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Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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20173
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Subject: Entomology × End date: 2017 × Start date: 2017 × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF Bacillus thuringiensis cry GENES WITH INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY AGAINST Spodoptera litura IN GROUNDNUT
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2017) DEVAKI, K; MURALI KRISHNA, T
    A total of 925 soil samples representing Chittoor, Kadapa, Nellore districts of Andhra Pradesh covering different ecosystems was collected to isolate bacterial cultures. These bacterial cultures were subjected to Gram staining, endospore staining and crystal staining for identification of Bacillus thuringiensis. Out of 324 Gram positive isolates, 227 isolates were able to produce endospores and maximum number of endospore producing isolates were observed in soil samples of forest ecosystem (95.77%), compared to other soil samples collected from Nellore, Chittoor and Kadapa districts. About 203 crystal staining positive Bt strains were identified. Soil samples from cultivated fallow harboured maximum crystal positive isolates (39.82%). Study on crystal morphology revealed that spherical crystals (26.11%) were most dominant, followed by irregular (24.14%) and bipyramidal (13.30%). A combination of bipyramidal and cuboidal (6.40%), cuboidal and spherical (4.43%) and bipyramidal and spherical (1.97%) were observed in 13, 9 and 4 isolates, respectively. Most of the effective isolates were observed with bipyramidal, cuboidal crystals against S. litura. In laboratory bioassay 21 isolates (C44, C33, C59, C63, C79, C92, C97, C105, C134, C212, K18, N3, N30, N44, N48, N58, N115, F287, F468, F493 and F504) were found effective against third instar S. litura larvae with 76-100 per cent mortality. The isolate from Talakona forest area (F493) was effective with 100 per cent mortality, followed by F468 (86.67%) from Bhakarapet Ghats and F287 (76.67%) from Talakona forest area and F504 (76.67%) from S.V. Zoo park area. Twenty one effective isolates were further studied for determining lethal concentrations to arrive 50 per cent mortality (LC50) and time to kill 50 per cent xvii larval population (LT50). LC50 values were in the range of 9.59  104 to 1.88  106 and HD-1 recorded lowest LC50 value, followed by F493 (9.76  104 ) and N30 (1.90  105 ). Lowest LT50 of 61.99h was observed in treatment with HD-1 followed by F493 (78.52h). Ninety two Bt strains were characterized for the presence of various cry genes by using primers viz., cry1Aa, cry1Ab, cry1Ac, cry1C, cry1Da1, cry1Ea1, cry1F, cry1Fa1, cry 1I, cry2, cry2Aa1, cry8, cry9Aa1, cry9Ca1, cry18 and cry20. Among the nine cry1 genes analyzed in the present study, cry1I was the predominant gene and present in 35 isolates (38.46%), followed by cry1Aa in 30 Bt isolates (31.87%), cry1Ac in 26 isolates (28.57%), cry1C in 18 isolates (19.78%) and cry1Fa1 in 17 isolates (18.68%), whereas, cry1Ab gene was observed in only one isolate i.e. C36. In case of cry2 genes, cry2 was observed in 14 (15.38%) isolates and cry2(a)1 was observed in 19 (20.88%) isolates. Among the two cry2 genes, cry2A(a)1 was dominant compared to cry2 in Chittoor, Nellore and forest ecosystems, whereas cry2 positive isolates were more in Kadapa district Bt samples. Among the two cry9 family genes, cry9Ca1 was dominant in 22 Bt isolates (24.18%) and 13 isolates were observed with cry9Aa1 (14.29%). In Chittoor (10 isolates), Nellore (4 isolates) and forest ecosystem (7 isolates) cry9Ca1 gene positive isolates were more compared to Kadapa district samples, where cry9Aa1 (4 isolates) samples were high compared to cry9Ca1. Eight cry genes (cry1Aa, cry1Ac, cry1Fa1, cry1I, cry2, cry2A(a)1, cry8, cry9Ca1) were observed in F493, a isolate from Talakona forest area, which was away from human interference and observed with high organic matter. This isolate harboured cry gene belongs to cry1, cry2, cry8 and cry9 groups. Similarly, isolate C67 observed with 66.67 per cent also amplified with eight cry primers (cry1Aa, cry1Ac, cry1C, cry1Da1, cry1Ea1, cry1Fa1, cry2, cry2A(a)1) followed by C134 with 7 cry genes (cry1Ac, cry1C, cry1Da1, cry1Fa1, cry1I, cry2A(a)1, cry8). These types of strains might be resulted in multifunctional insecticide activity, which is useful for control of several groups of insect pests. C134 (83.33%) consisting 7 cry genes. While, C68 (50.00%), F323 (50.00) and F504 (76.67%) were observed with 6 cry genes. Some of the isolates C63 (76.67%), K18 (86.67%) and N48 (76.67%) which were effective in bioassays, did not show amplification with any one of the cry genes screened in the present study. Sequencing of 16s ribosomal RNA results of three Bt strains (F493, F504, N115) confirmed that, these three strains are B. thuringiensis strains with high insecticidal activity. Blast analysis of these strains showed 99, 97 and 96 per cent similarity with the existing Bt gene sequences available in NCBI, GenBank and these three strains were deposited in NCBI, GenBank with Accession Nos. MF487790, MF487791 and MF197874. Field evaluation of solid and liquid formulations of Bt isolates revealed that, solid formulations were comparatively more effective in some of the isolates. Larval population/ m row at 3 and 7 days after spray, foliar damage due to S. litura at 7 and 14 days after spray was low in treatments with F493, F504 which were comparable with standard check HD-1 in both solid and liquid formulations. Highest pod yield was recorded in HD-1, F493 and F504 treated plots.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE TO Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) IN WILD RELATIVES OF CHICKPEA
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2017) SIVA KUMAR, GOLLA; RAJASEKHAR, P
    The present studies on “Biochemical and molecular mechanisms of resistance to Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in wild relatives of chickpea” were carried out at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, during 2014-16. A total of 20 accessions (15 wild relatives and five varieties of cultivated chickpea) were used to evaluate the mechanism of resistance to H. armigera. Under field conditions, during post-rainy seasons 2014-15 and 2015-16, all genotypes of wild relatives of chickpea recorded less number of H. armigera larvae, low visual leaf damage rating and per cent pod damage compared to cultivated chickpea. The genotypes IG 70012, PI 599046, IG 70022, PI 599066, IG 70006, IG 70018 (Cicer bijugum), ICC 506EB, ICCL 86111 (resistant checks), IG 72933, IG 72953 (C. reticulatum) IG 69979 (C. cuneatum) and IG 599076 (C. chrossanicum) showed high levels of antixenosis for oviposition of H. armigera under multi-, dual- and no-choice cage conditions. Studies on detached leaf assay revealed that the genotypes IG 70012, IG 70022, IG 70018, IG 70006, PI 599046, PI 599066 (C. bijugum), IG 69979 (C. cuneatum), PI 568217, PI 599077 (C. judaicum) and ICCW 17148 (C. microphyllum) showed less damage rating and low larval weights compared to susceptible checks. Larval survival was greater on the wild relatives than on the cultivated chickpea. Detached pod assay studies revealed that all wild relatives of chickpea exhibited less damage rating, lower per cent pod damage and lower percentage of weight gained by thirdinstar larva compared to cultivated chickpea. Survival and development of H. armigera on artificial diet impregnated with lyophilized leaf powders revealed that all wild relatives of chickpea genotypes showed high levels of antibiosis to H. armigera compared to cultivated chickpea in terms of lower larval survival, per cent pupation and adult emergence, decreased larval and pupal weight, prolonged larval and pupal developmental periods and reduced fecundity. xvi Among morphological characters, glandular and non-glandular trichomes showed negative association with oviposition under multi-choice and no-choice conditions. Glandular trichomes had significant negative association with damage rating, whereas non-glandular trichomes had significant positive association with damage rating and larval weight but negative association with larval survival in detached leaf assay. Pod wall thickness showed significant negative association with damage rating and per cent pod damage in detached pod assay. HPLC finger prints of leaf organic acids revealed a negative association of oxalic acid with oviposition, while malic acid showed positive and significant association with oviposition under multi- and no-choice conditions. Oxalic acid and malic acid had significant and negative correlation with larval survival in detached leaf assay, which indicates that higher amounts of these acids in cultivated chickpea resulted in reduced larval survival compared to wild relatives. The flavonoid compounds viz., chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, naringin, 3, 4- dihydroxy flavones, quercetin, naringenin, genestein, formononetin and biochanin A identified through HPLC finger prints exhibited negative effects on survival and development of H. armigera reared on artificial diet impregnated with lyophilized leaf powders. Proteins and phenols showed negative effect, while tannins and total soluble sugars showed positive effect on survival and development of H. armigera reared on artificial diet with lyophilized leaf powders of wild relatives of chickpea. Zymogram analysis revealed presence of 3 to 7 trypsin inhibitor (TI) isoforms in all 20 genotypes. The genotypes, IG 70018, IG 70012, IG 70006, IG 70022, PI 599066, IG 72933, IG 72953 and IG 69979 showed higher inhibitory activity of H. armigera gut (HG) proteases, while genotypes PI 510663, PI 599109, PI 568217 and ICCW 17148 showed low inhibitory activity under in vitro conditions. Studies on hemagglutination of lectins revealed that wild relatives of chickpea genotypes showed more agglutination even at less concentration. Schiff’s base staining of lectins revealed that only one isoform with a molecular weight of 29 kDa was observed in wild relatives of chickpea. GC-MS profile peaks of leaf surface chemicals identified with hexane extracts showed 56 peaks in all genotypes. Correlation studies with detached leaf assay and oviposition preference indicated presence of feeding and oviposition repellents as well as phagostimulants and oviposition attractants. A total of 107 GC-MS profile peaks were identified with methanol extracts. Correlation studies indicated that methanol extracts had higher amount of phagostimulants and oviposition repellents than antifeedants and oviposition attractants. The 26 SSR markers used for assessing genetic diversity of wild relatives of chickpea detected a total of 186 alleles with an average of 7.15 alleles per marker. PIC values varied from 0.21 (CaM2064) to 0.89 (CaM0958, ICCM0249 and TAA58). Gene diversity varied from 0.24 (CaM2064) to 0.90 (CaM0958, ICCM0249 and TAA58). The average observed heterozygosity was 0.20. The dendrogram based on UPGMA showed that cultivated chickpea showed a closer genetic relation with the C. reticulatum, while, the species C. microphyllum, C. judaicum, C. bijugum and C. pinnatifidum were placed in other cluster. The other species C. cuneatum was placed in separate cluster indicated that it is distantly related to species in other two clusters.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DEVELOPMENT OF LIFE TABLES FOR STEM BORER, Chilo partellus (SWINHOE) ON PROMISING GENOTYPES OF MAIZE AND ITS MANAGEMENT WITH BIORATIONAL INSECTICIDES
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2017) SUNEEL KUMAR, G.V.; Dr. T. MADHUMATHI
    Investigations on life tables, seasonal incidence, crop loss estimation and management of maize stem borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) with biorational insecticides were carried out at Agricultural Research Station, Darsi, Prakasam district during kharif and rabi 2014-15 and 2015-16. Total life cycle of C. partellus (egg to adult emergence) was completed in 54.5, 54.0, 51.5, 51.4, 55.0 and 48.6 days in kharif and 58.7, 59.5, 56.8, 57.5, 58.8 and 53.3 days in rabi on DHM 117, DHM 121, Madhuri, Priya, Amber and 30V92, respectively. Forty eight life-tables were constructed for C. partellus on six maize cultivars viz., DHM 117, DHM 121, Madhuri sweet corn, Priya sweet corn, Amber pop corn and 30V92. In each season of kharif and rabi 2014-15 and 2015-16 two generations of the pest were studied. The survivorship curves drawn for all the generations in each year indicated that the mortality rate was higher at the small larval stage. Generation survival declined from first generation in first crop during kharif 2014 to second generation in fourth crop during rabi 2015-16 in all maize cultivars. The trend index was positive (more than one) and varied in all generations. Key factor analysis revealed major mortality factors influencing population fluctuation included larval parasitoid particularly Cotesia flavipes and unknown causes during small and medium larval stage. Density dependant related mortality was observed in the life cycle of C. partellus. The lowest mean total K value (0.45) was observed on 30V92 maize cultivar. Correspondingly, the highest mean values of generation survival (0.38) and the trend index (40.2) were obtained on 30V92 cultivar indicate more susceptibility to C. partellus. The high mean total K (0.59) and lowest generation survival (0.27) and the trend index values (25.2) were observed on Amber pop corn. C. partellus larval population, per cent infestation and per cent larval parasitism differed between years and seasons on maize. Natural enemies were recorded in more numbers when pest population was high. Larval population and plant infestation by C. partellus exhibited significant negative correlation with minimum temperature on average basis of two years during kharif. Maximum temperature had significant positive correlation with plant infestation on average basis of both study years in rabi season. Morning and evening relative humidity showed significant positive correlation with plant infestation on cumulative basis of both kharif 2014 and 2015, while evening relative humidity showed significant negative correlation during rabi 2014-15 and 2015-16 pooled analysis. Cumulative basis of two study years in kharif, parasitism by C. flavipes showed a significant positive correlation with larval population and plant infestation, whereas pooled average of rabi 2014-15 and 2015-16, larval parasitoid had significant positive correlation with larval population only and non-significant positive correlation with plant infestation. Natural infestation of C. partellus resulted in the yield loss of 56.69 and 3.19 in grain yield and 100-grain weight, respectively across the different dates of sowing. The unprotected plot recorded significantly higher dead heart incidence (9.30 and 2.38%), larval population (1.89 and 0.65 per plant), foliage damage (43.08 and 22.24%), stem tunneling (11.72 and 3.30%) and exit holes (2.55 and 0.84) as compared to protected ones. The per cent grain yield loss increased with increase in larval density. The maximum loss in grain yield (45.68%) and 100-grain weight (19.25%) occurred in the treatment with 8 larvae per plant. The economic injury level was worked out at 2.74 larvae per plant. Among the botanical pesticides, entomogenous microbes, insect growth regulators and natural insecticides in the management of C. partellus in maize, foliar application of chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC, spinosad 45% SC and whorl application of chlorantraniliprole 0.4% GR significantly reduced the damage of C. partellus and larval population over untreated control. The marginal increase in maize grain yield was in the order of 108.1, 99.8 and 88.4 per cent, respectively for the treatments chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC, spinosad 45% SC and chlorantraniliprole 0.4% GR over untreated check. The population of natural enemies viz., C. transversalis, C. sexmaculata and predatory spiders remain unaffected by these biorationals. The incremental cost benefit ratio was 12.28 in chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC which was next best to monocrotophos 36% SL (19.52).