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Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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Subject: Entomology × End date: 2022 × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT OF COTTON PINK BOLLWORM, Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders (GELECHIIDAE: LEPIDOPTERA)
    (guntur, 2022-08-10) APPALA RAJU, ANNEPU; PRASADA RAO, G.M.V.
    The present study entitled “Monitoring and Management of Cotton Pink Bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders (Gelechiidae: Lepidoptera)” was carried out during 2018-19 and 2019- 20. The objectives are; to assess the incidence of pink bollworm in different cotton-growing regions of Andhra Pradesh, management of pink bollworm by mating disruption technique, assessment of the sources and carryover of PBW incidence during the offseason, studies on the screening F2 population of PBW for resistance alleles to Cry toxins, and molecular characterization of Andhra Pradesh Pink bollworm populations. The last two studies were done at Central Institute for Cotton Research (ICAR-CICR) Nagpur, Maharashtra. The insect was recovered from all the 12 sampled locations. Significant differences were observed across the mandals and among different survey dates. In 2018-19 the average damage to flowers was 14.64% for all the 12 mandals of three districts. However, the boll damage recorded was 52.27%, with an average of 0.84 larvae/boll. The per cent locule damage recorded was 31.50%. Likewise, in 2019-20, the average flower damage recorded was 16.38% and boll damage was 53.62% with 0.86 larvae/boll. The per cent locule damage recorded was 34.19%. Results obtained from the study of carryover mechanisms of pink bollworm in Andhra Pradesh revealed that in 2018-19, an average of 371.47 moths/trap/fortnight were trapped at ginning mills in the Guntur district. The fortnight interval catches ranged from 21.80 on 30th July to the maximum of 1237.80 on 30th March 2019. In 2019-20, an average of 466.0 moths/trap/fortnight were recovered. The fortnight interval catches ranged from 30 on 30th July to 1376 on 30th March 2020. The studies on the role of ginning waste in the carryover of the pest were conducted during the offseason. From the collected sample of 10 kg of ginning waste, the average number of live larvae, pupae, and double seeds were 63.57, 21.35, and 18.64 in 2019 and 70.35, 24.42, 20.78 in 2020. The average male and female moths xviii were 57.71 and 85.71 in 2019 and 60.71 and 95 in 2020. The damage was 1.5 and 1.8 per cent on mesta, whereas on bhendi it was 2.7 and 3.5 per cent. It is indicated that the alternate host plants of the Malvaceae family are supporting this pest only to a limited extent, and most of the pest population is carried through seed cotton in ginning mills. The frequency of Cry1Ac resistance alleles in PBW collected from Andhra Pradesh was estimated to be 0.082 with a 95% CI of 0.051 – 0.105, and the frequency of Cry2Ab resistance alleles was estimated to be 0.054 with a 95% CI of 0.029 – 0.077. We report a high frequency of Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab resistance alleles in the field population collected from Andhra Pradesh. A < 3% probability of missing a resistance allele in 66 lines screened for Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab resistance. The descriptive statistics Haplotype (gene) diversity (Hd), Variance of Haplotype diversity, and Standard Deviation of Haplotype diversity were measured with DnaSP ver. 5.10.01 software in a phylogenetic study of P. gossypiella and found to be 0.853, 0.00283, and 0.053 respectively, suggesting that the entire population had a low degree of genetic diversity. The per cent mating disruption results revealed that the treated plot moth catches ranged from 0.2 to 10.2 per trap per week, and the average moth catch was 3.55 moths/trap/week. In the control plot, moth catches ranged from 2.2 to 89.6 per trap per week, and the average was 40.82 moths per trap per week. Per cent disruption ranged from 81.8 to 99.0, and mean disruption was 91.3% in 2018-19. Similarly, in 2019-20 the treated plot moth catches ranged from 0.6 to 26.8 per trap per week, and the average moth catch was 8.3 moths /trap/week. In control, plot moth catches ranged from 3.6 to 90.1 per trap per week, and the average was 51.9 moths per trap per week. Per cent disruption ranged from 70.3 to 96.8, and mean disruption was 84.1%.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DYNAMICS OF FARMING SYSTEMS: A STUDY ON INCOME MAXIMIZATION IN NORTH COASTAL ANDHRA PRADESH
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2021-12-07) SRINIVASA RAO, H.; SUBBA RAO, Dr. D.V.
    When GoI (Government of India) announced its vision of doubling the farmer‟s income by 2022, the focus on Farming System Approach (FSA) gained momentum. Farming System Approach is a feasible solution and viable option for income enhancement at farm level. The interrelated nature of components in farming system improves the efficiency of inputs generated within the system besides providing regular income to the farmers. Hence, the present study entitled “Dynamics of farming systems: A study on income maximization in north coastal Andhra Pradesh” had been conducted with the following objectives: 1. to identify the existing farming systems and prioritize the major profitable farming systems 2. to analyze the resource use efficiency associated with major farming systems 3. to examine the extent of diversification in farming systems 4. to study the inter-linkages of farming systems with markets for income enhancement and 5. to suggest appropriate policy measures for creating enabling environment to implement profitable farming systems xv Multistage random sampling technique was used to design sampling frame work of the study. In the first stage, the farming situations under each district along with the mandals under each situation were identified. The mandal with highest cultivable land under each situation followed by two villages with highest cultivable land from each of the selected mandal were selected. Finally, a sample of 10 cultivators from each village were selected randomly as respondents. The primary data pertaining to farming systems was collected for the agricultural year 2017-18. The FS-III (Crop + Poultry) was the most profitable farming system noticed in Srikakulam district with a profitability ratio of 1.27. In Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam districts, the farming system with sheep & goat (FS-IV & FS-VI) as allied activity recorded highest PRs. The farming system with crop components only was found least profitable in the study area. Under the assumption of Variable Returns to Scale (VRS), the per cent of efficient farms were more in FS-I (Crops alone) of all three districts. Majority of farms in all major farming systems were operating at IRS (Increasing returns) indicating that the income of these farms could be increased by increasing the input usage as they were performing below the optimal production scale in suboptimal region. The Resource Use Efficiency (RUE) analysis revealed that the variables like FYM, feed and veterinary medicine were showing significant positive impact on farm income. The Simpson‟s Diversification Index (SID) of farming systems was less when crops combined with allied activities like poultry and sheep & goat. The Pearson‟s correlation coefficient was negative when found the relation between farming system diversification index and its profitability. The Market Dependency Ratio (MDR) was lowest when ruminants were the part of farming systems along with the cropping. The higher MDR was observed in FS-III when poultry was an allied activity as it was completely dependent on markets for inputs. Labour scarcity and high cost of production among production constraints and non remunerative price of produce, price fluctuations and high transportation costs among marketing constraints ranked as major problems through RPI (Response Priority Index) analysis. The higher area under paddy and sugarcane crops decreased the total net returns from crop components of major farming systems. Maize, blackgram and greengram among the seasonal crop, betel leaf among annual crop, perennial crops and sheep & goat component among non crop enterprises recorded higher net returns. Assured MSP to farmers, diversification towards high value crops, value addition, compulsory inclusion of allied activity like dairy, regulated markets at mandal level etc. could improve the income levels of farmer in the overall farming systems analysed in the study.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF ELEVATED CO2 AND TEMPERATURE ON THE TOXICITY OF CERTAIN INSECTICIDES AGAINST Spodoptera litura (FAB.) ON SUNFLOWERK. DEEKSHITA
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2021-12-07) DEEKSHITA, K.; KRISHNAYYA, Dr. P.V.
    Studies on ‗Effect of elevated CO2 and temperature on the toxicity of certain insecticides against Spodoptera litura (Fab.) on sunflower‘ were conducted during 2017-2019 at ICAR - Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA), Hyderabad,Telangana. The effect of eCO2 ad eTemp on the toxicity of insecticides viz., spinosad, emamecctin benzoate, thiodicarb, monocrotophos and fenvalerate against S. litura grown under different set conditions (ambient (380 ±25 ppm & 28ºC), eCO2 (550 ±25 ppm & 28 ºC), aCO2 + eTemp (29, 31, 33 and 35 ºC; with 380 ppm CO2) and eCO2 + eTemp (29, 31, 33 and 35 ºC; with 550 ppm CO2) was studied. The toxicity of emamectin benzoate increased by 1.45, 1.43, 1.33 and 1.31folds at aCO2 and 1.41, 1.36, 1.32 and 1.27 folds at eCO2 thiodicarb increased by 1.56, 1.40, 1.35 and 1.24 at aCO2 and 1.51, 1.39, 1.33 and 1.24 folds at eCO2, similarly, the lethality of monocrotophos was increased by 1.69, 1.46, 1.31 and 1.26 at aCO2 and 1.57, 1.39, 1.27 and 1.24 folds at eCO2 at temperature difference of 2°C. Further the lethality of emamectin benzoate (3.62 and 3.20 folds), thiodicarb (4.00 and 3.43 folds) and monocrotophos (4.10 and 3.43 folds) increased at the temperature difference of 7 °C when compared with 28ºC of both aCO2 and eCO2. The efficacy of spinosad and fenvalerate decreased with increase in temperature under both aCO2 and eCO2 and exhibited negative temperature coefficient. The toxicity of spinosad decreased by 1.26, 1.24, 1.41 and 1.43 folds at aCO2 and 1.28, 1.31, 1.38 and 1.44 folds at eCO2, fenvalerate decreased by 1.36, 1.45, 1.55 and 1.62 at aCO2 and 1.45, 1.52, 1.59 and 1.64 folds at eCO2 with 2°C from 28 to 35°C. At warmer conditions, 3.07 and 3.33 times higher concentration of spinosad, 4.93 and 5.75 times higher concentration of fenvalerate was required at 35 °C than at 28 °C of both aCO2 and eCO2. The sublethal concentrations of insecticides (LC10 and LC30) prolonged the larval and pupal durations, decreased the larval, pupal weights and per cent adult emergence within temperatures (28, 29, 31, 33 and 35ºC) at both aCO2 and eCO2 compared to untreated control. Contrastingly, the larval and pupal duration decreased with increase in temperatures from 28 to 35 ºC under both aCO2 and eCO2 in the larvae treated with emamectin benzoate, thioidicarb and fenvalerate, whereas the durations extended in spinosad and fenvalerate treated S. litura larvae. The highest reduction in larval weights were recorded in spinosad and fenvalerate treated larvae whereas in other insecticides lower reduction in larval weights were noted with increase in temperatures under both aCO2 and eCO2.The larvae grown under eCO2 and temperatures showed extended larval and pupal durations, increased larval weights, decreased pupal weights and adult emergence compared to aCO2 and temperatures even under toxicant stress. The feeding indices viz., RGR, RCR, ECI and ECD were decreased in the S. litura larvae after allowed to feed on the foliage treated with sublethal concentrations compared to untreated control temperatures (28, 29, 31, 33 and 35ºC) under both CO2 conditions. The combined effect of insecticides and temperatures under both aCO2 and eCO2 elucidated that RGR, RCR, ECI and ECD increased in the larvae exposed to emamectin benzoate, monocrotophos and thiodicarb treated foliage. In case of spinosad and fenvalerate, decreased RGR, RCR, ECI and ECD were observed with increase in temperatures under both aCO2 and eCO2. Persistent toxicity studies elucidated that with increase in temperatures from 28 to 35 ºC under both aCO2 and eCO2 the per cent mortality of S. litura decreased considerably. The persistence of spinosad, emamectin benzoate, thiodicarb, monocrotophos and fenvalerate reduced by 3.86, 3.83, 3.00, 3.42 and 3.00 days, respectively at higher temperatures (35 ºC) when applied at their LC50 concentrations. Similarly at FRC, the persistence of insecticides reduced by 4.71, 5.20, 3.85, 3.85 and 3.00 days, respectively. Among the insecticides emamectin benzoate and spinosad persisted for longer periods, recorded the highest per cent corrected mortality and PT values followed by thiodicarb, monocrotophos and fenvalerate across the five temperatures under both aCO2 and eCO2. The per cent adult emergence of T. chilonis was decreased with increase in temperatures under both aCO2 and eCO2 and was more evident at eCO2. This indicated the general susceptibility of egg parasitoid to increased temperatures. Among the tested insecticides emamectin benzoate was proved safer to T. chilonis at three concentrations followed by thiodicarb, spinosad and monocrotophos. The insecticide fenvalerate recorded the least emergence of T. chilonis adults. Significantly decreased nitrogen and protein while increased carbon, CN ratio, carbohydrates and poyphenols were recorded in sunflower foliage grown at different temperatures (28, 29, 31, 33 and 35 ºC) under eCO2 compared to aCO2 conditions. The protein content and carbohydrates content was estimated in the S. litura larvae treated with test insecticides. With increase in sublethal concentrations, these biochemical constituents in the larvae decreased. Increased midgut protein and carbohydrate content was found at higher temperatures in emamectin benzoate, thiodicarb and monocrotophos treated insects, whereas midgut protein and carbohydrate content was decreased in the spinosad and fenvalerate treated larvae. Similarly the carboxylesterase activity in the S. litura larvae was found lower in emamectin benzoate, thiodicarb and monocrotophos treated insects at higher temperatures, whereas opposite trend of increased esterase activity at higher temperatures was found in spinosad and fenvalerate treated insects.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE AND GENETIC VARIABILITY OF Spodoptera litura (FABRICIUS) (NOCTUIDAE: LEPIDOPTERA) IN ANDHRA PRADESH
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2021-12-07) DIANA GRACE GURINDAPALLI, ANNIE; PRASADA RAO, Dr. G. M. V.
    “Studies on Insecticide Resistance and Genetic Variability of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) in Andhra Pradesh” was carried out at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lam, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh during two seasons viz., kharif, 2016-17 and kharif, 2017-18. Monitoring of insecticide resistance in S. litura of Guntur, Kurnool and Vizianagaram during 2016-17 and 2017-18, through leaf dip bioassays revealed that S. litura has developed resistance of about 1.22 to 2.25, 1.51 to 3.0, 1.02 to 2.9, 1.94 to 4.64, 1.7 to 5.7, 20.2 to 31.3 and 37.47 to 95.80 folds at LC50 values against chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide, emamectin benzoate, thiodicarb, novaluron, chlorpyriphos and cypermethrin respectively. S. litura has shown susceptibility to novel chemistries; chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide and emamectin benzoate. Incipient resistance to thiodicarb and novaluron. Low to moderate level of resistance to chlorpyriphos. Moderate to high level of resistance to cypermethrin. Assessment of mechanism of resistance using synergists in S. litura of Guntur, Kurnool and Vizianagaram during 2016-17 and 2017-18, through leaf dip bioassays showed that PBO has synergized all the three insecticides used viz., flubendiamide, thiodicarb and chlorpyriphs, followed by TPP in combination with flubendiamide and thiodicarb but in combination with chlorpyriphos, DEF has shown highest synergism followed by TPP. MFO has an important role in detoxification of insecticides and has a role in development of resistance to chlorpyriphos. Esterases has role in the development of resistance to conventional insecticides and also novel insecticides. Assessment of mechanism of resistance through enzyme estimation studies in S. litura of Guntur, Kurnool and Vizianagaram during 2016-17 and 2017-18 , showed that all the three enzymes were found high in S. litura of Guntur district followed by Kurnool and Vizianagaram than the susceptible/ lab strain. Acetylcholine esterase activity (0.468 to 0.575 µ moles/min/ml of enzyme) was high in all the three populations followed by carboxylesterase (234 to 335 n moles / min / mg protein) and Gltutathione S-Transferase activity (0.05 to 0.128 µ moles / min / mg protein) confirming that esterases are responsible for resistance of chlorpyriphos and cypermethrin. The genetic variability studies among different populations of Andhra Pradesh viz., Guntur, Chittore, Vizianagaram, Prakasam, Kurnool and Krishna was done using RAPD markers at RARS, Lam during 2017-18. Among 12 primers used four primers viz., OPA-3, OPA-4, OPC-5 and OPC-9 have shown amplifications with all the three populations and 65.9 per cent polymorphism was observed among the populations of S. litura. The bioefficacy of tested insecticides against resistant population of S.litura during both the years of study showed that diamide group of insecticides; flubendiamide (143-166 times), chlorantraniliprole (60-65) and cyantraniliprole (56- 94) followed by insect growth regulator group; chlorfluazuron (52-76) and novaluron(28-64) are relatively more toxic than cypermethrin at LC50 values during 2016-17 and 2017-18.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SEASONAL INCIDENCE, MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT FLIES IN MUSKMELON (Cucumis melo L.)
    (ACHARYA N G RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2021-11-29) SARADA, G.; MANJULA, Dr. K.
    The Present investigations on “Seasonal incidence, molecular characterization and management of fruit flies in muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.)” were carried out at College of Horticulture Anantharajupeta during the years 2017-19. From the muskmelon fields of Anantapur, Kurnool and Kadapa districts of Andhra Pradesh the fruit flies samples were collected, through pheromone traps and also by rearing infested fruits in the laboratory. From the collections, four different fruit fly species viz., Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), Bactrocera zonata (Saunders), Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi) and Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett) were taxonomically identified. Among these, Z. cucurbitae and B. correcta are the major species in Anantapur district, B. dorsalis, B. zonata, Z. cucurbitae are the major species in Kadapa district while in Kurnool district all the four species were found to infest the muskmelon crop. The important morphological characters observed in the four identified fruit fly species are, two round black spots in the antennal furrow, complete costal band extending along underside of R2+3 at the wing apex in B. dorsalis. B. zonata with a pair of prescutellar bristles, wings with discontinuous costal band or with an extremely narrow section distal to apex R2+3 before expanding into a narrow isolated spot in wing apex, B. correcta with a pair of transverse elongate black spots which almost meeting at the centre forming a black transverse band across the furrow, hind tibiae with a prominent keel like process on posterior dorsal surface before apex and Z. cucurbitae with red-brown scutum along with one medial and two lateral yellow postsutural vittae, wing with complete costal band ending with a broad fuscous spot at wing apex and dark infuscation present over cross veins dm-cu and r-m. The molecular biology studies for the four identified fruit species from different locations by using universal COI primer [LCO 1490/HCO 2198] revealed that, PCR amplified DNA fragments of all the species with an amplicon size range of 650-700 bp. The genetic variability studies, through RAPD analysis revealed that, maximum genetic variation was observed within B. dorsalis (50% polymorphism, OPAP-20) and Z. xvi cucurbitae (36% polymorphism, OPBB-17) populations of different agro ecological regions of Andhra Pradesh viz., Anantapur, Kurnool and Kadapa attributing to genetic diversity, paving ways for populations to adapt to changing environments. Seasonal incidence studies of fruit flies in muskmelon revealed that, peak adult fruit fly catches were recorded from the last week of March to May (13-19 MSW) when the maximum and minimum temperatures varied between 37 - 46ºc and 19.7 - 26.3ºc, respectively which also coincided with the peak fruit development and maturity periods of the crop. Total trap catches were positively and significantly correlated with both maximum and minimum temperatures and significant negatively with morning relative humidity. Different abiotic factors together contributed for 65% variation in the fly catch. December sowings proved appropriate when compared to January and February sowings by recording relatively lower levels of pest infestation and higher yield. Twenty five muskmelon genotypes were screened against fruit fly resistance under field conditions and their categorization based on their % fruit infestation resulted into, five genotypes grouped under ‘Resistant’ category; eleven genotypes under ‘Moderately Resistant’ category; eight genotypes under ‘Suceptible’ category and the only one genotype was grouped under ‘Highly Susceptible’ category. None of the tested genotypes fell under ‘Highly Resistant’ and ‘Immune’ categories. Among the biophysical characters rind thickness (r = - 0.331) showed significant negative correlation with % fruit infestation by the fruit flies. Whereas, rind weight (r = 0.372) exhibited significant positive correlation. These factors together explained for 38% (R2 = 0.38) variation in fly infestation levels in muskmelon. The biochemical parameters, Acidity (r = - 0.275) and Total phenols (r= - 0.574) at fruit maturity are having significant negative correlation and TSS (r = 0.369) showed positive correlation with the % fruit infestation. The regression analysis indicated that, these factors together explained upto 65% variation in per cent fly infestation levels. Among the three different management modules evaluated against fruit flies in muskmelon, IPM module with components viz., maintenance of field sanitation, poison baiting with rotten banana, bait spray of deltamethrin mixed with jaggery at flowering, installation of cuelure traps, spray of 5% NSKE and malathion at 40 and 60 DAS was found to be most effective one with lowest fruit fly infestation (18.58 %), highest yield (166.23 q/ha) and returns (BC ratio 2.80). The order of effectiveness of the modules is II > III > I (IPM > Organic IPM > Farmers practice).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE OF Maruca vitrata (Geyer) FROM MAJOR BLACKGRAM (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) GROWING AREAS OF ANDHRA PRADESH
    (ACHARYA N G RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2021-11-29) NARESH, T.; RAJASEKHAR, Dr. P.
    The present investigations of “Studies on Insecticide Resistance of Maruca vitrata (Geyer) from major blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) growing areas of Andhra Pradesh” were carried out in Department of Entomology, S.V. Agricultural College and Institute of Frontier Technology (IFT), Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Tirupati during rabi 2018-19 and 2019-20 Roving surveys were conducted on incidence of M. vitrata during rabi 20182019 and 2019-20 in farmer fields of major blackgram growing districts of Andhra Pradesh viz., Chittoor, Nellore, Kurnool, Prakasham and Guntur. Incidence of insect pests like M. vitrata, thrips, whiteflies, aphids, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) at various stages of crop growth were recorded and among them M. vitrata incidence ranged 24.85 to 71.52 per cent at flowering, pod formation and pod development stages during rabi 2018-19 and 2019-20. Among the five districts, highest incidence (58.79 %) of M. vitrata was observed in Kurnool and (71.52 %) in Guntur districts at pod development stage of rabi 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. Majority of the farmers used chlorpyriphos 20 per cent EC (50%) followed by dichlorvos 76 per cent EC (43%), thiodicarb 75 per cent WP (40%), spinosad 45 per cent SC (36%) and chlorantraniliprole 18.5 per cent SC (31%) during rabi 2018-19 and chlorpyriphos 20 per cent EC (47 %) followed by dichlorvos 76 per cent EC (45%), thiodicarb 75 per cent WP (42%), spinosad 45 per cent SC (38%) and chlorantraniliprole 18.5 per cent SC (37%) for management of M. vitrata during rabi 2019-20, respectively. In assessment of insecticide resistance, bio assay studies were conducted with five insecticides viz., chlorpyriphos 20 % EC, dichlorvos 76 %, EC thiodicarb 75 % WP spinosad 45 % SC, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 % SC at five different concentrations on field collected (F1) population along with baseline population. The highest resistance ratios were observed in Guntur district population as 11.30 and 11.11, 7.24 and 8.44, 6.53 and 6.67, 6.07 and 6.00, 5.00 and 5.00 for chlorpyriphos, dichlorvos, thiodicarb, spinosad and chlorantraniliprole during rabi 2018- 19 and 2019-20, respectively. The least resistance ratios were observed in Prakasam district population xix as 4.07 and 4.31, 3.29 and 3.56, 2.89 and 2.97, 2.65 and 2.68, 2.50 and 2.50 for chlorpyriphos, dichlorvos, thiodicarb, spinosad and chlorantraniliprole during rabi 2018- 19 and 2019-20, respectively. Detoxification enzymes were estimated in field collected larval population of F1 generation and baseline population along with control (untreated). The least amount of detoxification enzymes was observed in untreated larvae of all populations and it was significantly differing from treated ones. The highest was observed in population of Guntur, followed by Kurnool, Chittoor, Nellore and Prakasam. The high amount of detoxification enzymes was observed with chlorpyriphos treated larvae followed by dichlorvos, thiodicarb, spinosad and chlorantraniliprole, respectively. During rabi 2018-19, the activity of AChE, GST, CaE and MFO was observed as 0.013 to 0.863, 0.013 to 0.373, 0.018 to 1.829 μ moles mg-1 min-1 and 0.015 to 0.775 n moles μg-1 30 min-1, respectively. During rabi 2019-20, the activity of AChE, GST, CaE and MFO was observed as 0.020 to 0.155, 0.015 to 0.095, 0.023 to 0.408 μ moles mg-1 min-1 and 0.004 to 0.050 n moles μg-1 30 min-1. Role of synergist for countering the insecticide resistance mechanism was studied in both baseline and field populations. The higher per cent mortality was observed in larvae treated with insecticide + synergist against insecticide alone. Mean per cent mortality of insecticide + synergist and insecticide alone was significantly differed. The highest percent mortality was observed with chlorantraniliprole alone and along with synergist followed by spinosad, thiodicarb, dichlorvos and chlorpyriphos alone and along with synergist respectively. In baseline population, the highest percent mortality was observed in insecticide and insecticide along with synergist followed by Prakasam, Nellore, Chittoor, Kurnool and Guntur districts larval population. The population molecular characterization studies revealed that there is close association between Kurnool and Nellore as well Chittoor and Guntur samples compared to other populations in the Dendrogram constructed. The results of COI and mtD Primers analysis on M. vitrata larvae from major blackgram growing areas of Andhra Pradesh along with baseline population clearly yielded specific fragments of ~700 bp and ~500 bp length, respectively.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN DIAMONDBACK MOTH Plutella xylostella (L.) AND ASSESSMENT OF INSECTICIDE RESIDUES IN CAULIFLOWER
    (ACHARYA N G RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2021-11-29) ABHIJITH, . N; MURALI KRISHNA, Dr. T.
    The research work entitled “Insecticide resistance in diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) and assessment of insecticide residues in cauliflower” was conducted at Department of Entomology, Pesticide Residue Testing Laboratory, Institute of Frontier Technology (IFT), Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Tirupati and field trials were conducted in the farmer’s field of Narasingapuram village near Chandragiri mandal during rabi, 2017-18 and 2018-19 and dissipation studies of insecticides conducted in S.V. Agricultural college farm, Tirupati during rabi, 2018-19. The results of the survey on incidence of DBM, P. xylostella along with insecticide usage pattern in five cauliflower growing mandals of Chittoor (Kuppam, Ramasamudram, V. Kota, Punganur and Gangavaram) and one mandal of Visakhapatnam (Chintapalle) districts of Andhra Pradesh revealed that, the highest percent incidence of P. xylostella observed in Kuppam (84.00%) and Punganur (83.66%) mandals of Chittoor district and lowest in two villages of Chintapalle mandal (15.50% and 16.50%) of Visakhapatnam district in both the seasons i.e., in rabi, 201718 and 2018-19, respectively. The per cent incidence of P. xylostella and its larval parasitoid was cent per cent in sample farmer fields and the lowest per cent incidence of leaf webber (Crocidolomia binotalis) was noticed with 13.33 and 10.00 per cent incidence in rabi, 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively. The highest number of insecticide used was recorded in Kuppam (16) followed by Ramasamudram (14), V. Kota (12), Punganur (9) and Gangavaram (8) mandals of Chittoor district and no insecticide usage was recorded in Chintapalle mandal of Visakhapatnam district. Majority of the farmers (51.66%) preferred to spray insecticide once in a week and followed recommendation of dealers or salesman (81.66%), most of the farmers used to mix different formulations of Insecticide + Insecticide + Adjuvant (73.33%) and not followed (71.66%) any recommended precautionary measures while application of insecticides and 84.99 per cent of the farmers disposing the containers of insecticides used in unscientific ways. The experiments on bioassay to detect the resistance level in P. xylostella, revealed that the P. xylostella population from all five mandals of Chittoor district xvi showed high resistance to chlorpyrifos followed by cartap hydrochloride, spinosad, emamectin benzoate and the lowest resistance to chlorantraniliprole. The population of Kuppam mandal showed high resistance ratio of viz., 36.00 and 44.50 to chlorpyrifos, 2.04 and 2.55 to chlorantraniliprole, 12.14 and 33.75 to cartap hydrochloride, 10.50 and 24.00 to spinosad and 5.28 and 10.00 to emamectin benzoate during rabi, 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively and the lowest resistance ratio was observed in Chintapalle mandal of Visakhapatnam district when compared with baseline susceptible population. The enzymatic activity of carboxylesterase, GST and AChE enzymes were found to be the highest in P. xylostella population of Kuppam mandal followed by Ramasamudram, V. Kota, Punganur and Gangavaram mandals and within the population the enzymatic activity was the highest when treated with chlorpyrifos followed by cartap hydrochloride, spinosad, emamectin benzoate, chlorantraniliprole in all P. xylostella population of Chittoor district. The activity was lowest in Chintapalle mandal of Visakhapatnam district and baseline susceptible population and there was no significant difference between treatments during rabi, 2017-18 and 2018-19. In detection of insecticide residues in cauliflower curd samples from farmgate samples of Chittoor district, all samples of cauliflower curds were detected with residues below MRL of Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) except three insecticides viz., chlorpyrifos (seven and nine samples in rabi, 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively), emamectin benzoate (one sample in rabi, 2017-18) and tolfenpyrad (four samples in rabi, 2018-19). The persistence of nine insecticides in cauliflower curds under field conditions, revealed that the all nine insecticides dissipated followed first order of kinetics and high persistence was noticed in cyantraniliprole and novaluron with detection of residues upto 15 days and reached BDL at 20 days after application of insecticide, next high persistence was noticed in tolfenpyrad, spinosad and spinetoram (reached BDL at 15th day) followed by bifenthrin, chlorantraniliprole and acephate (reached BDL at 10th day) and low persistence was observed in emamectin benzoate which reached BDL at 5th day after application of insecticide. In the field experiments conducted during rabi, 2017-18 and 2018-19 to evaluate the efficacy of nine insecticides against larvae of P. xylostella and leaf damage by P. xylostella, the tolfenpyrad, spinetoram and cyantraniliprole found to be the most effective insecticides against larvae of P. xylostella with efficacy of 91.61, 91.41 and 91.32 per cent, respectively without any significant difference and the mean per cent reduction of cauliflower leaf damage was maximum in the tolfenpyrad (70.70%), cyantraniliprole (70.37%) and spinetoram (69.72%) without any significant difference. The yield data of cauliflower curds revealed that the highest yield was recorded in the plots treated with spinetoram (21.45 tons ha-1), cyantraniliprole (21.32 tons ha-1) and tolfenpyrad (21.19 tons ha-1) without any significant difference between them and the lowest yield was recorded in plots treated with bifenthrin (11.30 tons ha-1), acephate (9.50 tons ha-1) and untreated control (8.19 tons ha
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Taxonomic studies on genus Spodoptera and Management of insect pests in sweet corn with special emphasis on Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith).
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2021-09-07) GOUTHAMI BAI, D; SEETHA RAMU, P
    An experiment entitled as “Taxonomic studies on genus Spodoptera and Management of insect pests in sweet corn with special emphasis on Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith)” was conducted at Agricultural College Farm, Naira, during rabi, 2019-2020. The taxonomic characters of the species belonging to genus Spodoptera were described based on the morphological characters and chaetotaxy on 3rd thoracic and abdominal segments. The arrangement of crochets on the ventral prolegs were also studied. The adults were identified and described based on the wing characters, adult genitalia dissections and also supplemented with line diagrams and illustrations. The species S. frugiperda matured larva has an inverted ‘Y’ shaped white marking on the head, four black spots on 8th abdominal segment, arranged in square pattern and the spots on remaining segments are in trapezoidal pattern. The crochets on the ventral prolegs are arranged in a uniordinal mesoseries heteroideous pattern. The adult male fore wing is brown with triangular white spots at the tip and with indistinct reniform spot, partially outlined in black with a small “V”- shaped mark. The male genitalia consist of single lobe coremata with well developed adeagus. Whereas the female genitalia was identified by the corpus burse which is bulbous and ventral plate of ostium bursae is short, totally sclerotized. The species S. litura caterpillar is stout, cylindrical and in brown colour with stripes of different shades. The early instar larvaes are light green to yellow in colour. An amber-brown spot on first abdominal segment is present, which later develops into a large dark lateral spot. On 2nd and 3rd thoracic segments small yellow to white dots are present at the base of the black patches. Adult male moth fore wing has a brown reniform spot with a white margined light brown area at apex like a letter “A”. Male genitalia has two lobed coremata and the female genitalia has bulbous corpus bursae and it is two folds longer than width. Ostium bursae is broad with two sclerotized lobes. Insecticidal evaluation results revealed that chlorantraniliprole 0.4 G @ 10 kg ha-1 was found to be effective by recording 86.03 per cent reduction and emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 0.4 g l-1 recorded (84.80%) reduction of deadheart against pink stem borer. Whereas, emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 0.4 g l-1 was highly effective and resulted in 83.01 per cent larval reduction. Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.3 ml l-1 and chlorantraniliprole 0.4 G @ 10 kg ha-1 recorded 80.69 and 77.82 per cent larval reduction against Fall armyworm. Flubendiamide 39.35 SC @ 0.2 ml l-1 was observed to be safe to the coccinellids and spiders by recording lowest (23.20% and 25.00%) population reduction. Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.3 ml l-1 with 28.00 and 28.81 and emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 0.4 g l-1 with 31.20 and 34.74 per cent reduction of coccinellids and spiders, respectively. Whereas, carbofuran 3 G @ 8 kg ha-1 was found to be toxic by recording highest 72.00 and 74.15 per cent population reduction over control in sweet corn ecosystem. Highest yield of green cobs 397163 kg ha-1 with 76.09 per cent increase in yield over control and also highest ICBR (1:22.57) was observed with emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 0.4 g l-1 whereas untreated control record the yield of 22,554 kg ha-1.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION OF THE LARVAL DIAPAUSE OF THE SOUTHWESTERN CORN BORER, DIATRAEA GRANDIOSELLA DYAR(Lepidoptera: pyralidae)
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 1973) Satyanarayana Reddy, A
    ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION OF THE LARVAL DIAPAUSE OF THE SOUTHWESTERN CORN BORER, DIATRAEA GRANDIOSELLA DYAR(Lepidoptera: pyralidae)