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Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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2015 - 201972
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Subject: Soil Science and Agriculture Chemistry × End date: 2019 × Start date: 2015 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    INFLUENCE OF POTASSIUsM SOLUBILISING BACTERIA ON POTASSIUM DYNAMICS AND YIELD OF SWEET CORN
    (ACHARYA N G RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2019) BLESSY SUSANNA, KADARI; PRASAD, P. R.K.
    A field experiment entitled “Influence of potassium solubilising bacteria on potassium dynamics and yield of sweet corn” was conducted at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla using sweet corn hybrid Sugar-75 as a test crop. The experiment comprised of 8 treatments viz., T1 : Control ( No K), T2 : 100% RDK, T3 : 75% RDK, T4 :50% RDK, T5: 100% RDK+KSB, T6 : 75% RDK+KSB , T7 : 50 % RDK+KSB, T8 : KSB (where N, P and FYM were applied to all the treatments as per recommended dose) laid out in completely randomized block design and replicated thrice. The experimental soil was non saline and neutral in soil reaction, medium in organic carbon (0.51%), low in available nitrogen (158 kg ha-1) and high in available P2O5 (64 kg ha-1)and sufficient in sulphur and micronutrients. The soil was sandy loam in texture with a bulk density of 1.41 Mg m-3 and water holding capacity of 38.7 per cent. Along with inorganic potassium fertilizer levels KSB was also added to the soil. The available nutrient status of soil under sweet corn cultivation showed improvement with level of potassium fertilizer in combination with KSB significantly with N, P, S and Fe but non-significantly with Zn, Cu and Mn. The influence of K-Fertilization and KSB also showed remarkable effects on the potassium dynamics in the soil. The solution K and exchangeable K which is readily available in the soil varied significantly and more amount was xvi present in treatment where K fertilizer and KSB was applied, the decrease in the WS-K was observed from kneehigh to harvest stage. The slowly available or non-exchangeable K also decreased with the stages of crop growth and highest was recorded in the treatment where more inorganic fertilizers (100% RDK) was applied. The total K content in the soil was not significantly affected with or without the application KSB. All the treatments are on par with each other, slight decreasing trend was observed with the age of the crop. With respect to the biological properities (microbial count and enzymatic activity) it was clearly observed that with K-fertilization and KSB in combination significantly increased in all the treatments. Due to increased K levels along with KSB in T5 (100%RDK+KSB) both concentration and uptake of nutrients in sweet corn were improved significantly among all the treatments at three different stages of crop growth. The growth parameters (plant height and dry matter accumulation), yield (kernel and stover) and yield attributes (number of kernels per cob and 100 kernel weight) of sweet corn were better with increasing levels of potassium fertilizer and KSB. It is clear that combined application was effective than alone application. The quality parameters (protein and starch content) in sweet corn was markedly and positively influenced by K and KSB treatments at all the three stages of the crop.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT IN DIRECT SOWN RICE IN SANDY CLAY SOIL
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2019) GUDARANKAIAH, UPPALA; BHARGAVA RAMI REDDY, Ch
    A field experiment entitled “Phosphorus management in direct sown rice in sandy clay soil” was conducted at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla during kharif, 2018. The experimental soil was sandy clay in texture, neutral in reaction and non-saline. The soil was low in organic carbon, low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus, high in available potassium and sufficient in all available divalent cationic micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu). The experiment was laid out in RBD with eight treatments replicated thrice. The treatments comprised of T1- ( NO P ), T2 - 100% Recommended Dose of Phosphorus (RDP), T3 - 100% RDP +Phosphorus Solubilising Bacteria (PSB), T4 - 100% RDP + Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM), T5 - 75% RDP + PSB, T6 75% RDP + VAM, T7 - 50% RDP + PSB, T8 -50% RDP + VAM. Well decomposed farmyard manure @ 5 t ha-1was applied to the field as per recommended dose one week before sowing. A common dose of nitrogen @ 180 kg ha-1 was applied in the form of urea in three equal splits i.e 1/3 as basal, 1/3 at active tillering and 1/3 at panicle initiation stage. Phosphorus in the form of single super phosphate was applied as per the treatments as basal just before sowing. A common dose of 40 kg K2O ha-1was applied as muriate of potash, in two equal splits as half at basal and half at panicle initiation stage by taking the plot size into consideration.Biofertilizers (PSB, VAM) were mixed separately with FYM and kept in shade for 3 days and then by ensuring the presence of optimum soil moisture, FYM mixed biofertilizers viz., PSB @ 5 kg ha-1 and VAM @ 12.5 kg ha-1 were applied at 3 DAS separately. The influence of various treatments on growth parameters, yield attributes, yield, soil properties physical, physico-chemical properties, available nutrients, microbial population and enzymatic activity nutrient content and uptake at different stages were determined by standard procedures. The soil properties viz., pH, EC, OC, CEC, PBS were not significantly influenced by the imposed treatments, There was not significant influence of the treatments on available nitrogen and potassiumbut there was a significant influence of the treatments on available phosphorus. Among the micronutrients the treatmental influence was significant on Zn and Fe while Mn and Cu were not significantly influenced. The available phosphorus, zinc and iron content was markedly influenced by the application of phosphorus along with biofertilizers at all the crop growth stages. There was a significant improvement in the yield attributes, grain and straw yield of direct sown rice with application of 100% RDP + Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (T4) and it was on a par with the treatment T3. The nutrient content (N, P and S) of direct sown rice at tillering, panicle initiation and harvest was significantly higher by the treatment that received 100% RDP + Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (T4) and it was on par with T3. The Zn content was significantly higher by the treatment T1 (NO P) and it was lowest with T2. The nutrient content of K, Mn and Cu of direct sown rice at tillering, panicle initiation and harvest was not significantly influenced by the treatments while Fe content at tillering and panicle initiation was not significantly influenced by the treatments but the Fe at harvest was significantly influenced by the treatment that received from (NO P) (T1) and it was lowest in T2. Uptake of nutrients like N, P, S, Cu and Mn at tillering, panicle initiation and at harvest was markedly higher by the treatment received 100% RDP + Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (T4) and it was on par with T3. While, lower values were recorded with T1 (NO P). While the potassium uptake at harvest stage was significantly higher by the treatment received 100% RDP + Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (T4) and it was on par with T3 and the zinc uptake at tillering stage was significantly increased in the treatment (T4). The uptake of Feat tillering, panicle initiation and at harvest was not significantly influenced by the treatments. Application of phosphorus along with bio fertilizers showed significant influence on microbial population. Fungal population was significantly increased with application of 100% RDP + Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM). While the bacterial and actinomycetes population was significantly increased with application of 100% RDP + Phosphorus Solubilising Bacteria (PSB). Enzymatic activities like dehydrogenase and urease activity at tillering, panicle initiation and at harvest was not significantly influenced by the treatments while acid and alkaline phosphatase activity at tillering, panicle initiation and at harvest was significantly influenced by treatment which received 100% RDP + Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (T4) and it was on par with T3. While, lower values were recorded with T1 (NO P).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF BIOCHAR ON SOIL PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE OF GROUNDNUT IN RED SANDY LOAMS OF NORTH COASTAL ANDHRA PRADESH
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2019) GOWTHAMI, BENDALAM; GURUMURTHY, P
    A field and laboratory study entitled “Effect of biochar on soil properties and performance of groundnut in red sandy loams of North Coastal Andhra Pradesh” was conducted at Agricultural College Farm, Naira during rabi, 201819 using biochar and inorganic fertilizers at various rates of application. The experiment comprised of eight treatments viz., Control treatment (without biochar and inorganic fertilizers) (T1); 100% RDF (T2); 100% RDF + biochar @ 2 t ha-1 (T3); 100 % RDF + biochar @ 4 t ha-1 (T4); 100 % RDF + biochar @ 6 t ha-1 (T5); 75% RDF + biochar @ 2 t ha-1 (T6); 75 % RDF + biochar @ 4 t ha-1 (T7); 75% RDF + biochar @ 6 t ha-1 (T8) was laid out in RBD and replicated thrice. The experimental soil was sandy loam in texture, neutral in reaction, non- saline, low in organic carbon, low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and potassium and sufficient in available sulphur. Zn, Cu, Fe & Mn were sufficient in the soil with values above their critical limits. The soil had a bulk density of 1.61 Mg m-3. The biochar was prepared by subjecting mesta (fibre crop) sticks to low heat (300- 3500C) pyrolysis in biochar kiln. The properties of biochar viz., bulk density of 0.41 Mg m-3, porosity of 40.05%, maximum water holding capacity of 42.39%, pH of 8.38, EC of 1.39 dSm-1, CEC of 54.56 cmol (p+) kg-1 soil, organic carbon content of 35.04 %, and nutrients include, nitrogen (0.09%), phosphorus (0.16%), potassium (0.33%), sulphur (0.10%), zinc (26.12 ppm), iron (28.55 ppm), manganese (7.98 ppm) and copper (2.39 ppm). Biochar at various rates @ 2t ha-1, 4 t ha-1 and 6 t ha-1 was applied to the respective plots one week before sowing. Nitrogen was applied in the form of urea at different levels as per the treatments in 2 splits (at basal dose and at 30 Name of the Author : B. GOWTHAMI Title of thesis : “Effect of biochar on soil properties and performance of groundnut in red sandy loams of North Coastal Andhra Pradesh" Degree to which it is submitted : Master of Science in Agriculture Faculty : AGRICULTURE Major field of study : SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY Major Advisor : Dr. P. GURUMURTHY University : Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University Year of submission : 2019 xvii DAS). Entire phosphorus and potassium was applied as basal dose in the form of SSP and MOP. The effect of biochar on soil properties and performance of groundnut at different stages was determined by following standard procedures. Significant reduction in soil bulk density was observed at higher application rates of biochar (6 t ha-1). Significant increase in porosity and maximum water holding capacity was noticed in the biochar applied treatments. The physico-chemical properties like pH, CEC were significantly increased with biochar application. The available N, P2O5, K2O were high in 100% RDF and biochar applied treatments (T2, T3, T4, T5) than in 75% RDF and biochar applied treatments (T6, T7, T8). However, the influence of treatments on soil available sulphur and micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu) was not significant. Soil microbial population (bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) and soil enzymes (urease, dehydrogeanse, acid and alkaline phosphatase) was significantly superior in biochar added treatments. Dry matter accumulation, growth parameters, yield parameters were highest in treatment received 100% RDF + biochar @ 6 t ha-1 (T5) which was on par with T4, T3 and T8. The lowest corresponding yield parameters and yield were recorded in control (T1). Groundnut pod yield was highest (4019 kg ha-1) in T5 treatment received 100% RDF + biochar @ 6 t ha-1, which was on par with T4 (100% RDF + biochar @ 6 t ha-1) and T8 (75% RDF + biochar @ 6 t ha-1). The N, P, K concentration and their uptake by the plants was significantly higher in 100% RDF + biochar applied treatments (T2, T3, T4, T5) compared to the control (T1). Micronutrient concentrations (Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu) were not significantly influenced by biochar applied treatments but slight reduction at higher application rates of biochar was observed. Significant increase in uptake of micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu) was noticed due to increased dry matter production. The application of biochar @ 4, 6 t ha-1 + 100% RDF (T4 & T5) and biochar @ 6 t ha-1 + 75% RDF (T8) favourably improved soil properties, nutrient uptake, yield attributes and yield of groundnut.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF ORGANIC MANURES AND INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZERS ON SOIL HEALTH, GROWTH AND YIELD OF CHICKPEA
    (ACHARYA N G RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2019) VENKATESWARARAO, GADDE; SUJANI RAO, Ch
    A field experiment entitled “Effect of organic manures and inorganic phosphorus fertilizers on soil health, growth and yield of chickpea" was conducted at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla using variety JG-11. The experimental soil was clayey in texture, moderately alkaline in soil reaction, medium in organic carbon, low in available nitrogen, medium in available P2O5, high in avalable K2O and sufficient in sulphur and micro nutrients. The experiment comprises of 10 treatments viz., T1 – Control (No P fertilizer); T2 – 100% RDP through inorganic sources; T3 – 75% RDP through inorganic sources; T4 – 75% RDP (through inorganic) + 25% P through BGD (Biogas digest); T5 – 50% RDP (through inorganic) + 50% P through BGD (Biogas digest); T6 – 100% RDP (through inorganic) + Microbial Consortium; T7 – 75% RDP (through inorganic) + Microbial Consortium; T8 – 50% RDP (through inorganic) + Microbial Consortium; T9 – 100% RDP through BGD; T10– 100% RDP through BGD + Microbial Consortium laid out in randomized block design (RBD) and replicated thrice. Biogas digest was applied 3 days before sowing. Nitrogen in the form of urea, phosphorus in the form of SSP and sulphur in the form of elemental sulphur was applied after calculating their amounts supplied through BGD. Urea was applied in two splits and remaining fertilizers were applied as basal doses. Microbial Consortium included Rhizobium, PSB and KSB and chickpea seed was treated with Rhizobium @ 5-6 ml kg-1. PSB and KSB were applied by mixing them with soil. xv The influence of various treatments on growth parameters, yield attributes, yield, quality parameters, nutrient content and uptake and soil properties (physico-chemical, available nutrients and biological) were determined by standard procedures at different stages. The soil properties viz., pH, EC, CEC & PBS were not markedly influenced by the imposed treatments, while significantly higher organic carbon content was recorded BGD treated plots. There was a significant influence of the treatments on available nitrogen, phosphorus and non-significant influence on available potassium and sulphur. Among micronutrients, Fe, Cu and Mn were not significantly influenced by the imposed treatments while the treatmental influence was significant in zinc. Soil biological properties were markedly influenced by the treatments and recorded highest for microbial population and enzymatic activity in treatment which received 100% RDP through BGD + microbial consortium. Highest plant height, dry matter production, yield attributes and yield were recorded by the treatment that received 100% RDP through BGD + microbial consortium followed by 100% RDP through BGD. Quality parameter viz., protein content was significantly influenced by imposed treatments. The concentration of macro and micro nutrients were calculated at vegetative, in seed and haulm was influenced by the imposed treatments and recorded higher values in treatment which received 100% RDP through BGD + microbial consortium followed by treatment which received 100% RDP through BGD. The uptake of macro and micronutrients at vegetative, in seed and haulm were significantly influenced by the treatments with maximum values recorded in the treatment that received 100% RDP through BGD + microbial consortium which was on par with treatment that received 100% RDP through BGD except for phosphorus where the treatment which received 100% RDP through BGD + microbial consortium recorded significantly superior value over all other treatments and minimum values recorded by the treatment T1 that received no P fertilizer.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DYNAMICS OF SOIL POTASSIUM UNDER DIFFERENT CROPPING SYSTEMS IN SOUTHERN ZONE OF A.P.
    (ACHARYA N G RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2019) CHARANKUMAR, G.R.; MUNASWAMY, V
    Present investigation was carried out to study “Dynamics of soil potassium under different cropping systems in Southern Zone of A.P.” Soil samples were collected from five locations in prominent cropping systems at 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm depth from three districts of Southern Zone of Andhra Pradesh. The soils of study area were light in texture and ranged from sandy loam to clay. Soils of Chittoor district were acidic to alkaline in reaction, while soils of Y.S.R Kadapa and S.P.S.R Nellore district were near neutral to alkaline in nature. Soils from three districts were non-saline with respect to soluble salt content. In Chittoor district, the highest available K was recorded under groundnut + redgram intercropping system (139.30 mg kg-1) in surface soils, while in subsurface soils under groundnut monocropping system (100.70 mg kg-1). Highest water soluble K in surface soils was recorded under bajra-groundnut cropping system (41.20 mg kg-1), while in sub-surface soils under groundnut + redgram intercropping system (25.85 mg kg-1). Highest exchangeable K was recorded under groundnut monocropping system in surface soils (111.80 mg kg-1) and subsurface soils (81.20 mg kg-1). Highest non-exchangeable K in surface soils was recorded under paddy-groundnut cropping system (581.55 mg kg-1), while in sub-surface under bajra-groundnut cropping system (495.90 mg kg-1). Highest mean lattice K and total K were recorded under redgram monocropping system in surface soils (42529.80 mg kg-1 and 42990 mg kg-1, respectively), while in sub-surface soils under groundnut+redgram intercropping system (38496.60 mg kg-1 and 38970 mg kg-1, respectively). xiii In Y.S.R Kadapa district, highest available K was recorded under paddypaddy cropping sequence at both surface (282.80 mg kg-1) and sub-surface soils (160.90 mg kg-1). Highest water soluble K was recorded under groundnutgroundnut cropping sequence at both surface (43.30 mg kg-1) and sub-surface (17.25 mg kg-1) layers. Highest exchangeable K was recorded under paddy-paddy cropping sequence in both surface (254.10 mg kg-1) and sub-surface (144.05 mg kg-1) layers. Highest non-exchangeable K was recorded under fallowbengalgram cropping sequence (970.35 mg kg-1) in surface soils, while in subsurface soils under paddy-paddy cropping sequence (623.00 mg kg-1). Highest lattice K and total K were recorded under groundnut-groundnut cropping sequence (23326.60 mg kg-1 and 24190 mg kg-1, respectively) in surface soils, while in sub-surface soils under groundnut monocropping sequence (35828.20 mg kg-1 and 33330 mg kg-1, respectively). In S.P.S.R Nellore district, highest available K was under groundnutpaddy cropping sequence (278.85 mg kg-1) in surface soils, while in sub-surface soils under fallow-blackgram cropping sequence (175.50 mg kg-1). Highest water soluble K was recorded under paddy-paddy cropping sequence both in surface (38.35 mg kg-1) and sub-surface soils (28.15 mg kg-1). Highest exchangeable K was recorded under groundnut-paddy cropping sequence (256.05 mg kg-1) in surface soils, while in sub-surface soils under fallow-blackgram cropping sequence (161.50 mg kg-1). Highest non-exchangeable K was recorded under groundnut-paddy cropping sequence at both surface (672.95 mg kg-1) and subsurface soils (696.30 mg kg-1). Highest lattice K and total K were recorded under paddy-paddy cropping sequence at both surface (33370.60 mg kg-1 and 33950 mg kg-1, respectively) and sub-surface soils (20383.50 mg kg-1 and 20910 mg kg-1, respectively). In Chittoor district, available K of surface soils was highly and significantly correlated with water soluble K (r = 0.779**), exchangeable K (r = 0.963**) and non-exchangeable K (r = 0.837**). In sub-surface soils available K was highly and significantly correlated with water soluble K (r = 0.541**) and exchangeable K (r = 0.963**). In Y.S.R Kadapa district, available K of surface soils was highly and significantly correlated with exchangeable K (r = 0.987**) and nonexchangeable K (r = 0.791**). In sub-surface soils available K was highly and significantly correlated with exchangeable K (r = 0.766**) and nonexchangeable K (r = 0.943**). In S.P.S.R Nellore district, available K of surface soils was highly and significantly correlated with exchangeable K (r = 0.990**) and nonexchangeable K (r = 0.875**). In sub-surface soils available K was highly and significantly correlated with exchangeable K (r = 0.982**). In all the three districts high degree of correlation was observed among lattice K and total K at both surface and sub-surface soils.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PHOSPHORUS DYNAMICS IN RELATION TO NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN RICE- BLACKGRAM CROPPING SEQUENCE
    (ACHARYA N G RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2019) JAGGA RAO, I; SUJANI RAO, Ch
    A field experiment entitled “Phosphorus dynamics in relation to nutrient management in rice-blackgram cropping sequence” was conducted for two consecutive years (2017-2018 and 2018-2019) at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla. The experimental soil was clay loam in texture, slightly alkaline in reaction, low in organic carbon and low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and high in potassium, while micro-nutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) were all above critical levels. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design and replicated thrice. The treatments consisted of RDNK (M0), RDNK+FYM @ 5t ha-1 (M1), RDNK+sunhemp @ 10t ha-1 (M2) and RDNK+Dhaincha @ 10t ha-1(M3) as main plots and five phosphorus levels to rice crop comprising of 0 kg P2O5 ha-1 (P1), 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 (P2) and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 (P3), 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 (P4) and 120 kg P2O5 ha-1 (P5) as sub- plot treatments. These treatments were imposed to rice crop during kharif season. The rabi experiment was continued on the same site without disturbing the soil for succeeding blackgram crop to study residual effect of organic manures and P levels applied to preceeding rice crop. Popular cultivars of rice and blackgram viz., BPT-5204 and TBG 104 respectively, were chosen for the study. Application of organic manures and inorganic P fertilizer showed marked difference on physico-chemical properties of soil (pH and EC) at tillering, panicle initiation and harvest stage of rice. At all growth stages of rice, the highest available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu), urease, dehydrogenase and microbial population (bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) in soil were recorded with application of RDNK+Dhaincha @ 10t ha-1(M3) and this was on par with RDNK+ Sunhemp @ 10t ha-1(M2) in all four seasons of study. The pH, EC, manganese, copper and microbial population were not significantly differed among the P levels but the available nutrient status (N, P and K) were increased with the increasing level of P from 0 (P1) to 120 kg P2O5 (P5) ha-1 except micronutrients, where xxxi micronutrients were decreased from 0 to 120 kg P2O5 ha-1, irrespective of the nutrients imposed to rice crop. Regarding available N, P and K was recoeded highest in P5 (120 kg P2O5 ha-1) and this was on par with P4 (90 kg P2O5 ha-1), whereas the micronutrients were significantly higher in treatment P1 that received 0 kg P2O5 ha-1 and this was on par with P2 that received 30 kg P2O5 ha-1, while this was on par with P3 (60 kg P2O5 ha-1). However, the similar trend was followed in succeeding blackgram. In all the treatments inorganic P fractions viz., Saloid-P and Ca-P was significantly higher with the application of 100% RDNK in combination with Dhaincha @ 10t ha-1 (M3), however, it was on par with that of application of RDNK+Sunhemp @ 10t ha-1 (M2). But Iron-P, Al-P and Tot-P was significantly higher in 100% RDNK in combination with Dhaincha @ 10t ha-1 and this was on par with RDNK+Sunhemp @ 10t ha-1 and RDNK+FYM @ 5t ha-1 (M1). All P fractions were significantly increased with increasing P level from 0 to 120 kg P2O5 ha-1. The highest was recorded in P5 (120 kg P2O5 ha-1) and it was on par with P4 (90 kg P2O5 ha-1). Similarly, in succeeding blackgram Saloid-P, Fe-P, Al-P and Ca-P was significantly higher with the application of 100% RDNK in combination with Dhaincha @ 10t ha-1 (M3), however, it was on par with that of application of RDNK+sunhemp @ 10t ha-1 (M2), while M2 was remain on par with RDNK+FYM (M1). But Tot-P was significantly higher in 100% RDNK in combination with Dhaincha @ 10t ha-1 and this was on par with RDNK+sunhemp @ 10t ha-1 and RDNK+FYM @ 5t ha-1 (M1). Nutrient content of rice crop were significantly higher with the application of 100% RDNK in combination with Dhaincha @10t ha-1 (M3) over RDNK alone (M0). However, it was on par with that of application of 100% RDNK along with sunhemp (M2) during both the years of the study. Among the P levels applied to rice crop, the nutrient content of N, P,K and S was significantly higher in P5 (120 kg P2O5 ha-1) and this was on par with P4 (90 kg P2O5 ha-1) but micronutrients except iron and zinc were higher in P1 (0 kg P2O5 ha-1). Regarding uptake of N, P, K, S and micronutrients were significantly higher in P5 (120 kg P2O5 ha-1) and lowest in P1 (0 kg P2O5 ha-1). Similarly, in succeeding blackgram among the organic manure treatments the same trend was followed as in rice but among the P levels, the nutrient content of N, K, S and micronutrients were not significantly differed except P. The content of P was recorded highest in P5 (120 kg P2O5 ha-1) and it was on par with P4 (90 kg P2O5 ha-1), while P4 was on par with P3 (60 kg P2O5 ha-1). Regarding uptake of N, P, K, S and micronutrients except iron and zinc were recorded highest in P5 (120 kg P2O5 ha-1) and it was on par P4 (90 kg P2O5 ha-1) and P3 (60 kg P2O5 ha-1) during both the years of the study. Drymatter production, grain yield and straw yield of rice were significantly higher with the application of 100% RDNK in combination with Dhaincha @10t ha-1 (M3) and it was on par with that of application of RDNK along with sunhemp @10t ha-1 (M2). However significantly lower was recorded in RDNK alone (M0) during both the years of the study. Among the P levels, the treatment P5 (120 kg P2O5 ha-1) recorded significantly highest dry matter production, grain and straw yield and it was on par with P4 (90 kg P2O5 ha-1) and P3 (60 kg P2O5 ha-1) and lowest was recorded in P1 (0 kg P2O5 ha-1). In succeeding blackgram drymatter production and yield were significantly influenced by the nutrient management imposed to preceding rice crop. The drymatter production, seed yield and haulm yield of were significantly higher with the application of 100% RDNK in combination with Dhaincha @10t ha-1 (M3) and it was on par with that of application of RDNK along with sunhemp @10t ha-1 (M2) and RDNK+ FYM @ xxxii 5t ha-1 (M1). However significantlylower was recorded in RDNK alone (M0) during both the years of the study. Among the P levels, the treatment P4 (90 kg P2O5 ha-1) recorded significantly highest drymatter production and it was on par with P5 (120 kg P2O5 ha-1), P3 (60 kg P2O5 ha-1) and P2 (30 kg P2O5 ha-1), while lowest was recorded in P1 (0 kg P2O5 ha-1). Harvest index was significantly recorded higher in application of 100% RDNK in combination with Dhaincha @10t ha-1 (M3). However, it was on par with that of application of RDNK along with sunhemp @ 10t ha-1 (M2) and RDNK+ FYM @ 5t ha-1 (M1). Irrespective of the P levels, harvest index was slightly increased but not statistically significant. The similar trend was followed in succeeding blackgram also. Quality parameters of rice grain viz., amylose and protein were recoeded significantly higher in RDNK+Dhaincha @10t ha-1 (M3) and this was on par with that of application of RDNK along with sunhemp @10t ha-1 (M2), while M2 was remain on par with RDNK+ FYM @ 5t ha-1 (M1). Among the P levels, the content of amylose and protein was slightly increased from 0 to 120 kg P2O5 ha-1 but not significantly differed. Similarly the data regarding influence of organics and P levels applied to preceeding rice crop on protein content of succeeding blackgram followed same trend as in rice. From this study, it can be concluded that application of RDNK+green manure along with 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 to kharif rice crop is optimum for rice- blackgram cropping sequence of Krishna Agro climatic zone of Andhra Pradesh.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    INTEGRATED PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT IN BLACKGRAM
    (ACHARYA N G RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2019) CHARISHMA, NETHALA; SUDHA RANI, Y
    A field experiment entitled “Integrated phosphorus management in blackgram” was conducted during kharif, 2017 on sandy clay loam soil of Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla with a view to study the influence of integrated use of inorganic and organic phosphorus on soil properties (physical, physico- chemical and chemical properties) and performance of blackgram (PU 31) in terms of yield, nutrient content and uptake. The experiment was laid out in RBD with eight treatments replicated thrice. Well decomposed farmyard manure @ 5 t ha-1was applied to the field as per recommended dose one week before sowing. The inorganic nitrogen through urea was applied in 2 splits (as basal and at flowering) equally to all treatments i.e.T2 to T8 except control (T1). Entire quantity of P2O5 in the form of SSP was applied according to the treatments as basal application one day before sowing. K2O in the form of MOP was applied to all the treatments as basal dose at the time of sowing. (Recommended dose of fertilizers was 25-50-25 kg N- P2O5 - K2O kg ha-1). The influence of various treatments on soil properties (physical, physicochemical and chemical properties), nutrient contents and uptake, growth parameters, and yield of blackgram were determined by following standard procedures. The soil properties viz., bulk density, water holding capacity, pH, EC, cation exchange capacity, per cent base saturation and contents of copper and manganese were not significantly influenced by the imposed treatments. There was a significant influence of the treatments on available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and contents of iron and zinc. The soil available nutrient content was markedly influenced by the application of phosphorus along with PSB and FYM at all the crop growth stages. The xiv highest available phosphorus was observed in T5 (RDNK + 75% RDP + PSB + FYM @ 5 t ha-1), whereas, the maximum available nitrogen and potassium was observed in T4 (RDNK + 75% RDP + FYM @ 5 t ha-1). The phosphorus content of blackgram at flowering and at harvest was markedly influenced by the treatment supplied with T5 (RDNK + 75% RDP + PSB + FYM @ 5 t ha-1). The effect of treatments on other nutrients was non-significant.The uptake of available macro and micro nutrients at flowering and at harvest was significantly influenced by the treatment T5 (RDNK + 75% RDP + PSB + FYM @ 5 t ha-1) which was comparable with T8 (RDNK + 50 % RDP + PSB + FYM @ 5 t ha-1). The performance of blackgram in terms of grain and haulm yield was significantly influenced by the imposed treatments. The treatment supplied with RDNK + 75% RDP + PSB + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 (T5) recorded maximum grain and haulm yield and it was followed by treatment supplied with RDNK + 50% RDP + PSB + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 (T8). From the present study, it can be concluded that under sandy clay loam soils of Bapatla, application of RDNK + 75% RDP + PSB + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 was proved to be highly beneficial in improving soil properties and comparable grain and haulm yields of blackgram.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DETAILED SOIL SURVEY OF TATRAKALLU VILLAGE OF ANANTAPURAMU DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH USING AIRBORNE HYPERSPECTRAL REMOTE SENSING
    (ACHARYA N G RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2019) SASHI KALA, G; NAIDU, M.V.S.
    The present investigation involves "Detailed soil survey of Tatrakallu village of Anantapuramu district of Andhra Pradesh using airborne hyperspectral remote sensing". For this purpose, twenty two (22) typical pedons from Tatrakallu village were studied for their morphological, physical, physico-chemical and chemical properties. Besides this, two hundred and fifty surface soil samples (0-15 cm) were collected with GPS coordinates and were analysed for pH, EC, macronutrients ( N, P2O5, K2O and S) and micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) and were mapped by using ArcGIS v 10.3 environment. The area was characterized by semi-arid monsoonic climate with distinct summer, winter and rainy seasons. The pedons occur in plains (P16, P17, P18, P19 and P20), very gently sloping (P12, P13, P14, P15 and P21) gently sloping (P1, P2, P3, P4, P6, P7, P8, P10 and P11), moderately sloping (P5 and P9) and very steeply sloping (P22) topography. The P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7, P8, P9, P10, P11, P12, P13, P14, P15, P21 and P22 were originated from granite-gneiss whereas P16, P17, P18, P19 and P20 were developed from limestone. The pedons in the study area were characterized by AC / AR (P1, P2, P3, P5, P8, P9, P10, P11, P21 and P22) and ABC / ABR ( P4, P6, P7, P12, P13, P14, P15, P16, P17, P18, P19 and P20) profiles. The soils were shallow to very deep in depth, very dark gray to yellowish red in colour, gravelly loamy sand to clay in texture and exhibited single grain, crumb, sub-angular and angular blocky structure. The clay content in P3, P6 and P15 exhibited an increasing trend with depth and P2, P7, P8, P14, P20 and P21 showed a decreasing trend with xviii depth. However, no specific trend with depth was observed in the remaining pedons. Physical constants like water holding capacity, loss on ignition and volume expansion followed the trend of clay content. Bulk density showed an increasing trend with depth corresponding to decreasing organic carbon with depth in all the pedons. COLE values increased with depth in P16 and P19 and no specific trend with depth was observed in P17, P18 and P20. The soils of Tatrakallu village were slightly acid to strongly alkaline (6.50 to 9.01) in reaction, non-saline (0.01 to 1.90 dSm-1) and low to medium (0.1 to 0.67%) in organic carbon. The CaCO3 content was ranged from 0.50 to 25.22 per cent. The ESP was low to high (0.50 to 33.50 %). The CEC values were low to high (6.48 to 50.64 cmol (p+) kg-1) and exchange complex was dominated by Ca2+ followed by Mg2+, Na+ and K+. The soils were low (64.12 to 265.52 kg ha-1) in available nitrogen, low to high (1.25 to 85.50 kg P2O5 ha-1 soil) in available phosphorous and potassium (35.61 to 693.23 kg K2O ha-1) and deficient to sufficient (6.28 to 54.81 mg kg-1) in available sulphur. However, deficient to sufficient in DTPA extractable Zn, Fe and Mn and sufficient in DTPA extractable Cu. The mineralogy class for P11, P16, P17, P18, P19 and P20 was smectitic whereas the mineralogy class for P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7, P8, P9, P10, P12, P13, P14, P15,P 21 and P22 was mixed based on CEC / clay ratio. Based on the morphological, physical, physico-chemical, mineralogical and meteorological data, the soils in Tatrakallu village were classified into Entisol, Inceptisol, Alfisol and Vertisol orders and these soils were classified at family level as: Pedons 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 21 and 22 : Loamy-skeletal, mixed, isohyperthermic, Lithic Ustorthent Pedons 4 and 14 : Loamy-skeletal, mixed, isohyperthermic, Typic Haplustept Pedon 6 : Loamy-skeletal, mixed, isohyperthermic, Typic Haplustalf Pedon 7 : Loamy-skeletal, mixed, isohyperthermic, Lithic Haplustept Pedon 11 : Coarse – loamy, smectitic, isohyperthermic, Typic Ustifluvent Pedon 12 : Fine –loamy, mixed, isohyperthermic, Typic Haplustalf Pedon 13 : Coarse – loamy, mixed, isohyperthermic, Fluventic Haplustept Pedon 15 : Loamy-skeletal, mixed, isohyperthermic, Lithic Haplustalf Pedon 16 and 18 : Fine, smectitic, isohyperthermic, Sodic Haplustert Pedon 17 : Fine, smectitic, isohyperthermic, Sodic Calciustert Pedon 19 : Fine, smectitic, isohyperthermic, Typic Haplustert Pedon 20 : Fine, smectitic, isohyperthermic, Leptic Haplustert Fourteen soil series were identified in the study area and were mapped into twenty one different soil mapping units. xix The hyperspectral data revealed that kaolinite, smectite and illite are the dominant clay minerals in Tatrakallu village which were in accordance with XRD analysis. Kaolinite mineral in the study area was identified by strong absorption band at 1400 nm along with a weak band at 1900 nm whereas smectite clay mineral in study area was identified by stronger absorption band at 1900 nm which was caused by bound water molecules in this hydrous clay. However, illite clay mineral was identified by two diagnostic absorption peaks at 1400 nm and 2200 nm regions. Soil reaction, organic carbon, available N, P2O5 and K2O showed positive and significant correlation at visible region (400 - 750 nm) with good fit for organic carbon (R2 = 0.607) and poor fit for available N (R2 = 0.249). However EC and available S were negative and significant throughout visible and SWIR. The DTPA extractable Fe, Mn and Zn were negatively correlated with soil reflectance at lower wavelength region (400 – 500 nm) and positively and significantly correlated beyond 600 nm. The fourteen soil series were classified into six land capability subclasses such as IIIs (TTK9 and TTK14), IIIw (TTK11 and TTK13), IIIws (TTK12), IVs (TTK7, TTK5 and TTK10), IVes (TTK3, TTK4, TTK6 and TTK8) and VIes (TTK1 and TTK2). Similarly, the soils of study area were grouped in to four land irrigability sub-classes namely, 3s (TTK3, TTK4 and TTK7), 4s (TTK9, TTK12, TTK13 and TTK14), 5s (TTK2, TTK5, TTK6, TTK8, TTK10 and TTK11) and 6s (TTK1) The Soil series viz., TTK4 was marginally suitable (S3) for growing groundnut, pigeonpea, chickpea and castor whereas the soil series such as TTK6, TTK8 and TTK10 were marginally suitable for growing pigeonpea, chickpea and groundnut and not suitable for growing castor. Soil series namely TTK2 and TTK14 were marginally suitable for growing pigeonpea and chickpea and not suitable for growing groundnut and castor crops. However the soil series such as TTK1, TTK3, TTK5, TTK7, TTK9, TTK11, TTK12, TTK13 were not suitable (N) for growing all the crops namely groundnut, pigeonpea and chickpea and castor crops. Production potential revealed that, actual productivity of soil series was poor, average and good whereas potential productivity of soil series was poor, good and excellent. The coefficient of improvement (Ci) varied from 1.42 to 2.85 indicating the implementation of judicious soil and water management practices to sustain soil productivity. Soil fertility maps were also prepared for Tatrakallu village for various parameters such as pH, EC, organic carbon, available macronutrients (N, P2O5, K2O and S) and micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn) under GIS platform using ArcGIS 10.3 version.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    IDENTIFICATION OF SOIL RELATED CONSTRAINTS OF BENGALGRAM (Cicer arietinum L.) GROWING AREAS IN KOILKUNTLA DIVISION OF KURNOOL DISTRICT USING REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)
    (ACHARYA N G RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2019) SALMA BANU, D; MUNASWAMY, V
    A study was undertaken to identify the soil related constraints, delineate the spatial variability of soil fertility status in order to suggest fertilizer recommendations and crop suitability analysis of bengal gram growing soils Koilkuntla Agriculture division in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh state using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Georeferenced samples were collected from the study area following spatially balanced sampling technique. The soil samples were analysed for various soil fertility parameters by adopting standard procedures. Ground truth analysis indicated that soils of the study area were slightly acidic to highly alkaline, with low electrical conductivity (EC) ranges. The Available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur content showed much variation with high coefficient of variation. Soils vary across fields and within the fields in the division, hence detailed study in mandals namely Koilkuntla, Uyyalawada, Sanjamala, Owk, Dornipadu and Kolimigundla was carried. The data revealed that in total study area (Koilkuntla division) coefficient of variation (CV) was high for magnesium, sulphur and phosphorus content, some other nutrients also have high values of CV confirming the existence of spatial variability within field of the different mandals. xix The micronutrients content in soils exhibited sufficient status of Cu and Mn and deficit status for Fe and Zn. The coefficient of variation in the Koilkuntla division for available Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn was 9.13, 29.10, 27.06 and 48.52 per cent respectively. The larger CV depicts that within the division there was much variation in the micronutrient status, indicating that soil fertility was not homogeneous. The extent of spatial variability of soil fertility status was studied at division and mandal level and it varied with the nutrients under study. Spatial variability of soil properties such as pH, EC, available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur and available micronutrients were studied and maps were generated using geo-statistics. In the present study, based on thematic maps, a major area of Koilkuntla divison was alkaline (98.4%), non- saline (100%), medium in organic carbon (55.2%), low in available N (100%) and high in available P (86.4%) and K (93.6%), available S (55.2%), Ca (100%) and Mg (100%) were sufficient. With regard to available micronutrients, Zn (83.6%) and Fe (66.8%) were predominantly deficient while Cu (100%) and Mn (100%) were in sufficient status. As a whole, available N, Zn and Fe were the major nutrient constraints in bengalgram growing soils of Koilkuntla Agriculture division. Soils of bengalgram growing area of the study area belongs to medium to heavy black soils. Hence, no distinguished horizons could be identified and so depth wise sampling was done. Physico-chemical poperties like pH and EC did not show any specific trend with depth, while organic carbon showed decreasing trend with depth. Available N, P, and K showed decreasing trend with in majority of the pedons, while sulphur showed irregular trend with depth. All micronutrients showed decreasing trend with depth in majority of the pedons. Based on the morphological and physical properties, the soils of pedon 1 to 10 classified as Typic Calciusterts and Pedon 11 as Vertic Haplustepts. Correlation studies of soil properties in the study area revealed that available S, Fe, Zn were positively and significantly correlated with pH, organic carbon and Cu was significantly and positively correlated with EC. Available N, K, Cu and Mn were significantly and positively correlated with organic carbon. P was positively and significantly correlated with Zn, sulphur was positively and significantly correlated with Fe and Zn, available Ca and Mg were positively and significantly correlated with each other. Cu was positive and significantly correlated with K, Mn, Zn, and Fe where as Mn and Fe were positively and significantly correlated with each other. Site specific fertilizer recommendations for bengalgram in Koilkuntla division and mandals are made utilizing the spatial variability maps of N, P and K. The recommended doses of nitrogen are 48, 42, 35, 28, 21 and 15 kg N ha-1 for the areas under available nitrogen ranges of <100, 101-125, 126 xx 150, 151-175, 176-200 and >200 kg ha-1 zones respectively. The recommended doses of phosphorus are 8, 15, 91, 100, 109, 118 kg P2O5 kg ha-1 for the areas under available phosphorus ranges of 36-40, 31-35, 26-30, 21-25, 1620 and 11-15 kg ha-1 zones respectively. The recommended doses of potassium are 49, 44, 38, 33, 27, 22, 16, 11 and 5 kg K2O ha-1 for the areas under available potassium ranges of <200, 201-225, 226-250, 251-275, 276300, 301-325, 326-350, 351-375, 376-400 and <300 kg ha-1 zones respectively. In the study area, farmers are in the habit of drilling the fertilizer (DAP or 28:28:0) in advance prior to the sowing rains which is leading to loss of nitrogen, by the time seedling germinates. So, there is a need of N fertilizer application both at division and mandal level when compared to the general recommendation of 20 kg N ha-1. The application of phosphorus as per the above recommendation reveals that there was a significant reduction in P fertilizer application both at division and mandal level when compared to the general recommendation of 50 P2O5 kg ha-1. The application of potassium as per the general recommendation reveals that in maximum area there is no need of K fertilizer application at division and mandal level same as per the general recommendations. The soil site suitability maps for bengalgram, sorghum and sunflower delineate the areas into suitable and not suitable. The parameters like soil pH, slope and drainage were found to limit the soil suitability classification for bengalgram crop in the study area. This information helps for selecting proper cropping pattern at local level. In conclusion it can be summarized that the new technologies such as remote sensing, GIS and GPS have opened a new era in generating natural resource database to integrate and assess their potential on spatial basis. Integration of GIS in the present study was highly useful in identification of soil related constraints spatially and in generating the fertilizer recommendation maps and soil suitability assessment. Also, by identifying the soil related constraints in the study area, it made clear that there is a need of adoption of soil test crop response based integrated plant nutrition system (STCR-IPNS) and micronutrient recommendations to bengalgram and other crops would enhance the crop productivity, fertilizer use efficiency and alleviate the deficiencies over long run.