Thumbnail Image

Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

News

https://angrau.ac.in/ANGRU/Library_Resources.aspx

Browse

2022 - 202342
Reset filters
Subject: Genetics and Plant Breeding × End date: 2023 × Start date: 2022 × Type: Thesis ×
Reset filters

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 9 of 42
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    GENETIC ANALYSIS OF GRAIN YIELD AND TURCICUM LEAF BLIGHT RESISTANCE IN MAIZE (Zea mays L.)
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-12-07) DHANAPATI KEERTHANA; T. HARITHA
    The present investigation entitled “Genetic analysis of grain yield and TLB resistance in maize (Zea mays L.)” was carried out during rabi 2021-22 at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh, to study the combining ability of parents and crosses and also to estimate the magnitude of heterosis for kernel yield and its contributing traits apart from character association of different traits with kernel yield. The material involved was 11 lines that were crossed with 4 testers in line x tester mating design to produce 44 crosses. The parents along with 44 crosses and 5 checks were evaluated in simple lattice design with two replications. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters indicating the presence of substantial amount of variability and intrinsic genetic variation in the genotypes studied. Analysis of variance for combining ability revealed that the parents vs crosses exhibited significant difference for all the traits indicating the presence of variability in the genetic material. Among the parents, the line, VL18828 exhibited significant gca effect in desirable direction for days to 50% tasseling, days to 50% silking and ear girth; VL19705-8 for ear placement height and no. of kernels row-1; VL171488-2 for ear placement height and kernel rows ear-1; SNL19588-23 for plant height in desirable direction. Among the testers, LM13 recorded significant gca effect in desirable direction for traits like ear length and 100 kernel weight; BML7 for protein content; BML6 for 100 kernel weight and ear girth and LM14 for ear placement height. Out of 44 crosses, significant high sca effect in desirable direction was recorded by the cross VL19255 x BML7 for days to 50% tasseling, days to 50% silking; VL175869-14 x LM14 for ear length, xiv ear girth and kernel yield plant-1; CAL1733-13 x BML6 for kernel rows ear-1; VL171488-2 x BML6 for ear placement height; SNL19588-23 x LM13 for protein content. The high sca effects for most of the crosses were resulted due to parental gca combinations with low x low, high x low and low x high. Therefore, we can infer that to attain high sca effect of a cross, one can include some low general combiners along with high general combiners in hybridization programmes. Heterosis studies revealed that the crosses SNL19564-20 x BML7, VL18828 x BML7, VL18828 X BML7, VL171488-2 X BML7 and VL19255 x BML7 recorded significant positive mid parent heterosis and heterobeltiosis for kernel yield. Among the 44 crosses, based on mid parent, better parent, standard heterosis (DKC8171), sca effect and per se performance the cross, VL175869-14 x LM14, was identified as the best hybrid for kernel yield. The ratio of GCA variance to SCA variance for most of the traits like days to 50% tasseling, days to 50% silking, plant height, ear placement height, ear girth, kernel yield plant-1 was less than unity indicating the predominace of non-additive gene action whereas it was more than unity for days to maturity, kernel rows ear-1, 100 kernel weight and protein content indicating the predominance of additive gene action in the inheritance of these traits. Correlation and path analysis revealed that the kernel yield could be improved by improving the traits viz., plant height, ear length, ear girth, no. of kernels row-1 and kernel rows ear-1, as they showed positive significant association with kernel yield. All the 64 genotypes were screened against turcicum leaf blight disease under artificial epiphytotic conditions to identify resistant/tolerant genotypes. Disease score was recorded at tasseling, 20 DAT and maturity stages by using 1-9 scale. At maturity stage 12 crosses, seven lines and one check showed resistant reaction (R) indicating the usefulness of these crosses in maize crop improvement programmes. In the present study 26 SSR markers were used for assessment of molecular diversity in 15 parental inbred lines along with 5 checks. Out of these primers seven primers viz., bnlg1335, bnlg1666, bnlg2086, bnlg238, Phi054, umc1029 and umc2077 recorded PIC value more than 0.6; these primers could be effectively utilized for genotype differentiation and genetic diversity analysis suggesting their potentiality in future genetic diversity analysis. These markers, were reported to be associated with TLB resistance and the data indicated that lot of variation in the resistant genotypes for the reported associated markers indicating the polygenic inheritance of this trait and usefulness of these in developing novel maize hybrids having the desirable TLB resistance.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    GENETIC ANALYSIS IN BLACKGRAM [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] FOR YIELD AND ITS COMPONENTS
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-12-07) Y. PUSHPA RENI; M.V. RAMANA
    The current study, "Genetic analysis in blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] for yield and its components," was conducted from 2019 to 2021 at Regional Agricultural Research station, Lam Farm, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. The study's main goal was to comprehend the type of gene action that underlies the inheritance of seed yield and yield contributing traits, as well as quality traits. In order to fully understand epistasis, generation mean analysis of a five-parameter model was performed. In this process, fifty nine genotypes including four checks of blackgram were evaluated for yield and yield attributing characters viz., days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight, harvest index, protein content, iron content, zinc content, MYMV incidence, leaf curl incidence and seed yield per plant during kharif, 2019 to study the diversity analysis and to identify the parents having resistance to MYMV and high yielding traits. Six parents from this material are used as parents to generate 15 crosses in half diallel fashion and these F1’s were evaluated during kharif, 2020. Out of fifteen crosses three best crosses were selected based on combining ability, heterosis and MYMV reaction studies, further to generate F2’s and F3’s. Parents, F1’s, F2’s and F3’s were evaluated during Rabi, 2020-21 to study the gene effects for yield and yield attributing characters. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated significant genotype differences for each character, showing that the genotypes under study have a sizable degree of variability and intrinsic genetic diversity. PCV values are higher than GCV values, indicating the role of the environment in the expression of these traits. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent mean was perceived for plant height, number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per plant, seed yield per plant, harvest index, iron content and zinc content specified the predominance of additive gene action in the expression of these traits. xvii By using Mahalanobis D2 statistic, PCA and ward’s method and per se performance, the genotypes LBG 904, LBG 752, TU 94-2 and TBG 129 were used in the crossing programme along with TU 40 and PU 31, as they (PU 31 & TU 40) are a potential source of YMV and leaf curl virus resistance as per earlier reports of MULLaRP. From the results of the correlation studies, yield related traits like number of pods per plant, harvest index, number of clusters per plant, number of seeds per pod, days to 50% flowering, 100 seed weight, number of branches per plant, pod length and plant height could be utilized as selection criteria for improving seed yield in blackgram. According to the residual effects for the current study, which is 0.1720, the analysed features were responsible for almost 83% of the variability in the dependent variable, seed yield per plant. Out of the fifty nine genotypes, 51 were found to be resistant with a disease score of ‘1-2.’ Four genotypes scored ‘3-4’ on the disease reaction scale, which denotes a moderate level of resistance. Six parents viz., LBG 904, LBG 752, TU 94-2, TBG 129, PU 31 and TU 40 and their 15 crosses were generated by crossing in a half diallel fashion for fourteen traits including yield, yield attributing traits and quality traits to obtain the information on their per se performance, combining ability and heterosis. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for most of the traits indicating the existence of sufficient variability in the material. Based on per se and gca effects, the parents LBG 752, LBG 904, and TBG 129 were shown to be the best combiners for yield and yield characteristics. For zinc content, PU 31 and TBG 129 are good combiners. According to the results of the sca effects, the crosses LBG 904 x TBG 129, LBG 904 x PU 31, LBG 752 x TU 40 and PU 31 x TBG 129 were found to be superior cross combinations for the majority of yield attributes and a few quality traits, while the crosses PU 31 x TBG 129, PU31 x TU 40 and TU 94-2 x TU 40 showed good mean and sca for quality traits with early maturity. Heterosis studies revealed that the crosses LBG 752 x TBG 129, LBG 904 x TBG 129, and PU 31 x TBG 129 manifested significant mid parents, a better parent and standard heterosis in a desirable direction for the majority of the yield, yield attributes and few quality traits and with early maturity. Partitioning of variance indicated that mean values [m] for gene effects were highly significant for all the characters in all three crosses. The significance of epistatic effects, in addition to the major components, additive and dominance gene effects, was revealed by the generation mean analysis for yield and yield components in the three best cross combinations, LBG 752 x TBG 129, LBG 904 x TBG 129, and PU 31 x TBG 129. Both duplicate and complimentary type of epistasis were observed in three crosses, but the majority of features are influenced by complimentary type of epistasis in addition to additive gene effects, indicating that these genotypes have the ability to create positive transgressive segregants. In presence of such additive x additive type of inter-allelic interaction with complementary type of epistasis, can be exploited using breeding methods which fix the additive effects and facilitate in identifying the transgressive segregants by selections in later generations.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    GENETIC AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF LANDRACES IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-12-07) YECHURI PRAVALLIKA; B. N. V. S. R. RAVI KUMAR
    The present investigation “Genetic and Molecular Characterization of Landraces in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)” was carried out during Kharif, 2021 at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Maruteru, Andhra Pradesh consisting of 100 landraces along with one resistant, one susceptible and two high yielding checks of rice to know the extent of variability and diversity among the landraces. Heritability and genetic advance for yield and its attributing traits were assessed along with the association among yield, yield components with their direct and indirect effects on grain yield/plant. Further the genotypes were screened for BPH resistance under field and laboratory conditions and characterised using markers linked to BPH resistant genes. The analysis of variance using augmented design revealed significant differences among 100 landraces for all the characters under study indicating the presence of sufficient genetic variation in the experimental material for exploitation. Moderate PCV, GCV and high heritability coupled with high GAM were observed for plant height, panicle length, test weight and grain yield/plant indicating the presence of additive and non-additive gene actions. The characters governed by additive gene action can be fixable in the early generation itself. Whereas, for those traits which are governed by non-additive gene action, the selection may be postponed to later generations. Results on correlation and path analysis between yield and its attributing traits revealed significant and positive association of grain yield/plant with number of ear bearing tillers/m2, panicle length and test weight in addition with positive direct effect on grain yield indicating simultaneous improvement of grain yield with the improvement of these traits. xvi Principal component analysis revealed that, first three of eight principal components recorded eigen value greater than one having cumulative frequency of 73.05%. The landraces LRP 276, LRP 458, Sri Dhruthi, LRP 118, LRP 257, LRP 373, LRP 300, LRP 248, LRP 350, LRP 453, LRP 116 and Chandra were found to be highly divergent, and can be exploited in the hybridization programmes. The results of phenotypic screening for BPH resistance revealed that, six landraces viz., LRP 58, LRP 60, LRP 84, LRP 177, LRP 220 and LRP 226 showed resistance in both the screening methods indicating their utilization in the breeding programmes of rice. The molecular diversity studies revealed that 33 of 50 markers were polymorphic, distributed across 12 chromosomes. Among 33 polymorphic markers, the marker RM260 exhibited the highest PIC value (0.82), maximum number of effective alleles, high Shannon’s information index and high genetic diversity index. The marker, RM8213, produced maximum of five alleles whereas, the marker, RM5953, showed high major allele frequency value of 0.99. The results of cluster analysis by using UPGMA method revealed that all the 100 landraces along with four checks were grouped into three major clusters. Cluster I was divided into 2 sub clusters consisting of 37 and 31 genotypes. Cluster II was divided into 2 sub clusters consisting of 15 and 9 genotypes. Cluster Ⅲ was divided into 2 sub clusters consisting of 10 and 2 genotypes respectively. The landraces LRP 84, 177 and 220, exhibited phenotypic resistance in both field and green house screening and are associated with 2 resistant genes (Bph4 and Bph12) which confer BPH resistance. The landraces viz., LRP 58, LRP 177, LRP 220 and LRP 226 are high yielding genotypes on par with yield check, Sri Dhruthi and exhibited BPH resistance in both the methods. These landraces can be used as donors in the hybridization program to develop new rice cultivars with high yielding ability coupled with BPH tolerance.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF ELITE LINES FOR BACTERIAL LEAF BLIGHT (BLB) RESISTANCE IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-12-04) N. RUTH HEPSI SINDHURA
    The present investigation was carried out during Kharif, 2021 at Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Maruteru, with an objective to identify the elite lines resistant for BLB, to study the genetic parameters, magnitude of variability, correlation and path coefficient analysis for yield enhancement. The experimental material comprised of 88 elite lines including checks namely, Maruteru Samba (MTU 1224), Sravani (MTU 1239), Maruteru Mahsuri (MTU 1262), Improved Samba Mahsuri, Swarna, TN1 and Krishnaveni which were evaluated in alpha lattice design with two replications. Observations on days to 50 % flowering, plant height (cm), ear bearing tillers per m2, panicle length (cm), number of grains per panicle, spikelet fertility (%), grain yield per plant (g), test weight (g), grain type and phenotypic scores for BLB resistance were recorded. Molecular screening was performed using 50 SSR markers simultaneously. A total of 88 elite lines including national resistant check Improved Samba Mahsuri, local resistant check Swarna, national susceptible check TN1 and local susceptible check Krishnaveni were screened against BLB under field conditions by adopting leaf clipping method of artificial inoculation. Phenotypic screening categorized five lines viz., AM853, AM857, AM863, AM867 and Improved Samba Mahsuri as resistant, 7 lines viz., AM855, AM858, AM865, AM866, AM869, AM873 and AM874 as moderately resistant, 24 lines as moderately susceptible, 50 lines as susceptible and 2 lines as highly susceptible. The analysis of variance among 88 elite lines revealed the presence of significant differences for all 8 characters indicating existence of variability in the material. The mean performance of the elite lines studied for yield and yield components revealed that the lines, AM885, AM891 and AM913, significantly outperformed the superior yield check, Sravani, for panicle length, ear bearing tillers per m2, number of grains per panicle, test weight and grain yield per plant. The genetic parameters revealed that high heritability coupled with high genetic advance xiv as per cent of mean for the traits days to 50% flowering, plant height, panicle length, test weight, spikelet fertility and grain yield per plant. The correlation studies revealed that the traits, plant height, ear bearing tillers per m2, panicle length and number of grains per panicle had significant positive genotypic correlation with grain yield per plant. This indicates that, the enhancement of grain yield is possible by giving emphasis on selection of these characters in breeding programmes. Direct positive association towards grain yield was contributed by the traits, ear bearing tillers per m2, panicle length, number of grains per panicle, test weight and spikelet fertility indicating the importance of these traits as selection criteria for enhancing the yield potential. Out of 50 markers analyzed, a total of 25 markers were used to identify the elite lines resistant to BLB. Among the lines with resistant and moderately resistant reaction at field conditions, AM865 was detected with four gene combination (Xa4+xa5+xa13+Xa21). The lines, AM853 (Xa4+xa13+Xa21), AM857 (Xa4+xa5+xa13), AM867 (Xa4+xa5+Xa21) and AM855 (Xa4+xa13+Xa21) were detected with three gene combination. The lines, AM863 (Xa4+Xa21), AM858 (Xa4+Xa21), AM866 (Xa4+Xa21), AM873 (Xa4+Xa5) and AM874 (Xa4+Xa21) were detected with two gene combination. The genotype, AM869 (Xa4), was detected with only one resistant gene. The markers, RM206, RM400, RM21 and RM6100, were considered to be more informative and effective for differentiating the elite lines as they had higher PIC values, more number of effective alleles, higher Nei's genetic diversity index and higher Shannon's informative index. Molecular diversity analysis grouped all the elite lines into 3 major clusters, which were further divided into sub clusters. All the resistant and moderately resistant elite lines were grouped under cluster I. The elite line, AM865, was detected with the multiple resistance genes (Xa4+xa5+xa13+Xa21) along with the phenotypic score of 3, could confer broad spectrum resistance. Additionally, the elite lines, AM857 (Xa4+xa5+xa13) and AM873 (Xa4+xa5), exhibited resistance and moderately resistance reaction under field screening also had multiple gene combinations along with the high yield potential when compared to the superior yield check Sravani.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND GENETIC DIVERGENCE IN PROSO MILLET (Panicum miliaceum L.)
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-12-04) DASARI NIVEDITHA; C.V.CHANDRA MOHAN REDDY
    64 elite germplasm accessions of proso millet were investigated for genetic variability, extent of association, direct and indirect effects and genetic diversity for yield components and qualitative traits. The morphological characterization revealed the existence of ample variability for plant growth habit, plant height, days to 50 percent flowering, panicle length, leaf sheath pubescence, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, test weight, peduncle length, basal tillers and grain colour. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed the existence of significant difference for all the 18 characters indicating the presence of substantial amount of variability and intrinsic genetic variation. The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was observed more than the genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the traits representing G×E interaction. Moderate to high variability and high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean (GAM) was observed for characters viz., plant height, panicle length, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, fodder yield, grain yield per plant, harvest index, panicle weight, number of basal tillers, peduncle length, calcium, phosphorous, iron, zinc and protein content indicate additive gene action and scope for direct phenotypic selection. High heritability coupled with moderate GAM was observed for characters viz., days to 50 percent flowering indicate the role of both additive and non-additive gene action. Days to maturity registered low variability and high heritability coupled with low GAM indicates the mechanism of non-additive gene action. The character association revealed as the days to 50 percent flowering, panicle length, days to maturity, fodder yield, harvest index, panicle length, number of basal tillers, peduncle length, test weight, calcium and zinc content recorded positive correlation with grain yield at both phenotypic and genotypic levels. Path analysis explained that panicle length, fodder yield, harvest index, peduncle length registered positive correlation as well as positive direct effects with grain yield per plant at genotypic and phenotypic levels. This suggests the effectiveness of these traits as effective selection criteria in improvement of grain yield per plant towards the development of high yielding varieties. xiii D2 analysis grouped the proso millet germplasm into 7 clusters. The clustering pattern revealed that majority of genotypes consolidated in cluster III (20) followed by cluster I (17) and cluster IV (6). The clusters V, VI, VII comprised of 1 genotype each. Good plant height, good panicle length, early days to flowering, good days to maturity and high calcium content attributed to TNAU 202 (cluster VI). IPm- 2694 (cluster VII) had high harvest index, high panicle length along with high nutritional content; IPm- 2076, IPm-2093, IPm-2005, IPm-2278, IPm- 2517 and IPm-2288 (cluster IV) were with high panicle weight along with grain yield and IPm- 2782 (cluster V) was reported good at test weight and nutritional quality based on the cluster mean performance. Principal component analysis (PCA) reported that the first seven principal components contributed 66.811% towards the total variability with eigen values more than one representing high magnitude of genetic divergence. 2D and 3D plots indicated that the genotypes IPm 2694, IPm 2093, IPm 2076 and Local check were divergent for yield and quality traits. Further hybridization can be opted between the diverse germplasm for introgression of traits and proso millet varietal development.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ESTIMATING STABILITY PARAMETERS AND STRESS INDICES USING ELITE SALT TOLERANT RICE GENOTYPES
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-12-04) DASARI SRI TEJASWI; M.GIRIJA RANI
    Salinity is one of the major constraints for rice productivity. Yield enhancement in saline soils is herculean task as it is controlled by polygenes. The present investigation was carried out to estimate stability parameters and stress indices using elite salt tolerant rice genotypes in three environments viz., Normal soil (Pedana) and two saline soils (Chitipalem and Machilipatnam). Assessment of stability of rice genotypes, genetic parameters and magnitude of variability, association of yield related traits are the prime objectives of the present study under salinity. The 24 rice genotypes were evaluated in Randomized Block Design with two replications during Kharif 2021. Observations on plant survival %, seedling and reproductive stages salinity score under saline and days to 50 per cent flowering, plant height (cm), ear bearing tillers plant-1, panicle length (cm), number of filled grains panicle-1, spikelet fertility %, 1000 grain weight (g), grain yield (kg/ha), harvesting index, Na/K ratio were recorded in all the three environments. The 24 elite salt tolerant rice genotypes were screened with QTL/gene specific salinity tolerance linked 28 SSR markers. The analysis of variance showed significant differences between the genotypes for yield and its components in individual environment and combined analysis of two saline environments implied that the genotypes have sufficient genetic variation. The AMMI analysis revealed significant mean squares due to genotypes, environments, and genotype x environment interactions for grain yield and yield component traits in present study, except for 1000 grain weight where only genotypes were significant. This can be attributed as there is significant variation among the genotypes studied in addition to considerable environmental variation. The genotypes MCM 144-25-1-1-3, MCM 208-14-1-1, MCM 100, MCM 208-7-1-1, MCM 148-2-1-1-1, MCM 141, MCM 103, MCM 140, MCM 139, MCM 142-1-1-1-1, MCM 125 and MCM 153-1-1-1-1 are stable high yielding salt tolerant genotypes based on AMMI I and II biplots, stability parameters of AMMI, BLUP and non-parametric SSI. xvii Studies on variability, heritability and genetic advance as per cent mean revealed moderate to high estimates of genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation with high heritability and high genetic advance as per cent of mean were recorded for seedling and reproductive stages salinity score, days to 50 per cent flowering, number of filled grains panicle-1, 1000 grain weight (g), grain yield (kg/ha), Na/K ratio indicating the preponderance of additive gene action, thus, direct selection for these traits may be effective for improvement of these characters. Further, the results on character associations indicated that selection of genotypes with minimal Na/K ratio, moderate plant height, fertile spikelets and more filled grains is helpful in evolving salt tolerant genotypes. Studies on stress tolerance index, PCA and molecular diversity analysis revealed MCM 125 and FL 478 can be selected as parents for evolving high yielding salt tolerant rice varieties. High salt tolerant index for spikelet fertility %, plant height from MCM 125 and early duration, bold grain genotypes with higher harvesting index from FL 478 can be choosen as parents for future breeding programmes. Molecular characterisation using gene specific markers revealed that salt tolerant genotypes MCM 109 for QTL (qTSP7.1s), (Qph8), MCM 103 for (qPT7), MCM 100 for (QNa/kr1), (qSKC-1), (qGY4.1s) and MCM 159-1-2-2, MCM 148-2-1-1-1 for (qSSISFH-8.1) showed positive alleles. The genotypes FL 478 and MCM 258-8-2-1 exhibited maximum positive alleles for Saltol QTL that these genotypes can be further exploited for favourable alleles for enhancing rice productivity under salinity conditions. The genotypes MCM 208-14-1-1, MCM 100, MCM 208-14-1-1, MCM 148-2-1-1-1, MCM 139, MCM 103, MCM 140, MCM 142-1-1-1-1, MCM 125 and MCM 153-1-1-1-1 were identified as stable high yielding with moderate tolerance at seedling and reproductive stages and possessing low Na/K ratio by taking low Na uptake from soil with maximum positive alleles of Saltol QTL. The genotypes MCM 144-25-1-1-3 and MCM 141 are high yielding stable genotypes with moderate salinity tolerance and high Na/K ratio and salt tolerance might be due to sodium exclusion mechanism. The stable high yielding salt tolerant genotypes identified in the present study can be released as varieties for salt affected areas and also can be used as genetic stocks in future breeding programmes.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    GENETIC STUDIES IN HIGH PROTEIN LINES OF RICE (Oryza sativa L.)
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-12-04) BITRA BHARGAVI; Y. SUNEETHA
    The present investigation entitled “Genetic studies in high protein lines of rice (Oryza sativa L.)” was carried out during Kharif, 2021 at Indian Institute of Rice Research farm, ICRISAT, Hyderabad with 31 genotypes of rice consisting of 30 landraces and one released variety, CR DHAN 310 as check in a randomized block design with three replications and observations were recorded on grain yield, yield component and quality characters. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all characters studied, indicating the existence of sufficient variation among the genotypes studied. Studies on mean performance of the genotypes revealed the genotypes, JAK 374, JAK 124 and JAK 390 to be on par for grain yield, protein content, iron content and amylose content, compared to the check, CR DHAN 310. The studies on variability, heritability and genetic advance as per cent mean thus revealed high GCV and PCV for grains panicle-1 and iron content, High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent mean was recorded for plant height, ear bearing tillers plant-1, grains panicle-1, grain yield plant-1 and iron content indicating, the effectiveness of simple selection for improvement of these traits. The results on character associations and path analysis revealed positive and significant association coupled with high positive direct effect for ear bearing tillers plant-1, panicle length, grains panicle-1 and amylose content indicating the effectiveness of direct selection for these traits in improvement of grain yield plant-1. However, for test weight , days to 50 per cent flowering, plant height, head rice recovery (%) and zinc content, indirect effects seemed to be the cause of correlation and hence, consideration of indirect causal factors is suggested for these traits, while for days to maturity, protein and iron content, the use of restricted simultaneous selection model is suggested with restrictions imposed for nullifying the undesirable indirect effects in order to make use of the high positive direct effect observed for these traits on grain yield plant-1. Studies on genetic divergence using Mahalanobis D2 resulted in grouping of the genotypes into six clusters. Maximum inter-cluster distance was observed between xv genotypes of Cluster V (JAK 14, JAK 611, JAK 638 and JAK 552) and with JAK 248-3 of Cluster VI, while intra-cluster distance was noticed to be maximum for the genotypes in Cluster V. Cluster VI had recorded maximum grain yield plant-1, panicle length, grains panicle-1, test weight and zinc content. The Cluster V had recorded highest protein content. Hence, hybridization between Cluster V and Cluster VI genotypes is suggested for utilization in breeding programmes aimed at the development of high yielding rice genotypes with good protein content. Studies on PCA revealed five Principal Components with eigen value greater than one having cumulative percent variance of 67.69. The traits, grain yield plant-1 and iron content were found to contribute maximum towards existing variability. Molecular diversity studies using 15 SSR markers revealed eight SSR markers to be polymorphic for the genotypes studied. The markers, RM80 and RM163 recorded highest PIC value of 0.58. The cluster analysis using UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Averages) algorithm grouped the 31 genotypes studied into three major clusters i.e., Cluster I, II and Cluster III. Further Cluster I, was subdivided into Cluster IA and Cluster IB, Cluster II was subdivided into Cluster IIA and Cluster IIB and Cluster III was subdivided into Clusters IIIA and IIIB. The mode of distribution of genotypes into various clusters was observed to be random with no relation to geographical diversity. The study identified JAK 374 as a promising high yielding, long duration, semi-dwarf landrace with high protein content, on par with CR DHAN 310 along with significantly lesser plant height and test weight in addition to on par panicle length, grains panicle-1, head rice recovery (%) and zinc content for potential commercial exploitation, while JAK 124 and JAK 390 are identified as short duration, semi-tall high yielding genotypes with nutritional quality on par with CR DHAN 310.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    GENETIC DIVERSITY AND CHARACTER ASSOCIATION IN GREENGRAM [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-12-04) BHADRAGIRI HIMA BINDU; N. HARI SATYANARAYANA
    The present investigation was undertaken with the objectives to study the genetic variability present in the experimental material, to assess the extent of association between yield, yield components, protein, zinc and iron content; to estimate the direct and indirect effects of yield components and three qualitative traits on seed yield; and to study the genetic diversity in greengram for 11 quantitative and three qualitative traits. The analysis of variance indicated significant differences among 60 genotypes for all of the traits viz., days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, branches per plant, clusters per plant, pods per plant, pods per cluster, pod length, seeds per pod, test weight, protein content, zinc content, iron content and seed yield per plant. High PCV and GCV were recorded for pods per plant and iron content, moderate PCV and GCV recorded for pods per cluster, clusters per plant and test weight. Low PCV and GCV were observed for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity and seeds per pod. However, the trait seed yield per plant had high PCV and moderate GCV. The estimates of heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean were high for the characters viz., pods per plant, test weight, zinc content, iron content and seed yield per plant indicating the probable operation of additive gene action in inheritance of these traits and simple selection is sufficient to improve these traits. High heritability coupled with moderate genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for seeds per pod and protein content. Moderate heritability and moderate genetic advance was observed for pods per cluster, plant height and clusters per plant. The results on character associations revealed positive and highly significant association of seed yield per plant with seeds per pod, pods per plant, pods per cluster clusters per plant, test weight and pod length at both genotypic and phenotypic levels, xiii respectively. So, it can be inferred that the above traits which were positively and significantly correlated with yield were important during selection for improvement of dependent variable i.e., seed yield per plant for the studied genotypes. Path analysis revealed that pods per plant, pods per cluster, pod length, seeds per pod and branches per plant had recorded high and positive direct effects on seed yield per plant indicating the effectiveness of these traits as effective selection criteria in improvement of seed yield per plant towards development of high yielding greengram varieties. Further, the lower magnitude of residual effect at genotypic level (0.32) indicated the precision of path analysis showing that the traits included in present investigation are contributing up to 68 per cent of total variability pertaining to the dependent variable. The D2 analysis grouped the 60 greengram genotypes into eleven clusters. Divergence analysis using Mahalanobis’ D2 revealed maximum divergence between clusters VIII and XI, IV and XI, and VII and XI suggesting the genotypes from these clusters which are having better per se performance may result in superior hybrids or transgressive segregants as there was wide genetic diversity between these clusters. The genotypes taken from same geographical area were grouped into different clusters. This indicated that geographical divergence and genetic diversity were not related. In D2 analysis, based on inter and intra-cluster distances it was observed that hybridization between the genotypes belonging to cluster VIII (LGG 460) and cluster XI (COGG 18-17), followed by cluster IV (IPM 1603-3) and cluster XI (COGG 18-17) may be utilized under inter-varietal hybridization programme (transgressive breeding) for obtaining superior segregants after conforming their general combining ability. It would be always desirable to attempt hybridisation between genotypes belonging to distant clusters to obtain highly heterotic crosses. The PCA analysis thus identified that the maximum contributing traits towards the existing variability are seeds per pod, pods per plant, pods per cluster, seed yield per plant, test weight, clusters per plant, pod length and branches per plant. It is important to study the variance as the relative contribution than the signs (indicative of direction) in principal component analysis. It also revealed that the first five principal components contributed 70% per cent towards the total variability. Further, the hybrid combination with the diverse genotypes numbered as COGG 18-17, LGG 625, RMG 1166, LGG 604, PM 1711 and VGG 17-106 which are far apart from each other in the two dimension and three dimension diagrams may result in good F1 combinations to explore the heterosis or to produce transgressive segregants in their respective F2 and subsequent segregation generation.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF GENOTYPES DERIVED FROM WILD CROSSES OF RICE (Oryza sativa L.)
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-12-04) G. SUBASH CHANDRA BOSE; B. KRISHNAVENI
    The current investigation entitled “Morphological and molecular characterization of genotypes derived from wild crosses of rice (Oryza sativa L.).” was carried out during kharif, 2021 at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla, Bapatla district of Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) with 49 diverse rice genotypes derived from crosses between elite rice genotypes and IRGC lines. This experiment was carried out with the key objective of identifying the genotypes with high yield potential, in addition to draw the precise information on nature and extent of variability, heritability and genetic advance as per cent mean for morphological, yield components and grain quality traits. Character association between the morphological and yield related traits and grain yield per plant to aid in the improvement of rice genotypes and molecular characterization of these genotypes using trait specific SSR markers. The analysis of variance for morphological, yield components and grain quality traits unveiled significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits under investigation indicating that presence of ample variation among the genotypes studied. The estimates of phenotypic coefficient of variation for all the characters under study were of higher magnitude when compared with the estimates of genotypic coefficient of variation and the variation is less between these two estimates for most of the traits denoting negligible amount of environmental influence on the expression of these traits. The overall results of genetic parameters among morphological, yield related and grain quality traits reported high estimates of GCV, PCV, heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean for grain yield per plant indicating the prevalence of additive gene action in the inheritance of this trait. Hence, simple selection will be highly rewarding for improving this character. However, low GCV and PCV in addition to low heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean were noticed for ear bearing tillers indicating the role of non-additive gene action in the inheritance of this trait. Thus, hybridization, mutation breeding followed by selection and progeny testing method is advocated for improvement of this trait. xv The perusal of results on character association between morphological and yield component traits and grain yield unfolded that positive and significant relationship of grain yield per plant was observed with days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of primary branches per panicle, ear bearing tillers per plant, number of fertile grains per panicle and test weight indicating that grain yield will be improved simultaneously along with these characters. Hence, ample scope should be given to these traits while making selection for improvement of grain yield per plant. In contrast, grain yield manifested negative correlation with kernel length and L/B ratio suggesting that genotypes with slender grain type recorded less grain yield per plant. Number of ear bearing tillers per plant manifested significantly negative relationship with panicle length, kernel length, L/B ratio and test weight. Number of primary branches per panicle exhibited negative and significant association with test weight suggesting that the genotypes with more number of primary branches had slender grains with less test weight. Likewise kernel breadth manifested negative relationship with L/B ratio indicating the need for balanced selection while simultaneously improving these traits. Molecular characterization of 49 rice genotypes with 27 trait specific SSR markers linked to yield-related characters revealed that markers RM251 and RM263 exhibited higher PIC value of 0.62 followed by RM324 (0.61) and RM404 (0.610) in addition to most effective alleles and the higher Shannon's information and Nei's genetic diversity indices. Therefore, these markers can be regarded as more efficient and were capable of effectively differentiating the genotypes for the traits under study. The results of cluster analysis by using UPGMA method revealed that all the 49 genotypes were grouped into two major clusters. Cluster I comprising of 45 genotypes was further divided into two sub-clusters (IA and IB). Sub-cluster IA comprised of 44 genotypes, sub-cluster IB comprised only one genotype. Sub-cluster IA was further sub divided into two sub-sub cluster IA-1 with 40 and IA-2 with 4 genotypes and cluster II comprised only 4 genotypes. Furthermore, out of 27 SSR markers used in the present study that were found to be associated with yield related traits, 12 markers manifested polymorphism. The results of both genotyping and phenotyping results revealed that the markers RM154, RM251, RM204 and RM324 showed positive association with the respective phenotypic traits under consideration in the current study. The above markers were capable of distinguishing genotypes for the traits and thus, these markers may be utilized as gene linked markers in future marker assisted rice breeding programs. In this context, genotypes BPT 2848, BPT 2955 and BPT 3137 possessed the positive alleles for these four markers. Hence, these genotypes offered promise in their use in the genetic improvement of rice cultivars for grain yield and quality.