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Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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2021 - 202313
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Subject: Crop Physiology × End date: 2023 × Start date: 2020 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSES OF SEED PRIMING IN MAIZE (Zea mays L.) UNDER SALINITY STRESS
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-11-30) G. SRAVANTHI; M. RAVI BABU
    The present investigation entitled “Physiological and biochemical responses of seed priming in maize (Zea mays L.) under salinity stress” was undertaken in pot culture at Net house, Department of Crop Physiology, Agricultural college, Bapatla and field study at Farmer field, Cherukuru village, Bapatla, respectively during rabi season of 2021-22 to understand the impact of different priming treatments on physiological and biochemical components under salinity stress which in turn influence the productivity of maize. The pot culture and field experiment were taken up in completely randomized design (CRD) and randomized block design (RBD) with 7 treatments and replicated thrice. The treatments comprised of T1: Normal water irrigated (control), T2: 100 mmol L-1 of NaCl, T3: 200 mmol L-1 of NaCl, T4: 100 mmol L-1 of KCl, T5: 200 mmol L-1 of KCl, T6: 100 mmol L-1 1 of CaCl2.2H2O and T7: 200 mmol L-1 of CaCl2.2H2O. The data on morpho-physiological parameters viz., germination percentage root-shoot length and seedling vigor were recorded at 15 and 30 days in pot culture study and germination percentage, number of days to emerge, plant height, drymatter production, leaf area and relative water content were recorded at 30, 60 and 90 days in field experiment. Biochemical parameters viz., proline and superoxide dismutase activity and chemical constituents viz., Na+, K+ and Ca+2 were estimated at vegetative and reproductive stages. The data on yield and yield components were recorded at harvest. Under pot culture study, seed priming with CaCl2. 2H2O 200 mmol L-1 (T7) and CaCl2. 2H2O 100 mmol L-1 (T6) resulted in an increased germination percentage (14.2 and 10.6%), seedling vigor (27.3 and 29 %), root and shoot length (25, 24.5 and 20, 19.8 %) over control. xiii Under field conditions, seed priming with CaCl2. 2H2O 200 mmol L-1 (T7) and CaCl2. 2H2O 100 mmol L-1 (T6) resulted in an increase in germination percentage (20.7 and 19.2 %), days to emergence, plant height (21.3 and 18.36 %), maintained higher leaf area and higher RWC in leaves (17.91 and 16.93 %) with higher drymatter partitioning (30.01 and 27.60 %) than the control (T1). Higher drymatter partitioning at 90 days after sowing indicated the positive impact of seed priming with these chemicals in accumulating drymatter. Biochemical parameters like proline content and superoxide dismutase activity in leaf increased with seed priming treatment of CaCl2. 2H2O 200 mmol L-1 (T7) and CaCl2. 2H2O 100 mmol L-1 (T6). Seed priming with CaCl2. 2H2O 200 mmol L-1 (T7) recorded the lowest Na+/K+ ratio and Na+/Ca+2 ratio than the remaining treatments. All these biochemical parameters and lower Na+/K+ and Na+/Ca2+ ratio contributes for alleviating salinity stress in maize cultivated in coastal regions, where the salinity is the major problem. Seed priming significantly increased the yield and yield attributes. Among all the treatments, seed priming with CaCl2. 2H2O 200 mmol L-1 (T7) and CaCl2. 2H2O 100 mmol L-1 (T6) produced higher yield and it is associated with more number of rows per cob, test weight, cob length. Overall, it is concluded from the study that seed priming with CaCl2. 2H2O 200 mmol L-1 (T7) and CaCl2. 2H2O 100 mmol L-1 (T6) has shown good performance in rice fallow maize in enhancing the productivity by altering the physiological and biochemical constituents of the plant under salinity stress conditions.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE OF SILICON NUTRITION IN THE REPRODUCTIVE STAGE ON YIELD OF HYDROPONIC RICE (Oryza sativa L.)
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-11-29) SHAIK SAFIYA; B. SREEKANTH
    A net house experiment entitled “Physiological role of silicon nutrition in the reproductive stage on yield of hydroponic rice (Oryza sativa L.).” was carried out at net house of Department of Crop Physiology Agricultural College, Bapatla during 2019- 2020 to study the effect of silicon nutrition on mobility of photosynthetic assimilates, leaf photosynthetic parameters, yield attributes and silicon uptake by rice at different time intervals during reproductive stage. Cv. BPT-5204 was used for the investigation. The experiment was laid out in three factorial completely randomized design with nineteen treatments viz., control (No silicon), foliar application of silicon with 50 mM, 100 mM, 150 mM concentration and through root application with 1.5 mM, 2.0 mM and 2.5 mM concentration of silicon. The treatments were applied at P.I (P1), 10 d. after P.I (P2) and 20 d. after P.I (P3). Observations were noted after 10 days of silicon application on physiological and biochemical parameters. Data on yield and yield attributes were recorded at harvest. From the above investigation, at all the three sampling stages silicon application increased the photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and SPAD value of rice leaves either through foliar or root application. But transpiration rate of rice leaves was decreased with silicon application either through root or foliar modes and this decrease was more through root mode with 2.0 mM concentration of silicon. Silicon application through root system with 2.0 mM concentration of sodium silicate at three different times during reproductive stage increased the total sugar and silicon contents of rice leaf and culm. Foliar application with 50 mM concentration of sodium silicate increased the parameters like starch content and starch phosphorylase activity of rice leaf and culm. The increasing effect of biochemical parameters of leaf and culm were reached to maximum at heading stage and then decreased, irrespective of time and form of silicon application. During all the three different sampling times, the uptake of silicon by the rice plant from nutrient solution was increased with the application of silicon @2.0 mM concentration among 1.5 mM and 2.5 mM concentration of silicon. Grain constituents like total sugar and silicon contents were increased with root application of silicon. But foliar application of silicon, increased the grain parameters like starch content and starch phosphorylase activity and this increasing effect was more at 10 d. after P.I with silicon application than at P.I and 20 d. after P.I stages, either through soil or foliar modes. Yield and yield attributing characters like panicle length, filled spikelet percentage, test weight, harvest index and grain yield per panicle were increased by root application of silicon, while spikelet length, number of primary and secondary branches of panicle were increased by foliar application of silicon and this increase was more at 10 d. after P.I than other times of application, irrespective of mode of silicon nutrition.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON NITROGEN ASSIMILATION DURING REPRODUCTIVE STAGE OF GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea L.)
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-11-29) RAHUL CHANDRA; B. SREEKANTH
    The present investigation entitled “Physiological studies on nitrogen assimilation during reproductive stage of ground nut (Arachis hypogaea L.)” was undertaken at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla during Rabi, 2020. As treatment, 10 kg N ha-1 was applied during four different reproductive growth stages of groundnut viz., at flowering (30 DAS, 50% plants have open flowers), at peg initiation (50 DAS, 50% plants have at least one elongated peg), at pod initiation (60 DAS, 50% plants have an elongated peg with ovary tip beginning to swell to at least twice peg diameter) and at mid pod development stage (72 DAS, a day at the middle of crop maturity and pod initiation) along with an untreated control with only recommended basal application of nitrogen. These treatments were imposed on groundnut cv TAG-24 in a randomized block design. The observations and samples required were collected from 5 random plants from each treatment plots in 4 replications 2 days before every treatment application, starting from flowering stage followed by observations which were made at different reproductive stages and after harvest. Different parameters, both biochemical and physical, were estimated, which are known markers for N uptake and assimilation as well as nodule and root activity in groundnut. At harvest, yield parameters such as number of pods plant-1, pod yield plant-1, seed yield plant-1 and oil content were estimated. Standard methodology was followed in the measurement of all the parameters. From the above investigation, N supplementation was found to positively regulate leaf and shoot dry weights, N supplemented during pod initiation stage was found to maximize shoot and root dry weight, while a negative effect was observed with N supplementation at later reproductive stages particularly on root dry weight. Increment in leaf area, photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content was observed with N supplementation at different reproductive stages, early reproductive xii stage showed significant response to N supplementation. Maximum increment in leaf area and photosynthetic rate was noticed when N was supplemented at pod initiation stage and significantly higher chlorophyll content was produced by supplementation at pegging stage. No significant effect was observed in nodulation parameters such as nodule dry weight and proportion by mass of active to senescing nodules with N supplementation at any stage, but significantly higher numbers of active nodules were produced when N was supplemented at early reproductive stage (pegging). Ratio by mass of new to old roots were found to be higher when N supplementation was provided at early reproductive stage than when supplementation was done at a later stage. N supplementation positively regulated nitrate reductase content in leaves while leg haemoglobin content was observed to decrease progressively with N application at later growth stages. Significantly higher N content was observed in leaves, shoots, shells, roots and kernels when N was supplemented at early reproductive stages such as pegging and flowering. No effect was observed from N supplementation in peg N content. Yield parameters such as number of pods plant-1, pod yield plant1, seed yield plant-1 and oil content, N supplemented at an early reproductive growing period of plant was found to contribute maximum towards their increment. Maximum response to N supplementation produced by the plant, through increment of yield parameters was from N supplemented at flowering and pegging stage. Correlation analysis performed between root and shoot N assimilation indicators and N content in different plant parts yielded positive correlations between leaf, stem and root N content with NR activity at early reproductive stages. Significant positive correlation was obtained from correlation between root N content and nodule leg haemoglobin content. Correlation performed between the yield parameters (kernel yield and kernel oil yield) and nitrogen assimilation indicators of root nodules and leaves revealed that kernel yield and seed oil content showed a non significant positive correlation when correlated with leaf NR activity, while a non significant negative correlation existed between kernel yield and leg haemoglobin at later stages of reproductive growth. No specific pattern was observed between seed oil content and nodule leg haemoglobin from correlation.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL EFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS AND BORON ON POLLEN FERTILITY AND YIELD OF RICE (Oryza sativa L.) UNDER WATER STRESS
    (guntur, 2022-08-10) SAI ALEKHYA, M.; RAVI BABU, M.
    The present investigation entitled “Physiological and Biochemical Effect of Plant Growth Regulators and Boron on pollen fertility and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under water stress” was undertaken at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla during late kharif, 2020-21. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with two main treatments i.e., M0 - no water stress and M1 – water stress and eight sub treatments viz., no spray (S0), 25 ppm of GA foliar spray (S1), 0.01 mg of Brassinosteroids foliar spray (S2), 2.5 ppm of Boron foliar spray (S3), 25 ppm of GA + 0.01 mg of Brassinosteroids foliar spray (S4), 25 ppm of GA + 2.5 ppm Boron foliar spray (S5), 0.01 mg of Brassinosteroids + 2.5 ppm of Boron foliar spray (S6), 25 ppm of GA + 0.01 mg Brassinosteroids + 2.5 ppm of Boron foliar spray (S7) with three replications. The results of the study revealed that, significant differences were observed among the main treatments, sub treatments and their interactions. Plant height decreased under water stress conditions, and the decrease was 11.4 per cent over the irrigated conditions. Foliar spray of 25 ppm of GA + 0.01 mg Brassinosteroids + 2.5 ppm of Boron at flowering stage increased the plant height by 17.3 per cent over the control plants. Leaf water potential was decreased by two folds over the irrigated rice crop. Foliar spray of 25 ppm of GA + 0.01 mg Brassinosteroids + 2.5 ppm of Boron helped to increase the leaf water potential of the rice crop. Higher membrane injury index was recorded by the water stress compared to irrigated conditions, indicating increased lipid peroxidation under water stress conditions. Foliar spray of 25 ppm of GA + 0.01 mg Brassinosteroids + 2.5 ppm of Boron helped in minimizing the damage to cellular membranes by recording lesser membrane injury index values. In the present study, pollen characters viz., pollen fertility, percent pollen germination, protein content in pollen, total soluble sugars in pollen were adversely affected under water stress. Percent pollen germination, protein content in pollen, total xiii soluble sugars in pollen were reduced by 8.1, 48.8 and 69.6 per cent over the irrigated rice crop. Foliar spray of 25 ppm of GA + 0.01 mg Brassinosteroids + 2.5 ppm of Boron exhibited superior performance in enhancing the pollen characters under water stress conditions. Proline content in leaves was increased by 91 per cent under water stress conditions over the irrigated crop. Foliar spray of 25 ppm of GA + 0.01 mg Brassinosteroids + 2.5 ppm of Boron significantly increased the proline content in leaves by 28.6 per cent compared to untreated control plants. In the present study, the yield parameters viz., number of panicles m-2, length of the panicle, number of filled spikelets per panicle, sterility percentage, test weight and yield were decreased by 17.0, 8.5, 21.8, 36.3, 16.0 and 13.7 per cent, respectively, under water stress conditions over irrigated crop. Foliar spray of 25 ppm of GA + 0.01mg of Brassinosteroids +2.5 ppm of Boron increased the number of panicles m-2, length of the panicle, number of filled spikelets per panicle, sterility percentage, test weight and yield increased by 6.3, 14.7, 17.3, 50.8, 18.9 and 21.2 per cent respectively over the control under water stress conditions. Based on the results obtained in the present investigation, it can be concluded that the morpho-physiological, pollen characters, seed yield and its components were drastically reduced when the rice crop was exposed to water stress during flowering and anthesis stages, that reflected the reduction on the above parameters. Foliar spray of 25ppm of GA + 0.01mg of Brassinosteroids +2.5 ppm of Boron improves the pollen characters, growth, yield and its components of rice crop under normal as well as water stress conditions. The use of 25 ppm of GA + 0.01mg of Brassinosteroids +2.5 ppm of Boron at flowering and anthesis stages especially under water stress conditions could alleviate the negative effects of water stress on growth and yield of rice crop by improving the pollen characteristics of the crop and maintaining less membrane injury index, higher pollen germination percentage, protein content in pollen, total soluble sugars in pollen, proline content in leaves which helped the rice crop to ameliorate the adverse effects of water stress at flowering and anthesis stages. Hence, foliar spray of 25 ppm of GA + 0.01mg of Brassinosteroids + 2.5 ppm of Boron at 100 DAS at flowering stage in late sown rice crop to ameliorate the adverse effects of water stress.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Influence of zinc nutrition on growth, thermotolerance and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
    (guntur, 2022-08-10) KARTHIK, MAMIDALA; JAYALALITHA, K.
    The present investigation entitled “Influence of zinc nutrition on growth, thermotolerance and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)” was undertaken at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla during rabi, 2020 – 21. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three main treatments i.e., three dates of chickpea sowing viz., normal sowing (sown on November 10th - (M1)), moderately delayed sowing (sown on November 30th - (M2)) and late sowing (December 20th - (M3)) to expose the crop to late sowing induced heat stress during flowering and pod formation stages, and four sub treatments viz., no zinc application (control – S0), foliar spray of ZnSO4. H2O @ 0.2 % (S1), Zn-EDTA @ 0.3 % (S2) and ZnSO4. 7H2O @ 0.5 % (S3) at pre flowering and pod formation stages in three replications. The results of the study revealed that, significant differences were observed among the main treatments, sub treatments and their interactions. Plant height decreased significantly under late sown conditions, and the decrease was 12.5 and 10.0 per cent in late sown and moderately delayed sown chickpea crops, respectively. Foliar spray of ZnSO4. 7H2O @ 0.5 % at pre flowering and pod formation stages increased the plant height by 10.0 per cent, over the control plants. The late sown chickpea crop that was sprayed with ZnSO4. 7H2O @ 0.5 % at pre flowering and pod formation stages (M3S3) increased the plant height by 10.6 per cent, over no zinc application (M3S0). Late sown chickpea crop attained 50 % flowering and maturity by 9 days early over the normal sown crop, indicating accelerated flowering and maturity under heat stress condition in the present study. Foliar spray of ZnSO4. 7H2O @ 0.5 % at pre flowering and pod formation stages took significantly more number of days to 50 % maturity compared to control plants. Leaf area was reduced by 14.2 and 7.1 per cent, and leaf, stem, reproductive parts and total dry matter was decreased by 30.0 and 21.8 per cent; 18.0 and 11.3 per cent; 27.0 and 18.6 per cent and 26.5 and 18.4 per cent in late sown and moderately delayed sown crops, respectively, over the normal sown crop. Among the zinc treatments, foliar spray of ZnSO4. 7H2O @ 0.5 % at pre flowering and pod formation stages increased the leaf area by 14.0 per cent; leaf, stem, reproductive parts and total xiv dry matter by 15.8, 17.6, 26.3 and 21.8 per cent, over control plants. Zn-EDTA @ 0.3 % spray came in the second order in increasing the leaf area and leaf, stem, reproductive parts and total dry matter by 9.1, 10.4, 11.8, 16.7 and 14.3 per cent, respectively, over control plants. Normal sown chickpea crop that was sprayed with ZnSO4. 7H2O @ 0.5 % at pre flowering and pod formation stages (M1S3) recorded the highest values of above parameters and the lowest values were recorded by the late sown crop without zinc application (M3S0). Under late sown conditions, the chickpea crop that was sprayed with ZnSO4. 7H2O @ 0.5 % at pre flowering and pod formation stages (M3S3) increased the leaf area and leaf, stem, reproductive parts and total dry mater by 17.5, 12.2, 23.4, 22.0 and 21.5 per cent, respectively, over the late sown crop without zinc application (M3S0). Thermotolerance parameters such as MII, CSI, RWC and CTD varied significantly by different dates of sowing. Higher MII was recorded by the late sown crop compared to the normal sown crop, indicating increased lipid peroxidation under heat stress (late sown) conditions. Lesser CSI, RWC and CTD were recorded by the late sown chickpea crop compared to the normal sown crop. Foliar spray of ZnSO4. 7H2O @ 0.5 % at pre flowering and pod formation stages decreased the MII values and improved the CSI, RWC and CTD. under late sown conditions (heat stress conditions), foliar spray of ZnSO4. 7H2O @ 0.5 % at pre flowering and pod formation stages (M3S3) helped in minimizing the damage to the cellular membranes by recording lesser MII values, higher CSI, RWC and CTD compared to the late sown crop without zinc application (M3S0), indicating the role of zinc in amelioration of heat stress especially under late sown conditions. Net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate were decreased in the late sown chickpea crop by 12.3, 7.0 and 24.8 per cent, respectively, over the normal sown crop. ZnSO4. 7H2O @ 0.5 % foliar spray exhibited superior performance in enhancing net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate by 22.2, 12.3 and 40.7 per cent, respectively, over control plants. Late sown chickpea crop sprayed with ZnSO4. 7H2O @ 0.5 % at pre flowering and pod formation stages (M3S3) increased the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate by 20.2, 9.7 and 40.0 per cent respectively, over untreated plants (M3S0). SOD activity was increased by 35.4 and 14.0 per cent in chickpea due to late sowing and moderately delayed sowing compared to normal sowing. Protein and zinc contents in seed were also reduced in the late sown chickpea crop. Foliar spray of ZnSO4. 7H2O @ 0.5 % at pre flowering and pod formation stages significantly increased the SOD activity, and protein and zinc contents in seed compared to the untreated plants. Late sown chickpea crop that was sprayed with ZnSO4. 7H2O @ 0.5 % (M3S3) recorded higher SOD activity, higher protein and zinc content in seed, over the crop without zinc application (M3S0). In late sown chickpea crop, the number of pods plant-1, number of seeds plant-1, test weight and seed yield were decreased by 14.1, 12.6, 5.5 and 17.6 per cent, respectively, over the normal sown crop. Among the zinc treatments, foliar spray of ZnSO4. 7H2O @ 0.5 % at pre flowering and pod formation stages increased the pods per plant, seeds per plant, test weight and seed yield by 17.3, 26.0, 3.4 and 42.6 per cent, over the untreated plants. Under normal sown conditions, the chickpea crop that was sprayed with ZnSO4. 7H2O @ 0.5 % at pre flowering and pod formation stages (M1S3) recorded 21.1 per cent increase in seed yield over the crop without zinc xv application (M1S0), and 21.1 per cent increase over the late sown crop with zinc application (M3S3). Under late sown conditions, ZnSO4. 7H2O foliar spray @ 0.5 % (M3S3) increased the seed yield by 41.2 per cent, over the late sown crop without zinc application (M3S0). ZnSO4. 7H2O @ 0.5 % foliar spray to the late sown chickpea crop recorded higher harvest index compared to the crop without zinc application. According to the results obtained above, it can be concluded that the morpho- physiological, thermotolerance and photosynthetic parameters; seed yield and its components and quality parameters were drastically reduced in the late sown chickpea crop in the present study, indicating the exposure of the crop to heat stress under late sown conditions during flowering and pod formation stages, that reflected reduction on the above parameters. Foliar spray of ZnSO4. 7H2O @ 0.5 % could improve the growth, yield and its components of chickpea both under normal sown as well as late sown conditions. Zn-EDTA @ 0.3 % came in the second order in improving the above parameters. The use of ZnSO4. 7H2O @ 0.5 % foliar spray at pre flowering and pod formation stages especially under late sown conditions, could alleviate the negative effects of heat stress on growth and yield of chickpea by improving the thermotolerance capacity of the crop in terms of maintaining lesser MII; higher CSI, RWC and CTD and higher activity of SOD, which helped the late sown chickpea crop from the adverse effects of heat stress from flowering to maturity.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF PACLOBUTRAZOL AND MEPIQUAT CHLORIDE ON LODGING RESISTANCE, GROWTH AND YIELD IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)
    (guntur, 2022-08-08) VENKATESH REDDY, K.; RAVI BABU, M.
    An investigation entitled “Effect of paclobutrazol and mepiquat chloride on lodging resistance, growth, and yield in rice (Oryza sativa L.)” was conducted at college farm, Agricultural college, Bapatla. The experiment was laid in Randomized Block Design which was replicated thrice to find out the effect of different concentrations of paclobutrazol and mepiquat chloride on morpho-physiological characters, growth, lodging, yield, and yield attributing characters. The nine treatments in each replication consisting of two different concentrations of paclobutrazol and mepiquat chloride at two different stages of crop growth (100 and 200 ppm paclobutrazol and mepiquat chloride at 35 DAT and panicle initiation stage) and a control. Results indicated a significant difference in morpho-physiological characteristics viz., plant height, culm thickness, culm strength, lodging percentage and number of effective tillers hill-1. A significant difference in biochemical parameter viz., the lignin content of the stem was observed. A significant difference was observed in yield and yield attributes viz., number of panicles m-2, number of filled spikelet panicle-1 and grain yield under different concentrations of paclobutrazol and mepiquat chloride. Data on different parameters were collected at 30 days interval. Significantly higher morpho-physiological parameters, yield and yield attributes and lower lodging percentage were recorded with foliar application of 100 ppm mepiquat chloride spray at panicle initiation stage (T7) when compared to other treatments.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.) cv BPT-5204
    (guntur, 2022-08-08) PAVITHRA, NUTHALAPATI; SREEKANTH, B.
    An in vitro plant tissue culture experiment entitled “Physiological basis of somatic embryogenesis in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv BPT-5204” was carried out at Department of Crop Physiology and Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Agricultural college, Bapatla during 2019-2020 to study the effect of plant growth regulators, nitrogen sources and carbohydrate sources of culture media (MS) on callus induction and somatic embryogenesis from mature dehusked seeds of popular indica rice variety BPT-5204. The study was carried out in three sequential experiments each one adopting Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The first experiment was conducted with four treatments replicated five times viz., Control (MS alone), MS +10 μM 2,4-D (MS 10D), MS + 10 μM 2,4-D + 2.5 μM kinetin (MS 10D2.5K), MS + 10 μM 2,4-D + 2.5 μM BAP (MS 10D2.5B) to determine the best plant growth regulator or plant growth regulator combination to induce and develop embryogenic callus. Among the four hormonal combinations, maximum percentage of callus induction i.e., 95.33% was recorded in MS 10D medium and the callus produced on MS 10D2.5K medium was yellowish white, compact with embryogenic appearance. Starch, reducing sugar and non reducing sugar contents were higher in the callus produced on MS 10D2.5K medium while, the total sugar, proteins, total nitrogen and nitrate contents were lower in the callus produced on MS 10D2.5K medium. From the results obtained from the first experiment, MS 10D2.5K medium was selected as a control for the second experiment because the callus produced on MS 10D2.5K medium was compact with embryogenic appearance, with high starch content which possibly affected the texture of callus. The second experiment was conducted with five treatments replicated five times viz., control (MSP), MSP + 60 mM NO3- (MSP 60N), MSP + 60 mM NH4+ (MSP 60A), MSP + 20 mM NH4+: 20 mM NO3- (MSP 20A:20N), MSP + 40 mM NH4+: 20 mM NO3- (MSP 40A:20N) to determine the best nitrogen source or nitrogen concentration and combination to induce and develop embryogenic callus. Maximum percentage of callus induction i.e., 86% and 83.33% was recorded in the callus produced on MSP 40A:20N xv and MSP media, respectively. However, compact and embryogenic callus with globular embryos were appeared on MSP 40A:20N medium. Starch, reducing sugar contents were higher while the total sugar, proteins and total nitrogen contents were lower in the callus produced on MSP 40A:20N where as nitrate content was lower in the callus produced on both MSP 40A:20N and MSP medium. Nitrite content was higher in the callus produced on the medium containing nitrate alone i.e., MSP 60N. From the results obtained from the second experiment, MSP 40A:20N medium was selected as control for the next experiment because the callus produced on MSP 40A:20N medium was compact with globular embryos on the surface and with high starch content. The third experiment was conducted with five treatments viz., MSPN (Control), MSPN M (MSPN Maltose), MSPN G (MSPN Glucose), MSPN F (MSPN Fructose), MSPN 1G:1F (MSPN 1:1 Glucose and Fructose). Maximum percentage of callus induction i.e., 89.78% and 87.78% were recorded in the media containing disaccharides as a carbon source MSPN M and MSPN, respectively. There were not much difference in the colour and appearance of the calli generated under different carbohydrate sources. All the treatments resulted in calli were yellow to off-white to white which on subculture developed into embryogenic callus with visible globular embryos on the surface. Starch content of the callus was higher in the callus produced on MSPN M and MSPN F media. Total sugar content was lower in the callus produced on MSPN M medium. Reducing sugar content was higher in the callus produced on MSPN M, MSPN F and MSPN 1G:1F. Non reducing sugar content was higher in the callus produced on MSPN M and MSPN F. Protein, total nitrogen and ammonical nitrogen contents were lower in the callus produced on MSPN M medium. Nitrate content was lower in all the treatments viz., MSPN, MSPN M, MSPN 1G:1F and MSPN F. Nitrite content was lower in the callus produced on MSPN M and MSPN F media. Number of somatic embryos per explant were significantly higher in the callus produced on MSPN M while, it was lower in the callus produced on MSPN G medium. Based on the above results the modified MS medium i.e., MSP 40A : 20N along with 10 μM 2,4-D and 2.5 μM kinetin with maltose as a altered carbon source (MSPN M) may be used for the production of maximum number of somatic embryos per explant. This work can be extended to know the changes in the activities of enzymes of carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism which invariably play a major role in the structural and metabolic development of somatic embryos in rice and further into the accumulation of embryogenesis specific proteins and other macro molecules
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF SIGNALING MOLECULES ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea L.) UNDER WATER STRESS
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2021-12-08) MAHAPATRA, DEBASHIS; SREEKANTH, Dr. B.
    A field experiment entitled “Effect of signaling molecules on growth and yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under water stress” was conducted at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla during rabi, 2019-20 in split plot design with two main plot treatments viz., M1: Control (No water stress); M2 : Water stress at pegging to pod formation stage and nine sub plot treatments viz., Control (So), 200 ppm ascorbic acid at 40 DAS (S1), 200 ppm ascorbic acid at 60 DAS (S2), 200 ppm salicylic acid at 40 DAS (S3), 200 ppm salicylic acid at 60 DAS (S4), 200 ppm hydrogen peroxide at 40 DAS (S5), 200 ppm hydrogen peroxide at 60 DAS (S6), 200 ppm α-tocopherol at 40 DAS (S7), 200 ppm α-tocopherol at 60 DAS (S8) in three replications. Morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters at 20, 40, 60 & 80 DAS and yield & yield components at harvest were recorded. Water stress declined the plant height (12.65 and 17.96%), number of branches (11.20 and 8.25%), leaf area (17.27 and 22.90%), photosynthetic rate (31.84 and 17.89%), chlorophyll fluorescence (13.33 and 33.84%), leaf water potential (50 and 100%), leaf dry weight (15.50 and 20.47%), stem dry weight (18.12 and 11.40%), pod dry weight (30.005 and 25.76%), root dry weight (17.74 and 9.41%), total plant dry weight (14.90 and 16.46%), proline content (226.31 and 89.58%), catalase activity (14.64 and 20.56%), SOD activity (125 and 78.26% ) but increased membrane injury index (11.75 and 15.31%) during pegging and pod formation stages, respectively. Water stress reduced the test weight (6.17%), shelling% (4.06%), pod yield (2.61%), harvest index (0.54%), total number of pods per plant (18.10%) and pod weight per plant (2.46%). Foliar spray of ascorbic acid (40 DAS) (S1) exhibited higher effect on leaf water potential and test weight but lesser effect on proline and activity of SOD and ascorbic acid (60 DAS) (S2) increased stem dry weight, shelling% and pod weight per plant of groundnut but reduced the plant height and number of branches. Salicylic acid (40 DAS) xv (S3) increased the leaf total dry weight and harvest index but reduced the activity of catalase and leaf water potential and salicylic acid (60 DAS) (S4) improved the leaf area, leaf dry weight, pod dry weight, pod yield, chlorophyll fluorescence, amount of proline, activity of SOD and catalase and yield parameters but reduced the net photosynthetic rate. Hydrogen peroxide (40 DAS) (S5) increased the number of branches, photosynthetic rate, activity of SOD and pod yield but reduced the shoot dry weight and harvest index and hydrogen peroxide (60 DAS) (S6) increased the root dry weight and membrane injury index but reduced the leaf area, α-tocopherol (40 DAS) (S7) increased the plant height but reduced the leaf dry weight, pod dry weight and membrane injury index and αtocopherol (60 DAS) (S8) reduced the shoot and total dry weight and chlorophyll fluorescence. The pod yield increased with S4 (salicylic acid, 200 ppm, 60 DAS) and S5 (hydrogen peroxide, 200 ppm, 40 DAS) treatments as compared to the other treatments due to the increase in pod dry weight, leaf area, chlorophyll fluorescence, antioxidant activity of SOD and catalase and amount of proline and reduced in S6 (hydrogen peroxide, 200 ppm, 60 DAS) and S8 (alpha tocopherol, 200 ppm, 60 DAS) treatments when compared to the other treatments due to the decrease in the dry matter, leaf area, photosynthetic attributes, antioxidant activity of catalase and increased membrane injury index and it was concluded that S4 (salicylic acid, 200 ppm, 60 DAS) and S5 (hydrogen peroxide, 200 ppm, 40 DAS) treatments showed the higher effect and S6 (hydrogen peroxide, 200 ppm, 60 DAS) and S8 (alpha tocopherol, 200 ppm, 60 DAS) showed lesser effect on yield when compared to the other treatments.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CHARACTERIZATION OF FOXTAIL MILLET (Setaria italica L.) VARIETIES FOR GROWTH, PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND YIELD IN RAINFED CONDITIONS
    (2021-12-08) VAGHDEVI, TAMMINENI; JAYALALITHA, Dr. K.
    A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla, during kharif 2019-20 to study the “Characterization of foxtail millet varieties for growth, photosynthesis and yield in rainfed conditions”. Ten treatments consisting of ten varieties viz., foxtail millet varieties i.e., Prasad (T1), Krishnadevaraya (T2), Narasimharaya (T3), Sreelakshmi (T4), SiA 3085 (T5), Suryanandi (T6), SiA 3156 (T7), SiA 3222 (T8), Lepakshi (T9) and PS-4 (T10), and laid out in a Randomized Block Design, replicated thrice. Observations were recorded on growth, photosynthetic attributes, WUE traits and biochemical parameters at 20 days interval between 20 to 80 DAS. The data on yield and yield attributes were recorded at harvest. Varietal variability was observed among the foxtail millet varieties with respect to growth, photosynthesis, WUE traits, biochemical and yield parameters. Prasad exhibited superior performance by recording increase in plant height and number of tillers by 47.3 and 92.0 percent, respectively over SiA-3222. In all the varieties, there was a gradual increase in leaf area and leaf drymatter from 20 to 60 DAS and declined at harvest. Prasad and Krishnadevaraya recorded 59.0 and 51.0 per cent increase in leaf area and 1.8 folds increase in leaf drymatter, respectively, over SiA 3222. This might be due to higher leaf area possessed by both the varieties in the present study. Lesser leaf area and leaf drymatter was recorded by SiA 3222. Narasimharaya and Prasad showed 2.3 and 2.0 folds increase in stem drymatter, and 2.0 and 1.9 folds increase in total drymatter, respectively, over SiA 3222. Prasad, Narasimharaya and Suryanandi recorded 1.8, 1.7 and 1.5 folds increase in reproductive parts drymatter, respectively, over SiA 3222. xiii Higher CGR and NAR were recorded by the varieties Narasimharaya and Prasad and they showed 3.3 and 3.1 folds increase in CGR, and 3.3 and 3.0 folds increase in NAR, respectively, over SiA 3222. PS-4 recorded increase in RGR by 3.1 folds over SiA 3222. The foxtail millet varieties Prasad, Krishnadevaraya, Suryanandi and Narasimharaya recorded 59.0, 51.0, 39.0 and 36.2 per cent increase in LAI, respectively, over SiA 3222. Krishnadevaraya, Narasimharaya, SiA 3085 and Suryanandi recorded 22.7, 18.1, 18.1 and 18.1 per cent increase in SLW, respectively, over SiA-3222. Prasad recorded 69.0 per cent increase in photosynthetic rate over Lepakshi. Prasad and Narasimharaya recorded highest stomatal conductance by 67.7 and 54.9 per cent, respectively over PS-4. Sreelakshmi, Narasimharaya and Prasad showed increase in transpiration rate (i.e., 111.2, 104.0 and 97.6 per cent, respectively) over SiA 3222. Higher RWC was recorded by Prasad, Narasimharaya and Suryanandi varieties i.e., 14.2, 10.2 and 9.2 per cent, respectively, than SiA 3222. Krishnadevaraya, Suryanandi, Narasimharaya, SiA 3085 and Prasad recorded 17.4, 17.4, 15.2, 15.2 and 10.9 per cent decrease in SLA, respectively, over SiA 3156 and SiA 3222. The SCMR values were recorded higher by the varieties viz., Suryanandi, Prasad and Narasimharaya by 22.9, 21.1 and 20.4 per cent, respectively, over Lepakshi. The proline content was increased by 85.8, 52.2 and 42.5 per cent, and the caroteniod by 33.3, 27.3 and 24.2 per cent by Prasad, Narasimharaya and Suryanandi, respectively, over SiA 3222. Prasad, Suryanandi and Narasimharaya recorded higher NR activity i.e., 25.0, 24.5 and 19.0 per cent, respectively, over PS-4 and 70.3, 65.4 and 56.0 per cent increase in SOD activity, respectively, over SiA 3222. The number of panicle m-2 was increased by 36.9, 32.1 and 28.0 per cent, compared to Lepakshi, by Prasad, Suryanandi and Narasimharaya, respectively. Higher number of filled grains panicle-1 was recorded with the varieties SiA 3222, Sreelakshmi and PS-4 (37.6, 26.4 and 22.8 per cent, respectively) than Krishnadevaraya. Narasimharaya recorded 1.30 g more test weight over SiA 3222. Prasad, Narasimharaya and Suryanandi increased the grain yield by 33.9, 20.4 and 19.4 per cent over SiA 3222. Krishnadevaraya, Suryanandi and SiA 3222 recorded higher HI i.e., 44.6, 44.3 and 43.1 per cent, respectively, over PS-4. Correlation coefficients indicated strong positive correlation for photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, total drymatter production, RWC and SCMR readings with grain yield. The varieties namely Prasad, Narasimharaya and Suryanandi which recorded higher grain yield, also recorded higher photosynthetic rate, more number of tillers per plant and total drymatter production. Apart from these, they also recorded high RWC, proline content, Nitrate Reductase activity, antioxidant metabolites and enzymes such as carotenoids and Superoxide dismutase, respectively and WUE traits viz., high SCMR and low SLA under rainfed conditions. The foxtail millet varieties viz., SiA 3222, PS-4 and Lepakshi showed poor performance interms of growth, photosynthetic characteristics, WUE traits and grain yield in the present study. xiv Though the crop experienced two dry spells at panicle intiation and flowering stage and at grain ripening stage during its growing period, but the varieties Prasad, Narasimharaya and Suryanandi performed well by accumulating osmoprotectants i.e., proline and antioxidants viz., carotenoid and SOD in higher amounts which might helped the plants in the mitigation of water stress occurred in rainfed condition. Based on these results, it could be concluded that the varieties Prasad, Narasimharaya and Suryanandi may be popularized due to their noteworthy performance under rainfed conditions of Krishna Zone.