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Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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2013 - 20158
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Subject: Soil and Water Engineering × End date: 2019 × Start date: 2000 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CONJUCTIVE USE PLANNING OF SURFACE AND GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF A DISTRIBUTORY IN KRISHNA WESTERN DELTA
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2014) KISHAN, K; Dr. H.V. HEMA KUMAR
    Agriculture sector in Andhra Pradesh uses more than 95% of harnessed water resources. Conjunctive water management is the coordinated use of available surface water and groundwater supplies to meet water demands and increase water supply reliability. Development of a conjunctive management plan is complex and includes consideration of surface water and groundwater hydrology, water demand characteristics, water quality, surface and underground storage capacities, conveyance capacity, capital and operation & maintenance costs, and organization capabilities. During wet years, when more surface water is available, surface water is to be stored underground by recharging the aquifers with surplus surface water. Modernization of existing irrigation projects and construction of new projects have been taken up on massive scale in Andhra Pradesh with a huge financial outlay of Rs. 1.86 lakh crores (Rao, 2007). While planning conjunctive use of water resources of any region, it is necessary to accurately estimate demands of different sectors, more importantly the crop water demands, availability of surface and ground water. It is reported that more than 80% of the water resource potential created in India goes for irrigating agricultural lands and the overall water use efficiencies are as low as 30% in some of the irrigation projects. Hence there is ample scope for utilization of groundwater in the delta provided, if it is blended with available surface water to achieve an acceptable quality primarily for agricultural use. Hence an off take command of commamur canal of KWD by name Tungabhadra Side Channel is chosen for the present research to fulfill the following proposed objectives. i) Mapping of type and number of wells present and estimation of annual pumping volumes ii) Estimation of Irrigation water requirements at distributory level by considering crop water requirements and effective rainfall.iii) To prepare conjunctive use plans for effective management of surface and ground water resources. The components of the conjunctive use model includes; determination of reference evapotranspiration, effective rainfall from meteorological and rainfall data, estimation of crop water requirement from soil plant data, canal water availability from canal release data, groundwater availability from groundwater data, groundwater balance, crop benefits and a linear programming model for conjunctive use optimization. The model was tested by taking an irrigation command as a study area, where groundwater utilization was hitherto neglected despite District Ground Water Board recommendations. A minimum distance 400 to 500m is found between two irrigation wells in the canal command. There is wide scope for exploration of ground water resources which in accordance with Central Ground Water Board’s recommendations. The water table is very close to the ground during September to January months. The maximum drawdown is found to be 4.5 m during 2005 and in July month. The total irrigation water requirement of paddy, maize, blackgram and chilli crops as calculated by CROPWAT are 274.3 mm, 343.8mm, 238.4mm and 388.7 mm respectively. But in practice, the water applied to the crop will be more than the actual irrigation water requirement. Hence for solving the linear programming model, to be more practical, the values of crop water requirements were taken in to consideration by ignoring the effective rainfall component. The crop water requirements for paddy, maize, blackgram and chilies were worked out to be 801.72mm, 639.77mm, 554mm, and 794mm respectively. By adding nursery and land preparation to the crop water requirement along with application losses, in practice, flooded paddy requires an amount of 1100 mm of water for its entire crop period. In the command, Dry Seeding and System of Rice Intensification (SRI) cultivation is being strongly recommended and many farmers are slowly getting attracted. Hence the water requirement for paddy is considered for the LP model as the crop water requirement value as obtained in the above Table which is in accordance with the average value of 800-900mm for paddy cultivation under SRI. The linear programming model was run for eight hypothetical scenarios, i) 100 % surface water + 100 % ground water ii) 100% surface water only iii) 90% surface +100% ground water iv) 90% surface water only v) 80% surface water + 100% ground water, vi) 80% surface water only vii) 70% surface water + 100 % ground water, viii) 70% surface water only were assumed for running the LP model. In all the scenarios, the model had neglected and given no area allocation for blackgram and maize crops satisfying the given constraints. Out of all the eight hypothetical scenarios assumed, it is found a reduction of 7%, 14.5% and 21% in net profit and area under production while using 90%, 80%, 70% of surface water respectively when conjunctively used with ground water in the command area as against first scenario (100% surface and 100% ground water). Out of all the eight hypothetical scenarios assumed, it is found a reduction of 35%, 44% and 50 % in net profit and area under production while using 90%, 80%, 70% of surface water resources alone, respectively as against the first scenario (100% surface and 100% ground water). This type of exercise would enable one to plan for crop shifts under extreme situations of reduction of canal flows.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON RICE PRODUCTIVITY UNDER MODIFIED SRI IN THE FIELDS OF CHITTOOR DISTRICT
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2015) NAGA JYOTHI, M; Dr. M.V. RAMANA
    Field experiments were conducted for assessing productivity in rabi under modified SRI in the fields of Chittoor District. The investigations comprised of two sets of field experiments conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Perumallapalli. In both the experiments, the test variety was BPT 5204. Experiments were designed with RBD with four replications. The treatments comprised of combination of 10 different nursery bedding materials and five intra row spacing planting patterns. The water applied was also documented for estimating water use efficiency (WUE). The highest PH value was found in with rice husk as nursery bedding material as 7.9 followed by groundnutshell (7.8) and highest EC was found with groundnutshell (GS) as 5.1ds/m, whereas lowest EC was recorded in rice husk (RH) as 0.95ds/m. However, the highest N value was found in groundnut shell as 1.7% followed by FYM (1.42%), whereas the lowest N value was recorded for rice husk as 0.48%. Vermicompost (0.72%) followed by groundnutshell (0.48%) and rice straw (0.26%) were considered to have the highest and lowest P values. Similarly, 1.9% and 0.48% were recorded as the highest and lowest K values for rice straw and rice husk respectively. Finally it is concluded that using the entire nursery bedding materials and it is not only conserves the soil but also adds nutrients to the soil and leads to reduction in the requirement of fertilizers and so these materials were mixed with soil in different combinations and used for rising nursery. It is also concluded that transplanting of seedlings from younger stage provides sufficient nutrients for vegetative growth and also for reproductive phase which ultimately leads to increased plant height. Highest and lowest numbers of tillers were found to be 6.75 and 5.00 at 15 DAT in T10 and T2 respectively. Similarly, 14.50 in T8 and 9.50 in T2 at 30 DAT and 36.75 in T3 and 23.75 in T10 at 60 DAT were considered to be the highest and lowest number of tillers respectively. Highest panicle length was observed in T9 as 20.90cm where as the lowest panicle length was observed in T1 and T3 as 19.37cm. in T2 and T10, 39.45 and 20.80 were considered to be the highest and lowest number of productive tillers. Similarly, number of unproductive tillers i.e., 3.62 in T6 and 2.37 in T1 and T7 as the highest and lowest values were observed. Filled grains and unfilled grains also had the highest and lowest values i.e 186.58 in T2 and 144.53 in T6 and 24.32 in T5 and 10.90 in T8 respectively. Finally, highest and lowest values for total grains were found to be 200.45 and 158.27 in T4 and T6 respectively. Finally, it has been concluded that spacing and nutrients available in different bedding materials helps the plants to grow healthy, which has more number of tillers and increases the yield. Highest grain yield 4858.54 kg/ha in T8 and lowest grain yield, 2212.60kg/ha in T6 were observed. Similarly, 5081kg/ha and 2380 kg/ha in T1 and T6 were considered to be the highest and lowest values for straw yield. T8 and T6 possessed the highest and lowest thousand grain weight values as 13.86 gm and 10.58 gm respectively. In transplanting experiment, panicle length, filled grains and root length possessed the highest and lowest values in different treatments i.e 20.77 cm and 19.59 cm in T3 and T1,25.31 and 153.79 in T4 and T5 and 11.96 cm and 9.17 cm in T3 and T5 respectively. In the same way, highest and lowest grain yield were observed in T3 and T5 as 7267.50 kg/ha and 5831.00 kg/ha respectively. Straw yield was highest in T4 and lowest in T5 and had the values of 8872.50 kg/ha and 6332.50 kg/ha respectively.13.88gm and 11.34 gm were recorded as the highest and lowest thousand grain weight values were in T3 and T5. Higher water use efficiency (5.69kg/ha-mm) was recorded in mechanized paddy crop compared to conventional method i.e., (2.31 kg/ha-mm). It was also observed the increase in the water use efficiency as (3.38 kg/ha-mm) and concluded that higher yield (15.78%), high water use efficiency (57%) and reduced water consumption (49.48%) were possible through machine transplanted rice production system. Human labour is one of the most critical components in rice production system and also a major cost influencing factor of any crop cultivation. The total labour requirements for mechanised and conventional paddy production were 26 man days and 85 man days per hectare respectively. The total variable costs per hectare mechanised paddy and conventional paddy were Rs 39755/- and Rs 41580/- respectively. On an average, the yield advantage of 4.75 quintals per hectare was observed in mechanised compared to conventional paddy. The higher productivity on mechanised paddy farms were relatively better and timely management practices (like young seedling transplantation, aerated field with more row space and mechanical weeding) were followed. The by products from the mechanised and conventional fields were 2.5 and 2 tonnes respectively. Mechanised paddy farmers were able to secure a net income Rs 1.81/- per every rupee of expenditure. While, the convectional paddy farmers realised Rs 1.42/-. Key Words: MSRI, Growth Parameters, Yield Parameters, Economics
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF LOW COST MICROCONTROLLER USED IN AUTOMATED DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2015) GOWTHAM DEEKSHITHULU, N.V.; Dr. G. RAVI BABU
    This chapter deals with the development of low cost microcontroller based automated soil moisture sensor and results of experimental observations that have been carried out, analyzed and discussed in relation to the sweet corn crop and watermelon crop under different irrigation systems as single row, paired row and flood with different row to row spacings and methods of irrigation applied. The yield response, moisture content computed using computer surfer, moisture distribution, wetting pattern in the soil, crop water requirement computed in CROPWAT and water use efficiency are mainly discussed. 4
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    WATERSHED MODELLING ON VARIABILITY OF RUNOFF AND GROUND WATER POTENTIALS
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2015) RAKESH, G; Er. I. BHASKARA RAO
    Water resources of a country constitute one of its vital assets. India receives annual precipitation of about 4000 km3 and India’s average annual surface run-off generated by rainfall and snowmelt is estimated to be about 1869 billion cubic meters (BCM) (Chatterjee, 2014). However, it is estimated that only about 690 BCM or 37% of the surface water resources can actually be mobilized. The average annual rainfall in India is about 1170 mm. This is considerable variation in rainfall both temporarily and spatially. Possible changes in rainfall patterns in the coming decade, global warming and climate change and other predicted or observed long-term trends on water availability could affect India’s water resources. India’s rechargeable annual groundwater potential has been assessed at around 431 BCM in aggregate terms. On an all India basis it is estimated that about 30 per cent of the groundwater potential has been tapped for irrigation and domestic use. The regional situation is very much different and large parts of India have already exploited almost all of their dynamic recharge. Haryana and Punjab have exploited about 94 per cent of their groundwater resources. The total water resources (surface water and groundwater) of Andhra Pradesh are estimated to be about 108 BCM (about 78 BCM from surface water, primarily from the Godavari and Krishna rivers), of which nearly 65 BCM are currently utilized (0.6 BCM for drinking, 64 BCM for irrigation, 0.3 BCM for industry and 0.3 BCM for power generation) (Rakesh et al., 2005). Most of the water (about 92%) is currently supplied for irrigation, although other needs are expected to grow in the future. The current trends of increase in water supply from all users will outstrip available supplies significantly by 2025.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON MOLE DRAINAGE TECHNOLOGY IN WATERLOGGED BLACK SOILS
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2015) KARUNYA, M; Dr. H. V. HEMA KUMAR
    As the conventional drainage measures require huge capital investment and requires lot of integrity among farmers in terms of maintenance too, it is felt that the mole plough drainage technology if could be popularized in the waterlogged sugarcane fields, could be easily adapted by the farmers without disturbing the natural recourses with proper ecological, economical disturbance. Further the mole plough could be easily fabricated by among village artisans. Major agricultural fields of some of the coastal districts namely Guntur, Prakasam, Krishna, East Godavari and West Godavari of Andhra Pradesh (A.P) suffers with waterlogging and salinity problems. Under the close supervision and guidance of the subject matter experts of Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, a network of drainage systems, namely open, mole and subsurface drainage (SSD) systems were installed in farmers’ fields of Kapileswarapuram, East Godavari with the support of M/s Sarvaraya sugars PVT Limited, Chelluru, East Godavari District to benefit the farming community in terms of recommending better drainage system and better crop variety in their waterlogged fields. The average SEW30 index was found to be 2068 cm days in the study area necessitating reclamation measures of drainage nearby Peddakaluva fields. The soil samples and water samples EC with in the safe limit only i.e 0.55dS/m indicates that the study area is not prone to salinity problem. The extent of nitrogen traces are considerable i.e.in the tune of 614 ppm in leachates (N, P and K) when compared to phosphorous and potassium which are far within the limits in the drainage effluent immediately after application of fertilizers. Exponential equations were fitted for drain discharge (q)-depth to water table (d) with elapsed time for all the spacing and depth combinations under mole drainage which is useful in controlling the discharge through the system to control the water table. Two varieties of sugarcane CO7805 and 2000V46 were planted in study area and out of which 2000V46 variety gave higher yields compared to the other one. Among all drainage systems mole drainage system with 2000V46 gave higher yield of 64 t/ha followed by open drainage system. The yields under subsurface drainage plot were found not satisfactory because of less pumpage from the collection sump by the field staff in view of operational constraints connected with adjoining paddy growers. The benefit cost ratio was worked out to be 1.3 for the mole drainage system considering sugar cane crop based on the first year yield results itself which is expected to increase in the subsequent years.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF IRRIGATION WITH SALINE WATER ON OKRA [Abelmoschus Esculentus (L.) Moench] UNDER DRIP SYSTEM
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2015) ARULSELVI, A; Er. R. GANESH BABU
    A field experiment “Effect of irrigation with saline water on okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus (L). Moench) under drip system” was conducted at College of Agricultural Engineering, Bapatla during 2015. The experiment was laid out in Split plot design with 4 main treatments and 3 sub treatments replicated thrice. The treatment comprised of M1S1- Fresh water(0.42 dS m-1) +100 % CWR; M1S2- Fresh water(0.42 dS m-1) + 80% CWR; M1S3- Fresh water (0.42 dS m-1) +60% CWR; M2S1-Saline water (2 dS m-1+100% CWR); M2S2-Saline water (2 dS m-1+80% CWR);, M2S3-Saline water (2 dS m-1+60% CWR);, M3S1-Saline water (4 dS m-1+100% CWR); M3S2-Saline water (4 dS m-1+80% CWR); M3S3-Saline water (4 dS m-1+60% CWR); M4S1-Saline water (6 dS m-1+100% CWR); M4S2-Saline water (2 dS m-1+80% CWR) and M4S3-Saline water (6 dS m-1+60% CWR). The influence of main treatments on physical and chemical properties of soil was determined by standard procedures. The crop water requirement of the okra was calculated as 460.4 mm using CROPWAT model developed by FAO. The climate data of previous year in the experimental area was considered for CWR estimation. The moisture distribution and salt distribution were studied before and after the experiment in the experimental area. It was concluded from the soil moisture distribution study that the water retention in the soil upper layer was increased with increase in salinity of irrigation water applied and salt accumulation was increased with increase in depth in all the treatment plot irrigated with saline water. The hydraulic performance of drip irrigation system was evaluated and it was found that significant effect on emission uniformity of the system was because of saline water. The yield and yield parameters were analyzed and it was found that the significant effect of saline water is found on yield and yield parameters because of both salinity and irrigation quantity. The highest yield was recorded in the treatment irrigated with fresh water at 100 % of CWR as 6.35 t ha-1 and the lowest yield was recorded in the treatment irrigated with saline water of 6 dS m-1 at 60 % of CWR as 2.08 t ha-1. The significant increase in yield of 17.4 % was observed under drip system as compared to the control treatment irrigated by conventional irrigation practice. The threshold salinity level of irrigation water using drip irrigation method in sandy soil to get 90 %, 75 % and 50 % yields of okra are 1.68 dS m-1, 3.04 dS m-1 and 5.04 dS m-1. The influence of various treatments on water use efficiency was analyzed and it was found that the highest water use efficiency was achieved by the treatment irrigated with fresh water at 60 % of CWR. Considerable amount of water saving was achieved by the crop irrigated with 60 % of CWR under drip system. Keywords: Crop water requirement, saline water irrigation, water use efficiency and leaching requirement
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ESTIMATION OF CROP WATER REQUIREMENT OF GLADIOLUS (GLADIOLUS GRANDIFLORA L. NEES) UNDER DIFFERENT FIELD CONDITIONS
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2015) KALYANA SRINIVAS, D; Dr. G. CHANDRAMOULI
    Irrigation is a costly and scarce input in agricultural and plays an important role in increasing food production. It is important that the water requirements of crops are known at different management levels within the irrigated area to accomplish effective irrigation management. In order to apply irrigation water efficiently, the water requirement of the crops are to be estimated accurately. Agriculture being the major water consumer in the ambit of multiple uses of water resources, it emphasizes better knowledge on crop water requirement, planning and scheduling of crops with the internationally accepted state of art of predicting models. When supplied unchecked, every consumer, either a farmer or an industrialist or a domestic users, is tempted to use more water, for no extra gain. In most of the irrigation canals, the farmer in the upper reach of the canals over use the irrigation water leaving the tail end farmers starve for water. In the past, due to non availability of sufficient quantities of water in reservoirs canal water was supplied at much lesser rates than normal rate. Inspite of that, the farmer got good yields of previous years this raised question that whether the farmer has been applying more than the required irrigation water or the estimation of crop water requirements was incorrect. Unscientific and injudicious application water in considerable parts of the canals commands in the state of Andhra Pradesh has also resulted in rise of water table and development of salinity. In order to avoid excess irrigation, there is a need to estimate the crop water requirement accurately and compare them with the actual amounts of water applied in the field. Several computer models are now available to estimate the crop water requirements like CROPWAT, CRIWAR etc. Hence a study was conducted at Precession Farming Development Centre, Agricultural College Farm, ANGRAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. In the present study, the CROPWAT model was used to estimate crop water requirements of Gladiolus in three different field conditions. The methodology consisted of the following main steps; data collection, estimation of water requirements, irrigation scheduling and evaluation of the modeling results. In first step of work, weather parameters were collected on a daily basis. The data of air temperature, humidity, wind speed, solar radiation and precipitation were collected. The data was used for the calculation of reference evapotranspiration using Penman-Monteith equation. Other agronomic parameters acquired during the field work to the study area included the soil characteristics (texture and depth), the period and length of growing season, water use per crop, water availability, irrigation system and its efficiency, the other data of crop productivity under specific input of water and crop coefficient data were collected. The next step of work was the estimation of crop water requirements and irrigation requirements of this crop on a weekly/monthly basis. This analysis was done by using CROPWAT model. This analysis was done by using CROPWAT and model for the actual cropping pattern for gladiolus in the different field conditions. Crop water requirement and irrigation scheduling plan was prepared by average meteorological data and vegetative characters and floral characters are also prepared for three filed conditions. The crop water production function related to yield proposed in the present study. It considers the applied water, crop evapotranspiration and crop yield. Water Production Function was developed for three different conditions by fitting the data into 6 different well established mathematical functions. Crop Water Requirement (CWR) and Gross Irrigation Requirement (GIR) were effectively calculated using Penman-Monteith method using CROPWAT simulation programme and could be adopted for large scale implementation under large field conditions. Crop Water Requirement (CWR) under different field conditions, open condition was estimated to be ranging from 201.8 – 219.8 mm/season, shade net estimated to be ranging from 197.4 – 312.2 mm/season and polyhouse estimated to be ranging from 202.7 – 310 mm/season. To match the irrigation supply vs demand, irrigation water measurements should be made. Study on influence of planting dates on growth and yield post harvest keeping quality in different gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) Different growing conditions were undertaken at Precision farming development center (PFDC), Agricultural college farm, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The experiment was laid out in Factorial randomized block design. Highest spike yield was produced by open condition on September 1st and lowest spike yield was produced by polyhouse on October 1st. Study on crop water production function related to yield. WPFs were developed for each experiment by fitting the data into 6 different well established mathematical functions. Among all the six different mathematical functions, best-fit function is third order polynomial based on the maximum value of coefficient of correlation “R2=1”. From this study it is clear that efficient water management becomes crucial and critical in normal or deficit rainfall years. The informal means of ‘adjusting’ irrigation water in such years, at field level, was not scientifically documented or explained. The method adopted in this study provides the solution which is scientific and at the same time practical.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SIMULATION OF GROUNDWATER TABLE FLUCTUATIONS IN KRISHNA WESTERN DELTA
    (ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2013) SRAVANTHI, A; SAMBAIAH, A
    In the present day context, the human right to water is indispensable for leading a healthy life. It is a pre-requisite to the realization of all other human rights. Water is a precious natural resource, a basic human need and a prime natural asset. The extent to which the water is plentiful or scarce, clean or polluted, beneficial or destructive profoundly influences the extent and equality of human life. The relentless increase in population and the resulting spurt in the demand for water, require careful planning and management of the limited water resources. Among various sources of water on the earth, shallow groundwater is a major natural resource and an integral part of the hydrological cycle. Groundwater represents one of the most important water sources in India and accounts for over 400 km3 of the annual utilizable resource in the country. Due to highly variable nature of the climate, groundwater has become a popular alternative for irrigation and domestic water use across India. The present study is focused on the ground watertable fluctuations of Krishna Western Delta. The Krishna Delta Irrigation system is one of the earliest major irrigation projects in Southern India. It consists of an ayacut on the river Krishna at the present Barrage site near Vijayawada, Krishna District. The objective of the presented study is to investigate the overall status of the fluctuations of groundwater level and to evaluate the possibility to use modelling for simulation of groundwater level for prediction of the future scenarios and to delineation of the rate of growth of waterlogged areas. The Krishna Western Delta being a canal irrigated region, it’s vulnerability to the vagaries of the monsoon has been detrimental to the crop production activity, which can be combated by exploring and safe exploitation of groundwater from the aquifers. Before plan for such conjunctive use of surface and groundwater resources, it is essential to conduct the complete groundwater balancing with more scientific approach and simulate various scenarios of recharge and draft on the behaviour of the watertable fluctuations. This study will help establishing a safe groundwater draft and groundwater recharge strategies for the future. The regional groundwater balance approach was used for the estimation of regional groundwater potential of the study area. To determine the actual utilizable ground water resource of Krishna western delta “A regional ground water recharge and balance” approach was used which included the inflow and outflow components also unlike CGWB waterbalance models. Simulation of a groundwater system refers to the construction and operation of a model whose behaviour assumes the appearance of the actual aquifer behaviour (James W. Mercer, 1980). Model used for this purpose can be a physical or electrical analog or mathematical. A mathematical model is simply a set of equations, which subject to certain assumptions, describes the physical process active in the aquifer. While the model itself obviously lacks the detailed reality of the ground water system, the behaviour of the valid model approximates that of the aquifer. These numerical or mathematical models are deterministic or stochastic in nature. The data collected will be processed and will be fed to the MODFLOW through descretization and solved for the simulation of groundwater table fluctuations. MODFLOW simulates the steady state and non- steady flow in the irregularly shaped flow system in which the aquifer layers can be confined or unconfined or a combination of confined and unconfined. Flow from the external stresses, such as flow to wells, areal recharge, evapotranspiration, flow to drains, and flow to river beds, can be simulated. Hydraulic conductivities or transmissivities for any layer may differ spatially and be anisotropic and the storage coefficients may be heterogeneous. The predicted and observed groundwater fluctuations will be compared. The future scenarios, if recharge is increased (flood) or decreased (drought), the impacts on groundwater resources of KWD will be studied. The results obtained will be used for identifying the waterlogged and potential areas for groundwater draft, through delineation of the same using MODFLOW and SURFER softwares. The groundwater balance study revealed that the Krishna Western Delta received 1,59,768.4 ha.m of rainfall and was given 7,23,760.4 ha.m of irrigation water both from surface and groundwater in the year 2011. Out of these, 1,92,064.88 ha.m goes away as crop evapotranspiration, 1,59,233.58 ha.m as evapotranspiration from uncultivated land, 4,578.68 ha.m from forest land and 1388.70 ha.m as ground water draft. The total surface runoff that goes out of the KWD into the drains was estimated to be 33,427.46 ha.m. The aquifers of KWD received 40388 ha.m of canal seepage in the year 2011 and 33,059.06 ha.m seepage from the tanks. From KWD, the monthly net groundwater recharges for the year 2011 were estimated and found ranging between -14,807 ha.m and – 15,509 ha.m (negative recharge) in May and June months respectively and rest of the months, the net ground water recharge found to range between 4,730 in April and 1,52,086 ha.m in the month of August. The total net ground water recharge in the year 2011 was estimated to be 6,95,024 ha.m. In this ground water balance study, it was estimated that in KWD, on average 14,392 wells can be operated with a safe well discharge 30m3/hr assuming 7 hr of pumping for a day. This needs to be established after thorough assessment of ground water quality in KWD for using the same for irrigation and consumption. It was found that the model MODFLOW predicted the groundwater table fluctuations during calibration (2005-2007) in close agreement with the observed ground water table fluctuations when hydraulic conductivity was reduced by 20% and specific yield was increased by 10%. The Percent Error for the pre-monsoon calibration was found between 0.12 to 0.15 and 0.08 to 0.1 for post-monsoon periods. The iso-bath maps drawn for these periods also reveal the occurrence of groundwater table contours (b.g.l) found to be similar. The calibrated model MODFLOW was validated using the observed ground water table fluctuations of the years from 2008 to 2010. The statistical analysis of this validation of these model revealed the percentage error for prediction of pre monsoon periods is found ranging from 0.07 to 0.12 and 0.06 to 0.11 for post monsoon. The validated model was used for prediction of future scenarios of ground water table fluctuations in the increment of 1 year, 3 years and 5 years i.e., for the years 2011, 2012, 2015 and 2020. Sensitivity analysis was conducted by decreasing and increasing recharge component by 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% to study the sensitivity of the model to recharge. The model MODFLOW is found sensitive to recharge component with an index value ranging from 0.59 to 0.66 for 10, 30, 40 and 50% decrease of recharge and found very less sensitive to 20% decrease with an index of 0.25, from which it can be inferred that an initial decrease of 10% increment after initial 10% reduction did not cause much change in the process of aquifer recharge. The model MODFLOW was subjected to sensitivity analysis to increased recharge and found to have sensitivity index value ranging from 0.52 to 0.61, from which it can be inferred that the model is much sensitive to increased recharge in the process of aquifer recharge. The observed groundwater table fluctuation of years 2005 to 2011 and predicted groundwater table fluctuation of 2012, 2015 and 2020 used for delineation of water logged areas, reveal that the waterlogged area increased from 19,253.5 ha in the year 2005 to 47,842.1 ha in the year 2020 with an increase of about 150 %. The critical area increased from 17503.2 ha in 2005 to 26569.0 ha in 2020 with an increase of 52%. The potential area for water logging decreased from 106118.8 ha in 2005 to 58680.6 ha in 2020 by 45%, which might be due to conversion of potential area into critical and waterlogged area.