for assessing productivity in rabi under modified SRI in the fields of Chittoor District. The investigations comprised of two sets of field experiments conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Perumallapalli. In both the experiments, the test variety was BPT 5204. Experiments were designed with RBD with four replications. The treatments comprised of combination of 10 different nursery bedding materials and five intra row spacing planting patterns. The water applied was also documented for estimating water use efficiency (WUE). The highest PH value was found in with rice husk as nursery bedding material as 7.9 followed by groundnutshell (7.8) and highest EC was found with groundnutshell (GS) as 5.1ds/m, whereas lowest EC was recorded in rice husk (RH) as 0.95ds/m. However, the highest N value was found in groundnut shell as 1.7% followed by FYM (1.42%), whereas the lowest N value was recorded for rice husk as 0.48%. Vermicompost (0.72%) followed by groundnutshell (0.48%) and rice straw (0.26%) were considered to have the highest and lowest P values. Similarly, 1.9% and 0.48% were recorded as the highest and lowest K values for rice straw and rice husk respectively. Finally it is concluded that using the entire nursery bedding materials and it is not only conserves the soil but also adds nutrients to the soil and leads to reduction in the requirement of fertilizers and so these materials were mixed with soil in different combinations and used for rising nursery. It is also concluded that transplanting of seedlings from younger stage provides sufficient nutrients for vegetative growth and also for reproductive phase which ultimately leads to increased plant height. Highest and lowest numbers of tillers were found to be 6.75 and 5.00 at 15 DAT in T10 and T2 respectively. Similarly, 14.50 in T8 and 9.50 in T2 at 30 DAT and 36.75 in T3 and 23.75 in T10 at 60 DAT were considered to be the highest and lowest number of tillers respectively. Highest panicle length was observed in T9 as 20.90cm where as the lowest panicle length was observed in T1 and T3 as 19.37cm. in T2 and T10, 39.45 and 20.80 were considered to be the highest and lowest number of productive tillers. Similarly, number of unproductive tillers i.e., 3.62 in T6 and 2.37 in T1 and T7 as the highest and lowest values were observed. Filled grains and unfilled grains also had the highest and lowest values i.e 186.58 in T2 and 144.53 in T6 and 24.32 in T5 and 10.90 in T8 respectively. Finally, highest and lowest values for total grains were found to be 200.45 and 158.27 in T4 and T6 respectively. Finally, it has been concluded that spacing and nutrients available in different bedding materials helps the plants to grow healthy, which has more number of tillers and increases the yield. Highest grain yield 4858.54 kg/ha in T8 and lowest grain yield, 2212.60kg/ha in T6 were observed. Similarly, 5081kg/ha and 2380 kg/ha in T1 and T6 were considered to be the highest and lowest values for straw yield. T8 and T6 possessed the highest and lowest thousand grain weight values as 13.86 gm and 10.58 gm respectively. In transplanting experiment, panicle length, filled grains and root length possessed the highest and lowest values in different treatments i.e 20.77 cm and 19.59 cm in T3 and T1,25.31 and 153.79 in T4 and T5 and 11.96 cm and 9.17 cm in T3 and T5 respectively. In the same way, highest and lowest grain yield were observed in T3 and T5 as 7267.50 kg/ha and 5831.00 kg/ha respectively. Straw yield was highest in T4 and lowest in T5 and had the values of 8872.50 kg/ha and 6332.50 kg/ha respectively.13.88gm and 11.34 gm were recorded as the highest and lowest thousand grain weight values were in T3 and T5. Higher water use efficiency (5.69kg/ha-mm) was recorded in mechanized paddy crop compared to conventional method i.e., (2.31 kg/ha-mm). It was also observed the increase in the water use efficiency as (3.38 kg/ha-mm) and concluded that higher yield (15.78%), high water use efficiency (57%) and reduced water consumption (49.48%) were possible through machine transplanted rice production system. Human labour is one of the most critical components in rice production system and also a major cost influencing factor of any crop cultivation. The total labour requirements for mechanised and conventional paddy production were 26 man days and 85 man days per hectare respectively. The total variable costs per hectare mechanised paddy and conventional paddy were Rs 39755/- and Rs 41580/- respectively. On an average, the yield advantage of 4.75 quintals per hectare was observed in mechanised compared to conventional paddy. The higher productivity on mechanised paddy farms were relatively better and timely management practices (like young seedling transplantation, aerated field with more row space and mechanical weeding) were followed. The by products from the mechanised and conventional fields were 2.5 and 2 tonnes respectively. Mechanised paddy farmers were able to secure a net income Rs 1.81/- per every rupee of expenditure. While, the convectional paddy farmers realised Rs 1.42/-. Key Words: MSRI, Growth Parameters, Yield Parameters, Economics
Open Access
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF LOW COST MICROCONTROLLER USED IN AUTOMATED DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM
(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2015) GOWTHAM DEEKSHITHULU, N.V.; Dr. G. RAVI BABU
This chapter deals with the development of low cost microcontroller based automated soil moisture sensor and results of experimental observations that have been carried out, analyzed and discussed in relation to the sweet corn crop and watermelon crop under different irrigation systems as single row, paired row and flood with different row to row spacings and methods of irrigation applied. The yield response, moisture content computed using computer surfer, moisture distribution, wetting pattern in the soil, crop water requirement computed in CROPWAT and water use efficiency are mainly discussed. 4
Open Access
WATERSHED MODELLING ON VARIABILITY OF RUNOFF AND GROUND WATER POTENTIALS
(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2015) RAKESH, G; Er. I. BHASKARA RAO
Water resources of a country constitute one of its vital assets. India receives annual precipitation of about 4000 km3 and India’s average annual surface run-off generated by rainfall and snowmelt is estimated to be about 1869 billion cubic meters (BCM) (Chatterjee, 2014). However, it is estimated that only about 690 BCM or 37% of the surface water resources can actually be mobilized. The average annual rainfall in India is about 1170 mm. This is considerable variation in rainfall both temporarily and spatially. Possible changes in rainfall patterns in the coming decade, global warming and climate change and other predicted or observed long-term trends on water availability could affect India’s water resources. India’s rechargeable annual groundwater potential has been assessed at around 431 BCM in aggregate terms. On an all India basis it is estimated that about 30 per cent of the groundwater potential has been tapped for irrigation and domestic use. The regional situation is very much different and large parts of India have already exploited almost all of their dynamic recharge. Haryana and Punjab have exploited about 94 per cent of their groundwater resources. The total water resources (surface water and groundwater) of Andhra Pradesh are estimated to be about 108 BCM (about 78 BCM from surface water, primarily from the Godavari and Krishna rivers), of which nearly 65 BCM are currently utilized (0.6 BCM for drinking, 64 BCM for irrigation, 0.3 BCM for industry and 0.3 BCM for power generation) (Rakesh et al., 2005). Most of the water (about 92%) is currently supplied for irrigation, although other needs are expected to grow in the future. The current trends of increase in water supply from all users will outstrip available supplies significantly by 2025.
Open Access
STUDIES ON MOLE DRAINAGE TECHNOLOGY IN WATERLOGGED BLACK SOILS
(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2015) KARUNYA, M; Dr. H. V. HEMA KUMAR
As the conventional drainage measures require huge capital investment and requires lot of integrity among farmers in terms of maintenance too, it is felt that the mole plough drainage technology if could be popularized in the waterlogged sugarcane fields, could be easily adapted by the farmers without disturbing the natural recourses with proper ecological, economical disturbance. Further the mole plough could be easily fabricated by among village artisans. Major agricultural fields of some of the coastal districts namely Guntur, Prakasam, Krishna, East Godavari and West Godavari of Andhra Pradesh (A.P) suffers with waterlogging and salinity problems. Under the close supervision and guidance of the subject matter experts of Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, a network of drainage systems, namely open, mole and subsurface drainage (SSD) systems were installed in farmers’ fields of Kapileswarapuram, East Godavari with the support of M/s Sarvaraya sugars PVT Limited, Chelluru, East Godavari District to benefit the farming community in terms of recommending better drainage system and better crop variety in their waterlogged fields. The average SEW30 index was found to be 2068 cm days in the study area necessitating reclamation measures of drainage nearby Peddakaluva fields. The soil samples and water samples EC with in the safe limit only i.e 0.55dS/m indicates that the study area is not prone to salinity problem. The extent of nitrogen traces are considerable i.e.in the tune of 614 ppm in leachates (N, P and K) when compared to phosphorous and potassium which are far within the limits in the drainage effluent immediately after application of fertilizers. Exponential equations were fitted for drain discharge (q)-depth to water table (d) with elapsed time for all the spacing and depth combinations under mole drainage which is useful in controlling the discharge through the system to control the water table. Two varieties of sugarcane CO7805 and 2000V46 were planted in study area and out of which 2000V46 variety gave higher yields compared to the other one. Among all drainage systems mole drainage system with 2000V46 gave higher yield of 64 t/ha followed by open drainage system. The yields under subsurface drainage plot were found not satisfactory because of less pumpage from the collection sump by the field staff in view of operational constraints connected with adjoining paddy growers. The benefit cost ratio was worked out to be 1.3 for the mole drainage system considering sugar cane crop based on the first year yield results itself which is expected to increase in the subsequent years.
Open Access
EFFECT OF IRRIGATION WITH SALINE WATER ON OKRA [Abelmoschus Esculentus (L.) Moench] UNDER DRIP SYSTEM
(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2015) ARULSELVI, A; Er. R. GANESH BABU
A field experiment “Effect of irrigation with saline water on okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus (L). Moench) under drip system” was conducted at College of Agricultural Engineering, Bapatla during 2015. The experiment was laid out in Split plot design with 4 main treatments and 3 sub treatments replicated thrice. The treatment comprised of M1S1- Fresh water(0.42 dS m-1) +100 % CWR; M1S2- Fresh water(0.42 dS m-1) + 80% CWR; M1S3- Fresh water (0.42 dS m-1) +60% CWR; M2S1-Saline water (2 dS m-1+100% CWR); M2S2-Saline water (2 dS m-1+80% CWR);, M2S3-Saline water (2 dS m-1+60% CWR);, M3S1-Saline water (4 dS m-1+100% CWR); M3S2-Saline water (4 dS m-1+80% CWR); M3S3-Saline water (4 dS m-1+60% CWR); M4S1-Saline water (6 dS m-1+100% CWR); M4S2-Saline water (2 dS m-1+80% CWR) and M4S3-Saline water (6 dS m-1+60% CWR). The influence of main treatments on physical and chemical properties of soil was determined by standard procedures. The crop water requirement of the okra was calculated as 460.4 mm using CROPWAT model developed by FAO. The climate data of previous year in the experimental area was considered for CWR estimation. The moisture distribution and salt distribution were studied before and after the experiment in the experimental area. It was concluded from the soil moisture distribution study that the water retention in the soil upper layer was increased with increase in salinity of irrigation water applied and salt accumulation was increased with increase in depth in all the treatment plot irrigated with saline water. The hydraulic performance of drip irrigation system was evaluated and it was found that significant effect on emission uniformity of the system was because of saline water. The yield and yield parameters were analyzed and it was found that the significant effect of saline water is found on yield and yield parameters because of both salinity and irrigation quantity. The highest yield was recorded in the treatment irrigated with fresh water at 100 % of CWR as 6.35 t ha-1 and the lowest yield was recorded in the treatment irrigated with saline water of 6 dS m-1 at 60 % of CWR as 2.08 t ha-1. The significant increase in yield of 17.4 % was observed under drip system as compared to the control treatment irrigated by conventional irrigation practice. The threshold salinity level of irrigation water using drip irrigation method in sandy soil to get 90 %, 75 % and 50 % yields of okra are 1.68 dS m-1, 3.04 dS m-1 and 5.04 dS m-1. The influence of various treatments on water use efficiency was analyzed and it was found that the highest water use efficiency was achieved by the treatment irrigated with fresh water at 60 % of CWR. Considerable amount of water saving was achieved by the crop irrigated with 60 % of CWR under drip system. Keywords: Crop water requirement, saline water irrigation, water use efficiency and leaching requirement
Open Access
ESTIMATION OF CROP WATER REQUIREMENT OF GLADIOLUS (GLADIOLUS GRANDIFLORA L. NEES) UNDER DIFFERENT FIELD CONDITIONS
(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2015) KALYANA SRINIVAS, D; Dr. G. CHANDRAMOULI
Irrigation is a costly and scarce input in agricultural and plays an important role in increasing food production. It is important that the water requirements of crops are known at different management levels within the irrigated area to accomplish effective irrigation management. In order to apply irrigation water efficiently, the water requirement of the crops are to be estimated accurately. Agriculture being the major water consumer in the ambit of multiple uses of water resources, it emphasizes better knowledge on crop water requirement, planning and scheduling of crops with the internationally accepted state of art of predicting models. When supplied unchecked, every consumer, either a farmer or an industrialist or a domestic users, is tempted to use more water, for no extra gain. In most of the irrigation canals, the farmer in the upper reach of the canals over use the irrigation water leaving the tail end farmers starve for water. In the past, due to non availability of sufficient quantities of water in reservoirs canal water was supplied at much lesser rates than normal rate. Inspite of that, the farmer got good yields of previous years this raised question that whether the farmer has been applying more than the required irrigation water or the estimation of crop water requirements was incorrect. Unscientific and injudicious application water in considerable parts of the canals commands in the state of Andhra Pradesh has also resulted in rise of water table and development of salinity. In order to avoid excess irrigation, there is a need to estimate the crop water requirement accurately and compare them with the actual amounts of water applied in the field. Several computer models are now available to estimate the crop water requirements like CROPWAT, CRIWAR etc. Hence a study was conducted at Precession Farming Development Centre, Agricultural College Farm, ANGRAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. In the present study, the CROPWAT model was used to estimate crop water requirements of Gladiolus in three different field conditions. The methodology consisted of the following main steps; data collection, estimation of water requirements, irrigation scheduling and evaluation of the modeling results. In first step of work, weather parameters were collected on a daily basis. The data of air temperature, humidity, wind speed, solar radiation and precipitation were collected. The data was used for the calculation of reference evapotranspiration using Penman-Monteith equation. Other agronomic parameters acquired during the field work to the study area included the soil characteristics (texture and depth), the period and length of growing season, water use per crop, water availability, irrigation system and its efficiency, the other data of crop productivity under specific input of water and crop coefficient data were collected. The next step of work was the estimation of crop water requirements and irrigation requirements of this crop on a weekly/monthly basis. This analysis was done by using CROPWAT model. This analysis was done by using CROPWAT and model for the actual cropping pattern for gladiolus in the different field conditions. Crop water requirement and irrigation scheduling plan was prepared by average meteorological data and vegetative characters and floral characters are also prepared for three filed conditions. The crop water production function related to yield proposed in the present study. It considers the applied water, crop evapotranspiration and crop yield. Water Production Function was developed for three different conditions by fitting the data into 6 different well established mathematical functions. Crop Water Requirement (CWR) and Gross Irrigation Requirement (GIR) were effectively calculated using Penman-Monteith method using CROPWAT simulation programme and could be adopted for large scale implementation under large field conditions. Crop Water Requirement (CWR) under different field conditions, open condition was estimated to be ranging from 201.8 – 219.8 mm/season, shade net estimated to be ranging from 197.4 – 312.2 mm/season and polyhouse estimated to be ranging from 202.7 – 310 mm/season. To match the irrigation supply vs demand, irrigation water measurements should be made. Study on influence of planting dates on growth and yield post harvest keeping quality in different gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) Different growing conditions were undertaken at Precision farming development center (PFDC), Agricultural college farm, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The experiment was laid out in Factorial randomized block design. Highest spike yield was produced by open condition on September 1st and lowest spike yield was produced by polyhouse on October 1st. Study on crop water production function related to yield. WPFs were developed for each experiment by fitting the data into 6 different well established mathematical functions. Among all the six different mathematical functions, best-fit function is third order polynomial based on the maximum value of coefficient of correlation “R2=1”. From this study it is clear that efficient water management becomes crucial and critical in normal or deficit rainfall years. The informal means of ‘adjusting’ irrigation water in such years, at field level, was not scientifically documented or explained. The method adopted in this study provides the solution which is scientific and at the same time practical.

Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

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