Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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Open Access
DYNAMICS OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS UNDER MAIZE - BLACKGRAM - GROUNDNUT CROPPING SEQUENCE IN RED LOAMY SOILS
(Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2024-05-23) BELLARY USHASRI; Dr. T. GIRIDHARA KRISHNA
A field experiment entitled “Dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorus under maize - blackgram - groundnut cropping sequence in red loamy soils” was conducted (2019-2020) at S.V. Agricultural College, wet land farm, Tirupati. The experimental soil was sandy loam in texture, slightly acidic in reaction, low in organic carbon and available nitrogen, high in available phosphorus, medium in available potassium. All the micro-nutrients (Mn, Zn and Cu) were above the critical limits, except Fe. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design and replicated thrice. Ten treatments viz., control, fertilizers applied at 50, 75 and 100% of the recommended dose (N240P80K80), N240 only, P80 only, FYM (@ 5 t ha-1) applied alone, and in combination with100%,75% and 50% recommended NPK were applied to maize. These treatments were compared with no-fertilizer and manure control. Blackgram was grown following maize without any fertilizer or manure application. It was allowed to grow till maturity, and after two pickings, the stover was incorporated into the soil. On the same field where blackgram was grown, each main plot treatment of RBD was split into three sub plot treatments with three levels of recommended dose of fertilizers viz., S1 (control), S2 (75% RDF) and S3 (50% RDF) resulting in ninety treatment combinations replicated three times in split plot design and groundnut grown as test crop in kharif. Application of organic manures and inorganic fertilizer showed the influence on physico-chemical properties of soil at harvest in maize, the highest organic carbon (0.56%), available nitrogen (110 kg ha-1) and phosphorus (35.1 kg ha-1) in soil were recorded with application of 100% RDF (T3) and this was on par with 100 % RDF+ FYM @ 5 t ha-1 (T8) and 75 % RDF + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 (T9) in case of organic carbon and phosphorus. Among subplots, S2 is significantly superior over S3 and S1 pertaining to available nitrogen (112 kg ha-1) and phosphorus (24.0 kg ha-1). The highest blackgram haulm yield was obtained in the treatment T3 (6472 kg ha-1) where 100% RDF was added to maize. The higher N, P and K uptake of blackgram at flowering was registered by T9 (212, 71.3 and 214 kg ha-1 , respectively). xviii Among the treatments applied to maize T8 (100 % RDF+ FYM @5 t ha-1) resulted in higher groundnut pod, haulm yield and total dry matter of 2426, 2363 and 4789 kg ha-1 respectively. While S2 (75% of recommended dose for groundnut) recorded the highest pod, haulm yield of 2256 and 2443 kg ha-1 and total dry matter of 4699 kg ha-1 and it was superior to the S3 and Sl . The highest available N, NH4-N and NO3-N content of 131, 17.2 and 38.5 mg kg-1 soil were maintained under the treatment T3, where optimum dose of NPK was applied. The values of total, available, NH4-N and NO3-N further decreased, T3 (100% RDF) recorded the highest as 110, 9.5 and 27.3 mg kg-1 at maize harvest. The treatments T6 (17.8 mg kg-1) and T3 (27.2 mg kg-l) showed substantial increase in the NH4-N and NO3-N content of the soil at 50 % flowering of groundnut and decreased at harvest. Among the organic N fractions viz., hydrolysable organic amino sugar N (ASN), amino acid N (AAN) and ammonia N (NHN) were significantly higher with application of 100 % RDF (T3), however, it was on par with that of application of 100% RDF + FYM @ 5 t ha−1 (T8), 75 % RDF + FYM @ 5 t ha−1 (T9), 75 % RDF (T4) and 100% N (T6) under all the crops throughout the cropping period. The subplot treatment S2 (75% of recommended dose) was superior to S3 and S1 in influencing the Olsen P content of the soil. These treatments also maintained higher values of the inorganic P fractions (LB - P, Al - P, Fe - P, RS- P, Occl - P and Ca - P). Among all, calcium bound P (Ca-P) was the most dominant P fraction in the experimental soil, comprising about 15-33% of the total inorganic P, next dominant fraction was the reductant soluble P (RSP), constituting 14 to 22% of inorganic P. Residual P content of the soil was highly variable, with values ranging from 4.5 to 36.5%. Total-N, available N, NH4-N and NO3-N content of the soil at silking stage of maize positively affected maize yield and N uptake at maturity. Organic N content of soil at maize harvest stage could significantly relate with grain yield and stover yield (r = 0.730*, 0.637*), grain, stover N uptake (r = 0.716*, 0.745*) and total N uptake (r = 0.753*). Particularly AAN, ASN and NHN hydrolysable N fractions positively influenced the maize yield, N uptake of grain and stover during all the stages. Among the hydrolysable N fractions AAN, ASN and NHN exhibited significant correlation with total yield and N uptake, at flowering stage (r values were 0.788** and 0.855**, respectively in case of AAN, 0.880**, 0.926** and 0.728*, 0.812**, respectively in case of ASN and NHN). Hyd.N fractions determined at flowering and harvest stages of groundnut influenced yield and N uptake, with UIN exhibiting negative values of 'r'. Inorganic P content of soil at silking stage of maize correlated significantly with total yield (r = 0.707*) and total P uptake (r = 0.772*). The total yield (r = 0.644*) and P uptake (r = 0.664*) by maize were found to be significantly correlated with LB-P fraction at the harvest. Phosphorus uptake by both grain and haulm was significantly influenced by all fractions except Res-P at flowering stage as well as before incorporation of blackgram. Both yield and P uptake by groundnut were direct functions of total, inorganic and Olsen P at before sowing, 50% flowering and at harvesting of groundnut. LB-P during all the growth stages of groundnut was found to influence both yield and P uptake. xix Ammonical-N (NH4-N), ASN and UIN contents of soil at silking stage of maize could explain the variation in maize yield to the extent of 63.1% and at the harvest stage, NO3-N fraction of soil inorganic N could predict the grain yield to the extent of 56.4 %. While pod yield of groundnut was predicted to an extent of 88.0% with the help of UIN, NH4-N, ASN, NO3-N and NH3 - N fractions of soil N. The soil inorganic fractions of P, viz., Org-P, LB-P, Al-P, RS-P and Occ-P determined before sowing of groundnut were found to explain the variability in pod and total yield at maturity to an extent of 98.8 and 98.1%.
Open Access
DETAILED SOIL RESOURCE INVENTORY OF VARATHURU WATERSHED IN CHITTOOR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS
(Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2024-05-23) G.P. LEELAVATHY; Dr. M.V.S. NAIDU
The present investigation entitled ''Detailed soil resource inventory of Varathuru watershed in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh using remote sensing and GIS'' involves study of twentyone (21) typical pedons for morphological, physical, physico-chemical and chemical properties in the Varathuru watershed. Inaddition, two hundred and fifty six (256) surface soil samples (0-15 cm) were collected with GPS coordinates and were analyzed for pH, EC, organic carbon, macronutrients (N, P2O5, K2O and S) and micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) and were mapped by using ArcGIS v 10.3. The study area was characterized by semiarid monsoon climate with distinct summer, winter and rainy seasons. The pedons occurs in plains (P7 and P8), very gently sloping (P1, P2, P5, P11, P14 and P18), gently sloping (P3, P4, P15 and P17), moderately sloping (P6, P9, P10, P12, P13 and P16), Very strongly sloping (P19 and P20) and moderately steep sloping (P21) topography. All the pedons in watershed were developed from granite-gneiss. The morphological features indicated the presence of AC/AR (P3, P15, P19 and P21), ABC (P1, P2, P5, P7, P8, P9, P11, P13, P14, P17, P18 and P20), A-AB/BA C (P4, P6, P10 and P16) and A-A/B-C (P12) profiles. The soils were shallow to deep in depth, dark reddish brown to light yellowish brown in colour, gravelly sandy loam to sandy clay loam in texture and exhibited single grain, granular and sub-angular blocky structures. The clay content in P3, P9, P12, P13, P16 and P20 exhibited an increasing trend with depth whereas no specific trend with depth was observed in the remaining xvii pedons. Physical constants like water holding capacity and volume expansion followed the trend of clay content. The soils of Varathuru watershed were slightly acidic to moderately alkaline (6.03 to 8.35) in reaction (pH), non-saline (0.02 to 0.40 dS m-1 ) and low to medium (0.04 to 0.74%) in organic carbon. The CaCO3 content was ranged from 0.60 to 8.68 per cent and ESP was low (0.39 to 10.80 %). The CEC values were ranged from 4.68 to 33.49 cmol (p+ ) kg-1 and the exchange complex was dominated by Ca2+ followed by Mg2+, Na+ and K+ . The Varathuru watershed soils were low (25.10 to 262.50 kg ha-1 ) in available nitrogen, low to high (8.91 to 94.05 kg P2O5 ha-1 soil) in available phosphorous and potassium (116.45 to 551.60 kg K2O ha-1 ) and deficient to sufficient (1.75 to 52.56 mg kg-1 ) in available sulphur. The soils were sufficient in DTPA extractable Cu and Mn and deficient to sufficient in DTPA extractable Zn and Fe. The mineralogy class for all these was mixed based on CEC / clay ratio. Based on the morphological, physical, physico-chemical, mineralogical and meteorological data, the soils were classified as Entisols, Inceptisols and Alfisols and these soils were further classified at family level as: Pedons 1, 4, 6, 7, 10, 12, 16 and 20 : Fine loamy, mixed, isohyperthermic, Typic Haplustepts Pedon 3 and 15 : Fine loamy, mixed, isohyperthermic, Typic Ustorthents Pedons 2, 5, 9, 11, 13, 14 and 18 : Fine loamy, mixed, isohyperthermic, Typic Hapustalfs Pedon 8 : Fine loamy, mixed, isohyperthermic, Ultic Haplustalfs Pedon 17 : Coarse loamy, mixed, isohyperthermic, Typic Haplustepts Pedons 19 and 21 : Skeletal, mixed, isohyperthermic, Typic Ustorthents Fifteen (15) soil mapping units at phase level were identified in Varathuru watershed and were mapped into ten (10) soil series. These ten soil series were classified into four land capability sub-classes such as IIIs (VRT3), IVs (VRT2, VRT5, VRT6 and VRT7), IVes (VRT1, VRT4 and VRT8) and VIIes (VRT9 and VRT10). Similarly, the soils of Varathuru watershed were grouped into four land irrigability sub-classes namely, 3s (VRT2 and VRT6), 4s (VRT1, VRT3, VRT4, VRT5, VRT7 and VRT8), 5s (VRT9) and 6s (VRT10). The soil series viz., VRT1, VRT4, VRT5 and VRT8 were moderately suitable (S2) for growing groundnut, redgram and sugarcane and not suitable (N) for growing rice crop whereas the soil series namely VRT2 was marginally suitable (S3) for xviii growing redgram and sugarcane and not suitable (N) for growing groundnut and rice crop. The soil series such as VRT3 was highly suitable (S1) for growing groundnut, moderately suitable (S2) for redgram and sugarcane and not suitable for rice crop. The soil series namely VRT6 was moderately suitable (S2) for growing redgram, marginally suitable (S3) for growing groundnut and sugarcane and not suitable (N) for rice. The soil series of VRT7 was moderately suitable (S2) for growing redgram, marginally suitable (S3) for sugarcane and not suitable (N) for growing groundnut and rice. However, the soil series VRT9 was marginally suitable (S3) for growing redgram and not suitable (N) for growing groundnut, sugarcane and rice crops whereas the soil series of VRT10 was not suitable for growing groundnut, redgram, sugarcane and rice crops Production potential revealed that, actual productivity of soil series were poor, average and good whereas potential productivity of soil series were average, good and excellent. The coefficient of improvement (Ci) varied from 1.43 to 4.46 indicating the implementation of judicious soil and water management practices to sustain soil productivity. Soil fertility maps were also prepared for watershed for various parameters such as pH, EC, organic carbon, available macronutrients (N, P2O5, K2O and S) and micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn) under GIS technology using ArcGIS 10.3 version
Open Access
SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF BIOCHAR BASED NANO-PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZER ON GROUNDNUT PRODUCTIVITY IN ALFISOLS
(Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2024-05-23) M. KAVITHA; Dr. T.N.V.K.V. PRASAD
The present investigation entitled “Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of the efficacy of biochar based nano-phosphorus fertilizer on groundnut productivity in Alfisols” was carried out involving three experiments during 2020 and 2021 at S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati campus of Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University of Andhra Pradesh. Nanoscale phosphorus particles were prepared by the biological method by using Stevia leaf extract as reducing and stabilizing agent. Surface modification of biochar was done through acid wash and gum acacia was used as a binding agent for loading of nano-phosphorous particles. The techniques such as, UV-VIS spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT IR), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the biochar based phosphorus fertilizer (BBPF), biochar based nano-phosphorus fertilizer (BBNPF) and nano phosphorous (NP). The synthesized BBPF, BBNPF and NP mean size was 110.8, 87.6 and 53.7 nm, respectively. A pot culture experiment was carried out to know the effect of different concentrations of BBPF and BBNPF on groundnut plants. Increased plant height, higher values of dry matter, leaf area, phosphorus content and phosphorus uptake and significantly higher yield parameters (number of pod plant-1 , number of kernels plant-1 , kernel weight plant-1 ) in groundnut were recorded with the application of BBPF and BBNPF. xxi Based on the results obtained from the pot culture experiment, the treatments viz., 100% RDP + BBPF @ 10 kg ha-1 , 75% RDP + BBPF @ 10 kg ha-1 and 75% RDP + BBPF @ 8 kg ha-1 , 100% RDP + BBNPF @ 4 kg ha-1 , 75% RDP + BBNPF @ 4 kg ha-1 and 100% RDP + BBNPF @ 6 kg ha-1 were identified as prominent doses and were taken up for field evaluation. The field experiments were conducted during two seasons viz., kharif 2020-21 and rabi 2020-21 in wetland farm, S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati. The experiments were laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications and ten treatments (with groundnut cultivar ‘Dharani’). BBPF and BBNPF were applied as per the treatments, while nitrogen and potassium were applied common to all the treatments and gypsum was applied (just before flowering stage) @ 500 kg ha-1 . BBPF and BBNPF levels significantly influenced the growth parameters, yield and yield attributes, phosphorus uptake, and post-harvest soil available phosphorus and overall economic returns of groundnut. Higher leaf area index was recorded with soil application 100% RDP + BBNPF @ 4 kg ha-1 (T7). The next best results were noticed with the 75% RDP + BBNPF @ 4 kg ha-1 (T8). At all the stages of observation, maximum dry matter was recorded with the application of 100% RDP + BBNPF @ 4 kg ha-1 (T7). However, nodule count was not significantly influenced by the treatments at different stages of sampling (30, 60, 90 DAS and harvest) during both seasons of experimentation except at 30 DAS during rabi season. With regard to the yield attributes viz., number of pods plant-1 , 100-pod weight, 100-kernel weight and shelling percentage were higher with the application of 100% RDP + BBNPF @ 4 kg ha-1 (T7). The next best treatment was 75% RDP + BBNPF @ 4 kg ha-1 (T8) and lower number of pods plant-1 , 100-pod weight, 100-kernel weight and shelling percentage of groundnut were recorded with the control, during both the instances of study. The pod yield and haulm yields of groundnut were significantly influenced by the soil application of BBPF and BBNPF. The higher pod yield was recorded with the application of 100% RDP + BBNPF @ 4 kg ha-1 (T7). The haulm yield of groundnut increased significantly with 100% RDP + Soil application of BBNPF @ 4 kg ha-1 (T7) which was however at par with 75% RDP + Soil application of BBNPF @ 4 kg ha-1 (T8) and statistically comparable with 100% RDP + BBPF @ 10 kg ha-1 (T6). Lower pod yield and haulm yields were noticed with the no application of fertilizers (T1). Similar trend was noticed during both the seasons of investigation. Soil application of biochar based phosphorus and nano-phosphorus significantly influenced phosphorus content and phosphorus uptake of groundnut at different stages during both seasons of study. The phosphorus content and phosphorus uptake were higher with the soil application of 100% RDP + BBNPF @ 4 kg ha-1 (T7). The lower phosphorus content and phosphorus uptake by groundnut were recorded with the control (T1). xxii BBPF and BBNPF levels failed to exert significant influence on the post harvest soil physical (soil texture, bulk density, porosity and maximum water holding capacity) and soil physico-chemical (soil pH, EC and OC) properties during both the seasons of study. Post-harvest available nitrogen and phosphorus status (soil) were significantly influenced by the applied levels of BBP and BBNP during both the seasons of the investigation. The higher available nitrogen and phosphorus were recorded with the application of 100% RDP + soil application of BBNPF @ 4 kg ha-1 (T7). The lower levels of available nitrogen and phosphorus were noticed with the control (T1), whereas, the effect on available potassium was not statistically significant by the imposed treatments. Post harvest available secondary (Ca, Mg and S) and micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn) in soil were found to be non-significant with the soil application of BBPF and BBNPF, during both the years of study. Among the different treatments, the higher gross returns, net returns and benefit-cost ratio were realized with the soil application of 100% RDP + BBNPF @ 4 kg ha-1 (T7) which was comparable with 75% RDP + soil application of BBNPF @ 4 kg ha-1 (T8). However, lower economic returns were recorded with the crop that has not received any application of nutrients (T1), during both seasons of experimentation. In conclusion, the results of the present study revealed that the soil application of 100% RDP + BBNPF @ 4 kg ha-1 recorded higher pod yield and economic returns in groundnut grown in red sandy loam soils. Further, loading of nano-phosphorus with biochar and the consequent application to the soil enhance the phosphorus availability with an extended period of time due to slow-release activity and thereby sustain the groundnut productivity
Open Access
CHARACTERIZATION, CLASSIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF SOILS OF PALAMANER DIVISION IN CHITTOOR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH FOR SUSTAINABLE LAND USE PLANNING
(Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2024-05-23) B. JAYASREE; Dr. M.V.S. NAIDU
The present investigation entitled "Characterization, classification, and evaluation of soils of Palamaner division in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh for sustainable land use planning," involved 18 master profiles in three transects with 6 pedons each. The morphological, physical, physico-chemical, chemical, elemental composition, and available and total macro and micronutrients of these pedons were examined. The study area had a semi-arid monsoonic environment with distinct summer, winter, and rainy seasons. The three transects that make up the Palamaner division's research area are transect-I, transect-II and transect-III. Pedons 1 and 2 were situated on top slopes (3-5%), pedons 3 and 4 on middle slopes (1-3%), and pedons 5 and 6 on lower slopes (0-1%) in transect-I. In a similar fashion, in transect -II, pedons 7 and 8 were found on upper slopes (3-5%), pedons 9 and 10 on middle slopes (1-3%), and pedons 11 and 12 on lower slopes (0-1%). In contrast, pedons 13 and 14 in transect III were situated on higher slopes (5–10%), pedons 15 and 16 in the centre of the slope range (3-5%), and pedons 17 and 18 in the lower slope range (1-3%). According to 30 years of meteorological data, the distribution of rainfall was essentially symmetric. Rainfall has strong abnormalities, which symbolises the dry land agriculture in the research region, according to the precipitation concentration index (PCI), which was determined. The seasonality index was above 1.2 in some years, indicating that the study area's rainfall was cyclical with brief dry seasons. The research region comes under the isohyperthermic soil temperature regime and ustic soil moisture regime based on mean air and soil temperatures, with a growing season of 90 to 150 days, supporting a single crop. xxiii The morphological characteristics of the soils (Transect-I) revealed that the upper slopes (Kanalillu, P1 and Kummaragunta, P2) had Ap-Bw and Ap-Bt horizons, while the middle slopes (Chellargunta, P3 and Settipalle, P4) include Ap-AC and Ap-Bt horizon sequences, and the lower slopes' soils display Ap-Bt and Ap-B/A-BA-Bt horizon sequences (Gorreladoddi P5, Chinnapuram P6). These soils have a matrix that ranges from extremely light brown (2.5 YR 8/3) to dark reddish brown (2.5 YR 3/4), however they were sandy loam to clay loam texture. Transect-II soils were made up of Atukurallapalle (P7) and Samalagadda (P8) on the upper slopes, Gangavaram (P9) and Kongavaripalli (P10) on the middle slopes, Maredupalli (P11) and Jidimakulapalli (P12) on the lower slopes. The soils on the upper slopes have horizon sequences of Ap-BA-Bt and Ap-A/B-B/A-Bw1- Bss1, respectively, while the soils on the lower slopes have horizon sequences of Ap-AB-Bw and Ap-Bw1-Bw2-Bw3-Bw4, and the soils on the middle slopes have Ap-Bt1-C1-2Bt1 and Ap-Bt1-C1-Bt2. The soils are fairly deep to deep, sandy loam to clay loam in texture, and dark reddish brown (2.5 YR 3/4) to light grey (10YR 7/2) in colour. Transect-III soils included Zararipalli (P13), Kilapatla (P14), Gandhinagar (P15), Mogili (P16), Gourishankarapuram (P17), and Mittur (P18), and the pedons showed Ap-Bt horizon sequences. These soils were loamy sand to clay texture with a dark reddish brown (2.5 YR 3/4) to light brown (7.5 YR 6/4) matrix. All of the pedons in transect-I have more sand in the top soil, whereas the deeper layers have more silt and clay. Subsoil layers that had a sand to silt ratio of less than 1 showed discontinuities that were similar to those found in field descriptions as well as abrupt shifts like those seen in P1, P4, and P5. P9 and P10, which have comparable horizon sequences in the soils of transect-II and referred to as the C1 horizon features abrupt sandy loam horizons interspersed with sandy clay loam horizons. Sand, silt and clay were present in nearly equal amounts on the upper and lower slopes of the soils of transect-III. In transects I, II, and III, the mean bulk densities of the soils were 1.43 Mg m-3 , 1.45 Mg m-3 , and 1.48 Mg m-3 , respectively. The soils' clay content and water holding capacity tended to expand in comparable ways. The soils of transects I, II and III were low to medium in organic carbon, non-saline, and mildly acidic to neutral. The soils had a C:N ratio that ranged from 4.21 to 11.29 and a CEC of 5.23 to 46.23 cmol (p+) kg-1 . The soils were predominately composed of exchangeable Ca and exchangeable bases were in the order of Ca > Mg > K > Na. Regardless of the slopes and transects, the overall nitrogen content was less than 1 per cent. The total phosphorus concentration ranged from 184 to 745 mg kg-1 , the total potassium ranged from 2000 to 5167 mg kg-1 , and the total sulphur ranged from 200 to 960 mg kg-1 in the soils. The total zinc level in the soils ranged from 18.24 to 60.22 mg kg-1 , whereas the total copper content ranged from 17.06 to 52.75 mg kg-1 , the total manganese content from 112.64 to 386.26 mg kg-1 , and the total iron from 0.87 to 6.47 mg kg-1 . However, the soils of transects-I, II and III have low to medium levels of accessible N, high to medium levels of available P and low to medium/high levels of available K and deficient to sufficient in available S. DTPA extractable Cu and Mn were sufficient whereas, the DTPA extractable iron and zinc were deficient to sufficient irrespective of slopes and transects. xxiv Molar ratios and weathering indices were developed from the bulk geochemical data to comprehend the weathering patterns of these soils. All of the transects' predominant elemental compositions were SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3. P2O5, K2O, and Na2O concentrations in all of the soils were less than 1 per cent. The concentrations of CaO and MgO ranged from 0.82 to 2.67 and 0.22 to 1.62, respectively. Clayeness (mAl2O3 / mSiO2) and calcification index (CaO + MgO / Al2O3) were found as two prominent pedogenic processes using molar ratios. The research area's soils were moderately to extremely worn, according to the CIA index of soils, which ranged from 74.95 to 87.70 per cent. The soils' Index-A and B values ranged from 0.82 to 0.91 and 0.11 to 0.21, respectively, while the CIA-K and WI (weathering index) values ranged from 76.58 to 89.31 and 2.35 to 4.05, respectively. The A-CN-K diagram revealed that granite-gneiss samples were situated above the K-feldspar join, in the centre of the A-K and A-CN lines. This tendency might be brought on by the removal of Ca and Na through plagioclase degradation. Illite formation is further aided by the transition of K-feldspar and illite when kaolinite has not yet formed. The retention of Fe(t) and Mg as weathering continues is likewise depicted in the A-CNK-FM graphic. Pedon 3 : Coarse – loamy, mixed, isohyperthermic, Typic Ustorthents Pedons 1, 8 and 11 : Fine – loamy, mixed, isohyperthermic, Typic Haplustepts Pedon 12 : Fine, mixed, isohyperthermic, Vertic Haplustepts Pedons 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 : Fine – loamy, mixed, isohyperthermic, Typic Haplustalfs Pedon 7 : Fine – loamy, mixed, isohyperthermic, Typic Rhodustalfs Pedon 18 : Fine – loamy, mixed, isohyperthermic, Ultic Haplustalfs The soils of the study area were divided into land capability subclasses viz., IIIs (pedon 6), IIIes (pedon 3, 15 and 18), IVs (pedons 4, 5, 9, 10, 11 and 12), IVes (pedons 1, 2, 7, 8, 13, 14 and 16), and VIes (pedon 17). The study area's soils have been divided into four land irrigability sub-classes such as, 2s (pedon 18), 3s (pedons 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10 and 15), 4s (pedons 1, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 16), and 6s (pedon 17). According to the evaluation of the soil-site suitability in the research region, pedons 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 were not appropriate (N) for rice, marginally suitable (S3) for groundnut and moderately suitable (S2) for maize and finger millet. While pedons 7, 8, 9, and 11 were only moderately suitable (S2) for maize and finger millet, pedons 7, 8 and 12 were only marginally acceptable (S3) for groundnut. Pedon 12 was also only moderately suitable (S2) for rice, groundnut and finger millet. The potential productivity of soils was good to exceptional for most pedons, while actual soil productivity ranged from ordinary to good. The crop improvement factor varied from 1.43 to 1.58, demonstrating the use of wise soil and water management techniques to maintain soil productivity
Open Access
DELINEATION AND MAPPING OF SOIL CONSTRAINTS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF MANGO (Mangifera indica L.) IN YSR DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH USING REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
(Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2024-05-22) M. BALAKRISHNA; Dr. T. GIRIDHARA KRISHNA
The present study on “Delineation and mapping of soil constraints and their effects on yield and quality of mango (Mangifera indica L.) in YSR district, Andhra Pradesh using remote sensing and geographic information system” was undertaken to identify the soil related constraints and delineate the spatial variability of soil fertility status in order to suggest fertilizer recommendation in YSR district of Andhra Pradesh using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Georeferenced samples (250 Nos) were collected from the study area following spatially balanced sampling technique. The soil samples were analyzed for physical properties like texture, colour, bulk density, particle density, percent pore space and water holding capacity, physico-chemical properties viz., pH, EC, OC, CEC, and free CaCO3 and chemical properties viz., available N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu. Similarly, leaf samples were analyzed for total N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu and fruit samples were analyzed for per cent juice, juice pH, TSS and vitamin-C. In irrigation water, quality parameters such as pH, EC, cations viz., Na+ , Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and anions viz., CO3 2- , HCO3 - , Cl- , SO4 2- , RSC and SAR were analyzed. Sixteen pedons were selected based on the total area of mango grown in each mandal and were studied for soil properties to know constraints in sub surface layers of soils. xvi The various soil textural classes identified in surface soils were 42.80 per cent was sandy loam, 38.00 per cent was sandy clay loam, 12.40 per cent was loamy sand, 4.4 per cent was sandy clay and 2.40 per cent was clay loam. Texture of surface horizons and sub-surface horizons in pedons varied from sandy loam to sandy clay loam and gravel nature was seen in subsurface layers of some of the mandals. The colour of the soils in the study area had their Munsell colour notation in the hue of 10 YR / 7.5 YR / 5 YR / 2.5 YR with value of 3 to 6 and chroma of 2 to 8. The colour in all pedons varied from very dark red to dark greyish brown with a hue ranged from 2.5 YR to 10 YR, value ranged from 3 to 6 and chroma varied between 1 and 8. The pH of the study area was neutral to moderately alkaline in reaction. Out of total study area 38.80 per cent was neutral, 41.20 per cent was weakly alkaline, 19.20 per cent was moderately alkaline and 0.80 per cent was strongly alkaline in soil reaction. All the pedons of the study area were neutral to moderately alkaline in reaction. The orchard soils were non-saline in nature as the EC of these soils was far below 1.0 dS m-1 . The study area soils were low to medium in organic carbon at surface and low in sub-surface layers. The organic carbon content decreased with increasing depth. Out of all the surface soils of mango orchards studied, 80.00 per cent were low in available N and 20.00 per cent were medium in available N, 5.60 per cent were low in available P, 92.00 per cent were medium in P and 2.40 per cent were high in P. However, about 32.00 per cent were low in available K, 35.20 per cent were in medium range and 32.80 per cent were in high range. The higher exchangeable calcium and magnesium status was observed in all the orchards. In pedons the available nitrogen was ranged from 59.79 to 273.12 kg ha-1 and were low in available nitrogen. The available nitrogen was significantly and positively correlated (r = +0.514**) with organic carbon. The available phosphorus varied from 5.05 to 45.05 kg ha-1 . All the pedons showed a decreasing trend with depth. The available potassium in different pedons ranged from 49.98 to 512.05 kg ha-1 soil. The lowest value of 49.98 kg ha-1 was observed in pedon 10 and the highest was 512.05 kg ha-1 . Calcium, magnesium and sulphur contents recorded sufficient in all the villages of twelve mandals. All pedons showed an increasing trend with depth for exchangeable calcium and magnesium whereas deceasing trend with available sulphur and available micronutrients. The data on micronutrient status in these twelve mandals of the study area revealed that copper and manganese content in almost all soils was sufficient whereas iron (50%) and zinc content (48%) was deficient in the soils of Veeraballi and T. Sundupalle mandals. Two per cent of the leaf samples were deficient in N, 8 per cent deficient in P and 4 per cent deficit in K. N, P, K, Ca and Mg were 42, 12, 14, 2 and 12 per cent low in leaf samples, respectively while N, P, K, Ca and Mg were 4, 50, 16, 18 and 18 per cent were high in leaf samples, respectively. Zn deficiency in xvii leaf was the most severe among the 10 mineral elements tested and 90 per cent of samples were deficient in Zn, followed by Fe (64%), Mn (36%) and Cu (25%). However, the average leaf content of N, P, Ca and Cu was 1.27, 0.12, 2.39 and 8.9 per cent, respectively, which was within the optimum range. The correlation between fruit yield, soil pH and CaCO3 in soil was found to be negative and significant whereas the correlation between fruit yield and soil EC was found to be negative and non-significant Fruit yield was positively and significantly influenced by soil organic carbon content (r = 0.360), because the organic carbon content of the soil had a significant positive influence on soil N (r = 0.716**). The soil mineral nutrients like N, P and K influenced the fruit weight significantly and positively (r = 0.469*, r = 0.446* and r = 0.415*, respectively). Fruit juice per cent had significant and positive relation with soil N (r = 0.353*) and P (r = 0.364*). Soil P had a significant and positive correlation with TSS (r = 0.438*). The pH of the irrigation water samples collected from mango orchards of study area varied from neutral (6.77) to mildly alkaline (8.05). The EC of the irrigation water varied from 0.82 - 3.87 dS m-1 with a mean value of 1.82 dS m-1 . According to the irrigation water EC classification, 76 per cent of the water samples were high in salinity with C3 class and 24 per cent of the water samples were categorized with high salinity (C4 class). The concentration of major anions of irrigation water collected from all the mango orchards were in the order of HCO3 - > Cl- > SO4 2- > CO3 2- and the cations were in the order of Na+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > K+ . The general constraints that were observed in the soils of mango orchards were low organic carbon, low to medium available nitrogen and phosphorus, wide spread deficiency of zinc and iron, low to medium Mn, wide occurrence of soil alkalinity, calcareousness and poor quality of irrigation water i.e., high to very high salinity of the irrigation water. Soil nutrients thematic maps were prepared using remote sensing and GIS techniques and delineated the soil related constraints. On the basis of fertility mapping, suitable recommendations were made in the study area in terms of available nutrients. In conclusion, it can be summarized that the new technologies such as remote sensing, GIS and GPS have opened a new era in generating natural resource database to integrate and assess their potential on spatial basis. Integration of GIS in the present study was highly useful in identification of soil related constraints spatially and in generating the fertilizer recommendation maps and soil suitability assessment. Also, by identifying the soil related constraints in the study area, it made clear that there is a need of adoption of soil test crop response based integrated plant nutrition system (STCR-IPNS) and micronutrient recommendations to mango would enhance the crop productivity, fertilizer use efficiency and alleviate the deficiencies over long run
Open Access
STUDIES ON SITE SPECIFIC NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT (SSNM) USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUES IN CHINNAPALEM VILLAGE OF GUNTUR DISTRICT
(guntur, 2022-08-12) RAGHU, R S; PRASAD, P.R.K.
The texture of the surface soils varied from sandy clay loam to clay. While, in sub-surface clay and colour was varied from dark grayish to black. The bulk density values of the soils were low at surface compared to sub-surface layers. Water holding capacity and volume expansion values varied according to clay content. Soil pH was neutral to moderately alkaline while sub-surface was more alkaline than surface. Surface and sub-surface soil samples of the study area were found to be normal in soluble salt concentration. The surface and sub-surface soil samples were low to high in organic carbon content. The available nitrogen content was low to medium in surface and sub-surface. The available P2O5 content was medium to high in surface and low to high sub-surface soils. The available K2O content of the soils varied from medium to high in both surface and sub-surface soil samples. The available calcium and magnesium contents were well above the critical limits at surface and sub-surface. Contents of available calcium and magnesium were more in sub-surface than surface soils. The soils were low to medium in available sulphur content which was higher in the surface soils. The soils of study area were sufficiently rich in Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu but some part of area were deficient in zinc and iron. All macro and micronutrients were significantly and positively correlated with organic carbon as it was the predominant factor, which controled availability of nutrients in soils. Spatial variability of soil properties was studied and maps were generated based on the data generated using geo-statistics. In the present study, the variability was observed in the availability of all the nutrients except calcium, magnesium, and copper at both surface and sub-surface soil samples. xx The site specific fertilizer recommendations for Rice, Maize and Sorghum for both surface and sub-surface levels in Chinnapalem village were developed utilizing the thematic maps of spatial variability of N, P and K status. A delineated variable rate of fertilization maps for NPK based on STCR to targeted yields of rice, maize and sorghum revealed that the corresponding recommendation and application of fertilizers was essential to improve the efficacy of fertilizer application and enhancing the returns to the growers. The hyperspectral data revealed that soil reaction, available Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn showed positive and significant correlation. However, EC and available S were negative and significant throughout visible and SWIR. From, Stepwise regression approach the poorest fit was observed in all the properties although the highest accuracy (R2=0.467) was found for available zinc, while lowest predictability (R2=0.028) was for sand. It can be summarized that geospatial techniques are highly reliable in generating natural resource database to integrate and assess their potential on spatial basis. The use of geostatistics enabled the assessment of heterogeneous nature of fertility variations. Integration of GIS with various models in the present study was highly useful in correlation studies between spectral indices and soil properties, generating the soil fertility and fertilizer recommendation maps and management of crop fields provided the real time availability of high spatial resolution satellite data is ready available.
Open Access
EFFECTS OF APPLICATION OF NANOPARTICULATE ZINC AND BORON ON GROWTH, YIELD AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY GROUNDNUT – SUNFLOWER CROPPING SYSTEM IN ALFISOLS
(guntur, 2022-08-12) DEEPIKA, JANGAM; PRASAD, T.N.V.K.V.
The present investigation on “Effects of Application of Nanoparticulate Zinc and Boron on Growth, Yield and Nutrient Uptake by Groundnut – Sunflower Cropping System in Alfisols” was conducted at RARS, Tirupathi, during 2018 and 2019. The nanoscale ZnO was prepared using oxalate decomposition technique, whereas nano boron was prepared using encapsulation method. The synthesized nanoscale ZnO and boron was characterized using the different techniques like UV-Vis, HR-TEM, XRD, FT-IR and DLS analysis. The synthesized nanoscale ZnO and boron was 37.2 and 53.6 nm in size with zeta potential of -37.7 mV and -28.3 mV, respectively. Pot culture experiment was conducted as a pilot study to know the phytotoxicity of foliar applied nanoparticulate ZnO and boron on groundnut. After completion of phytotoxic studies, a field experiment was carried out with groundnut – sunflower cropping system during kharif and rabi seasons of 2019, respectively in the R.A.R.S. farm, Regional Agricultural Research station, Tirupati. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with fourteen treatments and replicated thrice. Foliar application of nano ZnO and nano boron were done at 45 DAS of groundnut and ray floret opening stage of sunflower. Soil application treatments are given only for groundnut and residual effect was seen in sunflower crop. The results from the pot culture experiment revealed that application of 500 ppm nano ZnO (T5) produced taller plants with higher chlorophyll content and dry matter production of groundnut. Foliar application of 500 ppm nano ZnO (T5) showed significantly highest peroxidase, catalase and super oxide dismutase enzyme activities of groundnut measured at peg formation stage. Yield attributes of groundnut was xxi found maximum with the foliar spray of 500 ppm nano ZnO (T5). Significantly highest pod and haulm yield of groundnut was recorded with foliar application of 500 ppm nano ZnO (T5) which was on par with 400 ppm nano ZnO (T4), 300 ppm nano ZnO (T3), 500 ppm nano boron (T10) and 400 ppm nano boron (T9). Oil and protein content of groundnut was not significantly affected. However, highest oil content and protein content of groundnut was noticed with 500 ppm nano ZnO (T5). Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content at peg formation, pod development, pod and haulm of groundnut were significantly affected by foliar application of various concentrations of nanoparticulate zinc and boron. 500 ppm nano ZnO (T5) showed significantly highest nitrogen and potassium content whereas application of 500 ppm nano boron (T10) recorded highest phosphorus content of groundnut. Significantly highest zinc and boron content at all growth stages of groundnut was found with the foliar application of 500 ppm nano ZnO (T5) and 500 ppm nano boron (T10), respectively. Macro and micronutrient uptake by groundnut was significantly influenced by foliar application of various concentrations of nanoparticulate zinc and boron. 500 ppm nano ZnO (T5) showed significantly highest nitrogen, potassium, zinc, iron, manganese and copper uptake by groundnut at peg formation, pod development, pod and haulm of groundnut whereas phosphorus and boron uptake was recorded maximum with foliar application of 500 ppm nano boron (T10). A field experiment was conducted with the groundnut – sunflower cropping system. Results showed that RDF + foliar application of nano ZnO @ 200 ppm + nano boron @ 200 ppm (T14) recorded significantly highest plant height and dry matter production of groundnut and sunflower which was on par with RDF + foliar application of nano ZnO @ 150 ppm + nano boron @ 150 ppm (T13). Yield parameters viz., number of pods plant-1 and number of filled pods plant-1 of groundnut were significantly highest with the RDF + foliar application of nano ZnO @ 200 ppm + nano boron @ 200 ppm (T14) however, 100 kernel weight was observed to be non significant. Whereas in succeeding sunflower, treatment T14 (RDF + foliar application of nano ZnO @ 200 ppm + nano boron @ 200 ppm) recorded significantly highest number of filled seeds per head and number of unfilled seeds per head. Head diameter and 1000 seed weight was found to be non significant. Significantly highest pod, kernel, haulm yield of groundnut and seed, stover yield of sunflower was recorded with RDF + foliar application of nano ZnO @ 200 ppm and nano boron @ 200 ppm (T14) followed by RDF + foliar application of nano ZnO @ 150 ppm and nano boron @ 150 ppm (T13). Quality parameters of groundnut (oil and protein content) and sunflower (oil content) was found to be non significant due to foliar application of nanoparticulate zinc and boron. However, RDF + foliar application of nano ZnO @ 200 ppm + nano boron @ 200 ppm (T14) recorded higher quality parameters of both the crops. Significantly highest nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc and boron content at peg formation, pod development, pod and haulm of groundnut was recorded with RDF + foliar application of nano ZnO @ 200 ppm + nano boron @ 200 ppm (T14) followed by RDF + foliar application of nano ZnO @ 150 ppm + nano boron @ 150 ppm (T13). Whereas RDF + foliar application of nano ZnO @ 200 ppm + nano boron xxii @ 200 ppm (T14) significantly enhanced the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc and boron content at vegetative, flowering, seed and stover of sunflower. Iron, manganese and copper content of both the crops were not significantly influenced by the foliar application of nanoparticulate zinc and boron. Macro and micronutrient uptake by groundnut and sunflower was significantly influenced by foliar application of nanoparticulate zinc and boron. RDF + foliar application of nano ZnO @ 200 ppm + nano boron @ 200 ppm (T14) showed significantly highest nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, iron, manganese, copper and boron uptake at all stages of crop growth. Soil physical (bulk density, porosity and water holding capacity) and physico-chemical (pH, electrical conductivity and organic carbon content) properties after harvest of groundnut and sunflower did not vary significantly due to treatment effect. There was significant in available N, P2O5, K2O, zinc and boron status in soil with soil application of ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1 + borax @ 10 kg ha-1 (T5) after the harvest of groundnut and sunflower and it was on par with RDF + Soil application of ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1 (T3) and RDF + Soil application of borax @ 10 kg ha-1 (T4). Non significant difference was recorded in available iron, copper and manganese content, microbial population and enzyme activities in soil at harvest of groundnut and sunflower crops. The gross returns and net returns of groundnut and sunflower were higher in RDF + foliar application of nano ZnO @ 200 ppm + nano boron @ 200 ppm (T14). The B:C ratio of groundnut was found higher in RDF + foliar application of nano ZnO @ 150 ppm (T9) and RDF + foliar application of nano ZnO @ 200 ppm (T10) whereas in case of sunflower significant increase in benefit cost ratio was observed with RDF + foliar application of nano boron @ 200 ppm (T12). The poor growth, low productivity and a lesser amount of returns in groundnut and sunflower was as usual with the crop not received any fertilizers. Based on the outcome of pot culture experiment, it was concluded that no phytotoxicity was observed in all the concentrations and nanoscale materials tested in the present study which indicates use of nanoscale materials for field studies in a safest manner to agricultural crops. The concentration of 500 ppm of nanoparticulate ZnO and boron was identified as optimum dose. The field experiment concluded that foliar application of nano ZnO and nano boron @ 150 and 200 ppm in combination or alone found to be best treatment for getting maximum yields with higher monetary returns for groundnut - sunflower cropping system.
Open Access
PHOSPHORUS DYNAMICS IN RELATION TO NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN RICE- BLACKGRAM CROPPING SEQUENCE
(ACHARYA N G RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2019) JAGGA RAO, I; SUJANI RAO, Ch
A field experiment entitled “Phosphorus dynamics in relation to nutrient management in rice-blackgram cropping sequence” was conducted for two consecutive years (2017-2018 and 2018-2019) at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla. The experimental soil was clay loam in texture, slightly alkaline in reaction, low in organic carbon and low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and high in potassium, while micro-nutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) were all above critical levels. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design and replicated thrice. The treatments consisted of RDNK (M0), RDNK+FYM @ 5t ha-1 (M1), RDNK+sunhemp @ 10t ha-1 (M2) and RDNK+Dhaincha @ 10t ha-1(M3) as main plots and five phosphorus levels to rice crop comprising of 0 kg P2O5 ha-1 (P1), 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 (P2) and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 (P3), 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 (P4) and 120 kg P2O5 ha-1 (P5) as sub- plot treatments. These treatments were imposed to rice crop during kharif season. The rabi experiment was continued on the same site without disturbing the soil for succeeding blackgram crop to study residual effect of organic manures and P levels applied to preceeding rice crop. Popular cultivars of rice and blackgram viz., BPT-5204 and TBG 104 respectively, were chosen for the study. Application of organic manures and inorganic P fertilizer showed marked difference on physico-chemical properties of soil (pH and EC) at tillering, panicle initiation and harvest stage of rice. At all growth stages of rice, the highest available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu), urease, dehydrogenase and microbial population (bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) in soil were recorded with application of RDNK+Dhaincha @ 10t ha-1(M3) and this was on par with RDNK+ Sunhemp @ 10t ha-1(M2) in all four seasons of study. The pH, EC, manganese, copper and microbial population were not significantly differed among the P levels but the available nutrient status (N, P and K) were increased with the increasing level of P from 0 (P1) to 120 kg P2O5 (P5) ha-1 except micronutrients, where xxxi micronutrients were decreased from 0 to 120 kg P2O5 ha-1, irrespective of the nutrients imposed to rice crop. Regarding available N, P and K was recoeded highest in P5 (120 kg P2O5 ha-1) and this was on par with P4 (90 kg P2O5 ha-1), whereas the micronutrients were significantly higher in treatment P1 that received 0 kg P2O5 ha-1 and this was on par with P2 that received 30 kg P2O5 ha-1, while this was on par with P3 (60 kg P2O5 ha-1). However, the similar trend was followed in succeeding blackgram. In all the treatments inorganic P fractions viz., Saloid-P and Ca-P was significantly higher with the application of 100% RDNK in combination with Dhaincha @ 10t ha-1 (M3), however, it was on par with that of application of RDNK+Sunhemp @ 10t ha-1 (M2). But Iron-P, Al-P and Tot-P was significantly higher in 100% RDNK in combination with Dhaincha @ 10t ha-1 and this was on par with RDNK+Sunhemp @ 10t ha-1 and RDNK+FYM @ 5t ha-1 (M1). All P fractions were significantly increased with increasing P level from 0 to 120 kg P2O5 ha-1. The highest was recorded in P5 (120 kg P2O5 ha-1) and it was on par with P4 (90 kg P2O5 ha-1). Similarly, in succeeding blackgram Saloid-P, Fe-P, Al-P and Ca-P was significantly higher with the application of 100% RDNK in combination with Dhaincha @ 10t ha-1 (M3), however, it was on par with that of application of RDNK+sunhemp @ 10t ha-1 (M2), while M2 was remain on par with RDNK+FYM (M1). But Tot-P was significantly higher in 100% RDNK in combination with Dhaincha @ 10t ha-1 and this was on par with RDNK+sunhemp @ 10t ha-1 and RDNK+FYM @ 5t ha-1 (M1). Nutrient content of rice crop were significantly higher with the application of 100% RDNK in combination with Dhaincha @10t ha-1 (M3) over RDNK alone (M0). However, it was on par with that of application of 100% RDNK along with sunhemp (M2) during both the years of the study. Among the P levels applied to rice crop, the nutrient content of N, P,K and S was significantly higher in P5 (120 kg P2O5 ha-1) and this was on par with P4 (90 kg P2O5 ha-1) but micronutrients except iron and zinc were higher in P1 (0 kg P2O5 ha-1). Regarding uptake of N, P, K, S and micronutrients were significantly higher in P5 (120 kg P2O5 ha-1) and lowest in P1 (0 kg P2O5 ha-1). Similarly, in succeeding blackgram among the organic manure treatments the same trend was followed as in rice but among the P levels, the nutrient content of N, K, S and micronutrients were not significantly differed except P. The content of P was recorded highest in P5 (120 kg P2O5 ha-1) and it was on par with P4 (90 kg P2O5 ha-1), while P4 was on par with P3 (60 kg P2O5 ha-1). Regarding uptake of N, P, K, S and micronutrients except iron and zinc were recorded highest in P5 (120 kg P2O5 ha-1) and it was on par P4 (90 kg P2O5 ha-1) and P3 (60 kg P2O5 ha-1) during both the years of the study. Drymatter production, grain yield and straw yield of rice were significantly higher with the application of 100% RDNK in combination with Dhaincha @10t ha-1 (M3) and it was on par with that of application of RDNK along with sunhemp @10t ha-1 (M2). However significantly lower was recorded in RDNK alone (M0) during both the years of the study. Among the P levels, the treatment P5 (120 kg P2O5 ha-1) recorded significantly highest dry matter production, grain and straw yield and it was on par with P4 (90 kg P2O5 ha-1) and P3 (60 kg P2O5 ha-1) and lowest was recorded in P1 (0 kg P2O5 ha-1). In succeeding blackgram drymatter production and yield were significantly influenced by the nutrient management imposed to preceding rice crop. The drymatter production, seed yield and haulm yield of were significantly higher with the application of 100% RDNK in combination with Dhaincha @10t ha-1 (M3) and it was on par with that of application of RDNK along with sunhemp @10t ha-1 (M2) and RDNK+ FYM @ xxxii 5t ha-1 (M1). However significantlylower was recorded in RDNK alone (M0) during both the years of the study. Among the P levels, the treatment P4 (90 kg P2O5 ha-1) recorded significantly highest drymatter production and it was on par with P5 (120 kg P2O5 ha-1), P3 (60 kg P2O5 ha-1) and P2 (30 kg P2O5 ha-1), while lowest was recorded in P1 (0 kg P2O5 ha-1). Harvest index was significantly recorded higher in application of 100% RDNK in combination with Dhaincha @10t ha-1 (M3). However, it was on par with that of application of RDNK along with sunhemp @ 10t ha-1 (M2) and RDNK+ FYM @ 5t ha-1 (M1). Irrespective of the P levels, harvest index was slightly increased but not statistically significant. The similar trend was followed in succeeding blackgram also. Quality parameters of rice grain viz., amylose and protein were recoeded significantly higher in RDNK+Dhaincha @10t ha-1 (M3) and this was on par with that of application of RDNK along with sunhemp @10t ha-1 (M2), while M2 was remain on par with RDNK+ FYM @ 5t ha-1 (M1). Among the P levels, the content of amylose and protein was slightly increased from 0 to 120 kg P2O5 ha-1 but not significantly differed. Similarly the data regarding influence of organics and P levels applied to preceeding rice crop on protein content of succeeding blackgram followed same trend as in rice. From this study, it can be concluded that application of RDNK+green manure along with 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 to kharif rice crop is optimum for rice- blackgram cropping sequence of Krishna Agro climatic zone of Andhra Pradesh.
Open Access
DETAILED SOIL SURVEY OF TATRAKALLU VILLAGE OF ANANTAPURAMU DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH USING AIRBORNE HYPERSPECTRAL REMOTE SENSING
(ACHARYA N G RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2019) SASHI KALA, G; NAIDU, M.V.S.
The present investigation involves "Detailed soil survey of Tatrakallu village of Anantapuramu district of Andhra Pradesh using airborne hyperspectral remote sensing". For this purpose, twenty two (22) typical pedons from Tatrakallu village were studied for their morphological, physical, physico-chemical and chemical properties. Besides this, two hundred and fifty surface soil samples (0-15 cm) were collected with GPS coordinates and were analysed for pH, EC, macronutrients ( N, P2O5, K2O and S) and micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) and were mapped by using ArcGIS v 10.3 environment. The area was characterized by semi-arid monsoonic climate with distinct summer, winter and rainy seasons. The pedons occur in plains (P16, P17, P18, P19 and P20), very gently sloping (P12, P13, P14, P15 and P21) gently sloping (P1, P2, P3, P4, P6, P7, P8, P10 and P11), moderately sloping (P5 and P9) and very steeply sloping (P22) topography. The P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7, P8, P9, P10, P11, P12, P13, P14, P15, P21 and P22 were originated from granite-gneiss whereas P16, P17, P18, P19 and P20 were developed from limestone. The pedons in the study area were characterized by AC / AR (P1, P2, P3, P5, P8, P9, P10, P11, P21 and P22) and ABC / ABR ( P4, P6, P7, P12, P13, P14, P15, P16, P17, P18, P19 and P20) profiles. The soils were shallow to very deep in depth, very dark gray to yellowish red in colour, gravelly loamy sand to clay in texture and exhibited single grain, crumb, sub-angular and angular blocky structure. The clay content in P3, P6 and P15 exhibited an increasing trend with depth and P2, P7, P8, P14, P20 and P21 showed a decreasing trend with xviii depth. However, no specific trend with depth was observed in the remaining pedons. Physical constants like water holding capacity, loss on ignition and volume expansion followed the trend of clay content. Bulk density showed an increasing trend with depth corresponding to decreasing organic carbon with depth in all the pedons. COLE values increased with depth in P16 and P19 and no specific trend with depth was observed in P17, P18 and P20. The soils of Tatrakallu village were slightly acid to strongly alkaline (6.50 to 9.01) in reaction, non-saline (0.01 to 1.90 dSm-1) and low to medium (0.1 to 0.67%) in organic carbon. The CaCO3 content was ranged from 0.50 to 25.22 per cent. The ESP was low to high (0.50 to 33.50 %). The CEC values were low to high (6.48 to 50.64 cmol (p+) kg-1) and exchange complex was dominated by Ca2+ followed by Mg2+, Na+ and K+. The soils were low (64.12 to 265.52 kg ha-1) in available nitrogen, low to high (1.25 to 85.50 kg P2O5 ha-1 soil) in available phosphorous and potassium (35.61 to 693.23 kg K2O ha-1) and deficient to sufficient (6.28 to 54.81 mg kg-1) in available sulphur. However, deficient to sufficient in DTPA extractable Zn, Fe and Mn and sufficient in DTPA extractable Cu. The mineralogy class for P11, P16, P17, P18, P19 and P20 was smectitic whereas the mineralogy class for P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7, P8, P9, P10, P12, P13, P14, P15,P 21 and P22 was mixed based on CEC / clay ratio. Based on the morphological, physical, physico-chemical, mineralogical and meteorological data, the soils in Tatrakallu village were classified into Entisol, Inceptisol, Alfisol and Vertisol orders and these soils were classified at family level as: Pedons 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 21 and 22 : Loamy-skeletal, mixed, isohyperthermic, Lithic Ustorthent Pedons 4 and 14 : Loamy-skeletal, mixed, isohyperthermic, Typic Haplustept Pedon 6 : Loamy-skeletal, mixed, isohyperthermic, Typic Haplustalf Pedon 7 : Loamy-skeletal, mixed, isohyperthermic, Lithic Haplustept Pedon 11 : Coarse – loamy, smectitic, isohyperthermic, Typic Ustifluvent Pedon 12 : Fine –loamy, mixed, isohyperthermic, Typic Haplustalf Pedon 13 : Coarse – loamy, mixed, isohyperthermic, Fluventic Haplustept Pedon 15 : Loamy-skeletal, mixed, isohyperthermic, Lithic Haplustalf Pedon 16 and 18 : Fine, smectitic, isohyperthermic, Sodic Haplustert Pedon 17 : Fine, smectitic, isohyperthermic, Sodic Calciustert Pedon 19 : Fine, smectitic, isohyperthermic, Typic Haplustert Pedon 20 : Fine, smectitic, isohyperthermic, Leptic Haplustert Fourteen soil series were identified in the study area and were mapped into twenty one different soil mapping units. xix The hyperspectral data revealed that kaolinite, smectite and illite are the dominant clay minerals in Tatrakallu village which were in accordance with XRD analysis. Kaolinite mineral in the study area was identified by strong absorption band at 1400 nm along with a weak band at 1900 nm whereas smectite clay mineral in study area was identified by stronger absorption band at 1900 nm which was caused by bound water molecules in this hydrous clay. However, illite clay mineral was identified by two diagnostic absorption peaks at 1400 nm and 2200 nm regions. Soil reaction, organic carbon, available N, P2O5 and K2O showed positive and significant correlation at visible region (400 - 750 nm) with good fit for organic carbon (R2 = 0.607) and poor fit for available N (R2 = 0.249). However EC and available S were negative and significant throughout visible and SWIR. The DTPA extractable Fe, Mn and Zn were negatively correlated with soil reflectance at lower wavelength region (400 – 500 nm) and positively and significantly correlated beyond 600 nm. The fourteen soil series were classified into six land capability subclasses such as IIIs (TTK9 and TTK14), IIIw (TTK11 and TTK13), IIIws (TTK12), IVs (TTK7, TTK5 and TTK10), IVes (TTK3, TTK4, TTK6 and TTK8) and VIes (TTK1 and TTK2). Similarly, the soils of study area were grouped in to four land irrigability sub-classes namely, 3s (TTK3, TTK4 and TTK7), 4s (TTK9, TTK12, TTK13 and TTK14), 5s (TTK2, TTK5, TTK6, TTK8, TTK10 and TTK11) and 6s (TTK1) The Soil series viz., TTK4 was marginally suitable (S3) for growing groundnut, pigeonpea, chickpea and castor whereas the soil series such as TTK6, TTK8 and TTK10 were marginally suitable for growing pigeonpea, chickpea and groundnut and not suitable for growing castor. Soil series namely TTK2 and TTK14 were marginally suitable for growing pigeonpea and chickpea and not suitable for growing groundnut and castor crops. However the soil series such as TTK1, TTK3, TTK5, TTK7, TTK9, TTK11, TTK12, TTK13 were not suitable (N) for growing all the crops namely groundnut, pigeonpea and chickpea and castor crops. Production potential revealed that, actual productivity of soil series was poor, average and good whereas potential productivity of soil series was poor, good and excellent. The coefficient of improvement (Ci) varied from 1.42 to 2.85 indicating the implementation of judicious soil and water management practices to sustain soil productivity. Soil fertility maps were also prepared for Tatrakallu village for various parameters such as pH, EC, organic carbon, available macronutrients (N, P2O5, K2O and S) and micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn) under GIS platform using ArcGIS 10.3 version.

Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

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