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Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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2017 - 2019772020 - 202348
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Subject: Agronomy × Start date: 2017 × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DEFICIT IRRIGATION AND NITROGEN EFFECTS ON YIELD AND WATER PRODUCTIVITY OF RABI SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor L.)
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-11-29) RACHUGORLA SWETHA; M. SREE REKHA
    A field experiment entitled “Deficit irrigation and nitrogen effects on yield and water productivity of rabi sorghum (Sorghum bicolorL.)” was conducted during rabi, 2021-22 on sandy loam soils of Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design and replicated thrice. The treatments consisted of twelve combinations with main plots as three irrigation practices. viz., full irrigation (I1), managed deficit irrigation (I2) and deficit irrigation (I3) and four levels of nitrogen doses in sub plots viz., 100 kg N ha-1 (N1), 80 kg N ha-1(N2), 60 kg N ha-1 (N3) and 40 kg N ha-1 (N4). The maximum plant height recorded with full irrigation was significantly superior to deficit irrigation but it was found on par with managed deficit irrigation at all growth stages of sorghum except at 30 DAS. Among the nitrogen levels, 100 kg N ha-1 (N1) recorded the maximum plant height and it was significantly superior to other levels of nitrogen. Drymatter accumulation of sorghum was maximum with full irrigation (I1) and was significantly superior to deficit irrigation at all growth stages of sorghum but it remained on par with managed deficit irrigation at 60 DAS and 90 DAS except at harvest. At 60,90 DAS and at harvest maximum drymatter accumulation recorded with 100 kg N ha-1 (N1) was significantly superior to N2, N3 and N4. Minimum number of days were taken in full irrigation (I1) for 50 per cent flowering was significantly superior to deficit irrigation (I3) but it was statistically on par with managed deficit irrigation (I2). Application of 100 kg N ha-1 took minimum number of days to 50 per cent flowering and found significantly superior to N3 and N4 and was on par with 80 kg N ha-1(N2). xvi The maximum leaf area index recorded with managed deficit irrigation (I2) was found significantly superior to deficit irrigation (I3) but statistically comparable with full irrigation (I1) at 60 DAS. At 90 DAS and harvest, maximum LAI was recorded with full irrigation (I1) and was significantly superior to managed deficit irrigation (I2) and deficit irrigation (I3). Among different nitrogen levels, application of 100 kg N ha-1(N1) recorded significantly higher leaf area index over 60 kg N ha-1(N3) and 40 kg N ha -1(N4) but was found on par with 80 kg N ha-1(N2) at 60, 90 DAS and at harvest . At 60 DAS, higher chlorophyll content (SPAD) was recorded with managed deficit irrigation (I2) and was significantly superior to deficit irrigation (I3) but statistically comparable with full irrigation (I1).At 90 DAS and at harvest, maximum SPAD chlorophyll content was recorded with full irrigation and was on par with managed deficit irrigation (I2) but significantly superior to deficit irrigation (I3).Nitrogen applied at 100 kg N ha-1(N) recorded significantly higher chlorophyll content and it was superior to 80 kg N ha-1 (N2), 60 kg N ha-1(N3) and 40 kg N ha-1 (N4). CGR at 60 -90 DAS, and at 90 DAS- harvest was significantly higher with full irrigation (I1) and statistically it was on par with managed deficit irrigation (I2). Among different nitrogen levels, the application of 100 kg N ha-1(N1) recorded significantly higher CGR at all the growth stages when compared to 80 kg N ha-1 and 60 kg N ha-1 and 40 kg N ha-1 except at 60-90 DAS. RGR of sorghum was not significantly influenced by irrigation practices (I) and nitrogen levels (N) . Significantly higher NAR was recorded with deficit irrigation (I3) over full irrigation (I1) and managed deficit irrigation (I2) at 30-60 DAS and at 60-90 DAS. At 90 DAS- at harvest, maximum NAR was recorded with deficit irrigation (I3) and was significantly superior to full irrigation (I1) but was statistically comparable with managed deficit irrigation (I2). Significantly higher NAR was recorded with application of 40 kg N ha-1(N4) compared to 100 kg N ha-1(N1), 80 kg N ha-1 (N2) and 60 kg N ha-1(N3) at all growth stages of the crop. Total accumulated GDD was more with deficit irrigation (I3) and was significantly superior to full irrigation (I1) and managed deficit irrigation (I2). Application of 40 kg N ha-1(N4) resulted in more Total accumulated GDD and was significantly superior to 100 kg N ha-1(N1) and 80 kg N ha-1 (N2) but statistically on par with 60 kg N ha-1(N3). Number of grains per earhead of rabi sorghum was maximum with full irrigation (I1) and was significantly superior to managed deficit irrigation(I2) and deficit irrigation (I3). Test weight of rabi sorghum was maximum with full irrigation (I1) and was significantly superior to deficit irrigation (I3) but statistically on par with managed deficit irrigation (I2). Application of 100 kg N ha-1 recorded maximum number of grains per earhead and was significantly superior to 60 kg N ha-1 and 40 kg N ha-1 but statistically comparable with 80 kg N ha-1 (N2). Full irrigation (I1) recorded maximum grain yield and stover yield of rabi sorghum which was significantly superior to deficit irrigation (I3) but statistically comparable with managed deficit irrigation (I2). Application of 100 kg N ha-1 xvii recorded maximum grain yield and stover yield and was significantly superior to 80 kg N ha-1, 60 kg N ha-1 and 40 kg N ha-1. Harvest index (%) of sorghum was not significantly influenced by irrigation practices and nitrogen levels. Full irrigation recorded maximum total nitrogen uptake and was significantly superior to managed deficit irrigation (I2) and deficit irrigation (I3). The application of 100 kg N ha-1(N1) recorded significantly higher uptake of total nitrogen compared to all the other nitrogen levels. Higher consumptive use of water recorded with full irrigation (I1) and was significantly superior to managed deficit irrigation (I2) and deficit irrigation (I3). Among the nitrogen levels, significantly higher consumptive use of water was recorded with the application of 100 kg N ha-1 (N1) but it was statistically on par with application of 80 kg N ha-1(N2). Water use efficiency was higher under deficit irrigation (I3) and it was found significantly superior to full irrigation (I1) and managed deficit irrigation (I2). Application of 100 kg N ha-1 (N1) recorded maximum water use efficiency but it remained on par with 80 kg N ha-1 (N2) and was significantly superior to 60 kg N ha-1 (N3) and 40 kg N ha-1 (N4). Soil moisture use rate (mm day-1) was maximum with full irrigation (I1) and found significantly superior to deficit irrigation (I3) but was statistically on par with managed deficit irrigation (I2). Among the nitrogen levels, significantly higher soil moisture use rate was recorded with application of 100 kg N ha-1 (N1) but it remained on par with 80 kg N ha-1 (N2) and was significantly superior to N3 and N4. Among the different irrigation practices, full irrigation (I1) recorded significantly higher gross returns, net returns over deficit irrigation (I3) but statistically it was on par with managed deficit irrigation (I2). 100 kg N ha-1(N1) recorded significantly higher gross returns, net returns and benefit cost ratio compared to other nitrogen levels. The interaction effect between irrigation practices and N levels for all parameters studied was not-significant. From the trial, it can be concluded that full irrigation performed better regarding yield and returns. However, it was comparable with managed deficit irrigation. Similarly nitrogen @100 kg ha-1 resulted in maximum yield and also higher returns.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EQUITABLE WATER USE AND MANAGEMENT IN KRISHNA WESTERN DELTA IN A CHANGING CLIMATE
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-11-16) DESABOINA VEERA SEKHAR; K.M. Dakshina Murthy
    The present study entitled “Equitable Water Use and Management in Krishna Western Delta in a Changing Climate” was conducted in the selected mandals of the Krishna western delta region of Andhra Pradesh to assess the irrigation potential, crop type and crop stress monitoring using geospatial tools. Cloud free optical satellite data of Landsat 8, Sentienel-2 and MODIS was downloaded for the kharif 2016 to 2020 crop seasons. The downloaded data was analysed using ground truth information and developed the broad classes of land use and land cover in the selected mandals. Using the maximum likelihood algorithm, crop type maps were developed for kharif 2016 and 2020 season in which it was revealed that, high water demand crops area was increased from 2016 to 2020 crop season. Among the crop types, paddy area was increased in Bapatla, Karamchedu, Vetapalem and Chinaganjam mandals. The area under fishponds were increased in Nizampatnam and Chinaganjam mandals. Crop stress maps of kharif 2016 and 2020 revealed that, the highest area under stress was detected in the Naguluppalapadu mandal in the both the cropping seasons as compared to other mandals of the study. Among the two cropping years, 2016 kharif season recorded highest area under stress in Duggirala, Bapatla, Chinaganjam and Naguluppalapadu mandals. The study revealed that, under the changing climate conditions, the developed alternate scenarios indicated a 22 % reduction in total water requirement during 2016 and 23% during 2020 crop season under scenario 1. Under alternate scenario 2 conditions, an amount of 14% to 24% reduction in total water requirement during 2016 and 25% during 2020 based on the crop simulation model results using long-term climate data.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    VARIETAL PERFORMANCE OF WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) CULTIVARS TO DIFFERENT IRRIGATION SCHEDULES UNDER HAT ZONE CONDITIONS OF A.P.
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-11-15) P. VENKATA SWAMI RAMUNAIDU; D. SEKHAR
    A field experiment entitled “VARIETAL PERFORMANCE OF WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) CULTIVARS TO DIFFERENT IRRIGATION SCHEDULES UNDER HAT ZONE CONDITIONS OF A.P.” was carried out on sandy clay soils of the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Chintapalle of Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur during rabi, 2021-22. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with three irrigation schedules as main plots and four varieties as sub plots with a total of twelve treatments and replicated thrice. Three irrigation schedules i.e., irrigation at CRI, maximum tillering, jointing, flowering and milking stages (M1), irrigation at CRI, flowering and milking stages (M2) and irrigation at CRI and milking stages (M3) were imposed in main plots and four varieties i.e., DBW-252(V1), HI-1544 (V2), HI-8759 (V3) and HI-8713 (V4) as subplots. Wheat crop was sown on thoroughly prepared experimental plot. The crop was supplied with recommended fertilizer dose of 120 kg N, 60 kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O ha-1. At basal 60 kg of N and entire dose of P2O5 and K2O were applied. Remaining 60 kg of N was applied in two splits at 25 DAS and 45 DAS. Application of irrigation was done to the respective treatments as specified. Field operations such as weeding and plant protection measures were taken as per recommendations of ANGRAU. The data on plant height (cm), number of tillers m-2, drymatter production (kg ha-1), CGR (g m-2 day-1), days to 50 % flowering, spike length (cm), spike weight (g), number of productive tillers m-2, number of grains spike-1, number of filled grains spike-1, 1000 grain weight (g), grain, straw xv and biological yield (kg ha-1), harvest index (%), consumptive use (mm), soil moisture use rate (mm day-1), moisture use efficiency (kg ha-mm-1) and economics were recorded as per standard procedures. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and the significance was tested by Fisher's least significance difference. Plant height, number of tillers m-2, drymatter production (kg ha-1) and CGR (g m-2 day-1) values were found superior with five irrigations scheduled at CRI, maximum tillering, jointing, flowering and milking stages and among the varieties HI-8759 recorded the higher growth parameters which were on a par with HI-8713. Number of days taken to 50 per cent flowering was found early with application of irrigations scheduled at CRI, maximum tillering, jointing, flowering and milking stages. There was no significant difference among the varieties for number of days taken to 50 per cent flowering. Spike length and spike weight were found significantly higher with five irrigations scheduled at CRI, maximum tillering, jointing, flowering and milking stages and among the varieties DBW-252 recorded the maximum spike length and spike weight was highest with the variety DBW-252 and was at par with HI-8759. Number of productive tillers m-2, number of grains spike-1, number of filled grains spike-1 and 1000 grain weight were significantly highest in five irrigation schedules and lowest were recorded with two irrigation schedules and it remained on a par to three irrigation schedules in terms of number of grains spike-1 and number of filled grains spike-1. However, among the varieties significantly highest number of productive tillers and test weight were recorded with the variety HI-8759 and the lowest were recorded with DBW-252. Although DBW-252 recorded significantly highest number of grains and filled grains spike-1 and remained on a par with HI-8759 in terms of grains spike-1. Higher grain, straw and biological yields were recorded under five irrigation schedules. Despite of lower grain yield observed with two irrigations but straw yield remained statistically on a par with three irrigations. Biological yield was recorded significantly highest with five irrigation schedules and lowest with two irrigation schedules. The harvest index (%) was significantly highest with five irrigations and lowest with two irrigations. However, among the varieties HI-8759 recorded significantly higher grain and straw yield. Straw & biological yields remained at par with HI-8713. Harvest index of HI-8759 was significantly superior over all the varieties. Lowest grain, straw and biological yields were recorded with HI-1544. Consumptive use of water and soil moisture use rate were higher with five irrigation schedules followed by three and two irrigation schedules which were on par to each other. Among the varieties HI-8759 recorded significantly the higher consumptive use and on a par with HI-8713. xvi Scheduling two irrigations resulted in higher water use efficiency which was on par with three irrigation schedules. Among the varieties HI-8759 resulted in higher water use efficiency. Among different irrigation schedules, five irrigations scheduled at CRI, maximum tillering, jointing, flowering and milking stages recorded higher gross returns, net returns and benefit cost ratio over rest of the treatments. While, among the varieties HI-8759 recorded the higher gross returns, net returns and benefit cost ratio over rest of the varieties. The overall results of the experiment revealed that irrigation at five critical phenological stages viz., CRI, maximum tillering, jointing, flowering and milking stages for wheat resulted higher productivity in the High Altitude and Tribal Area zone of Andhra Pradesh. Wheat cultivar HI-8759 performed better in terms of economics and proved to be beneficial for the farmers of High Altitude and Tribal Area zone of Andhra Pradesh.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PERFORMANCE OF GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea L.) DURING RABI UNDER CUMULATIVE INFLUENCE OF LAND CONFIGURATION AND FERTIGATION
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-11-15) MENDA MOHINI KUMARI; N. VENKATA LAKSHMI
    A field experiment entitled “Performance of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) during rabi under cumulative influence of land configuration and fertigation’’ was conducted during rabi, 2021-22 on sandy clay loam soils of Agricultural Research Station, Garikapadu. The experiment was laidout in split-split plot design and replicated thrice. The treatments consisted of two land configurations as main plots viz., raised bed and furrow (M1), flat bed (M2) and two irrigation schedules, i.e., irrigation on every 3rd day (I1), irrigation on every 5th day (I2) as sub plots and 100% RDF through drip (F1), 75% RDF through drip (F2), 50% RDF through drip (F3) and 100% through soil application (F4) as sub-sub plots. Plant height was maximum under raised bed and furrow compared to flat bed method during all the stages of crop growth. At 30 DAS, plant height was not influenced by either the irrigation practices or fertigation levels. Irrigation scheduled on every 3rd day (I1) recorded higher plant height over irrigation scheduled on every 5th day (I2). Among the sub-sub treatments significantly taller plants were recorded with the application of 100% RDF as soil application (F4) as no drip fertigation treatments were applied due to continuous rains upto 30 DAS. Whereas, at 100% RDF through drip irrigation (F1) at 60 and 90 DAS recorded significantly taller plants and found on a par with F2 treatment at 90 DAS, however F2 was found to be on a par with F4 treatment at harvest. Drymatter accumulation differed with land configurations, irrigation schedules and different fertigation levels. Their interaction was found non-significant. At all the stages of the crop growth, raised bed and furrow (M1) Author : MENDA MOHINI KUMARI Title of the thesis : PERFORMANCE OF GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea L.) DURING RABI UNDER CUMULATIVE INFLUENCE OF LAND CONFIGURATION AND FERTIGATION Degree to which it is submitted : MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE Faculty : AGRICULTURE Department : AGRONOMY (WATER MANAGEMENT) Major Advisor : Dr. N. VENKATALAKSHMI University : ACHARYA N. G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Year of Submission : 2022 xv recorded the highest drymatter accumulation over the flat bed method (M2) and irrigation on every 3rd day (I1) over irrigation on every 5th day(I2). The highest drymatter accumulation was recorded by application of 100% RDF as soil application at 30 DAS and found significantly superior over the other treatments. At 60, 90 DAS and at harvest 100% RDF through drip recorded the significantly highest drymatter accumulation and it was on a par with F2 at 60 DAS, and F2 and F4 were found to be at par at 90DAS and at harvest. The significantly less drymatter accumulation was recorded in F3 (50% RDF through drip). Number of days to reach 50% flowering did not differ significantly either by land configurations, irrigation schedules or different fertigation levels. Among the fertigation treatments, number of days to reach 50% flowering ranged from 30-32 days. Increase in the dose of fertilizers resulted in more vegetative growth and delayed the number of days to reach 50% flowering. Relative leaf water content was differed significantly with different treatments. RLWC was recorded significantly highest in raised bed and furrow (M1) over the flat bed method (M2) at all the stages. RLWC was statistically comparable with I1 and I2 at 30 DAS and at 90 DAS. At 60 DAS, I1 recorded significantly higher RLWC over I2. At 30 DAS, F4 recorded the highest relative water content over all the treatments. At 60 and 90 DAS, higher relative water content notice d with F1 and it was on a par with F2. Whereas, F3 recorded the lowest RWC compared to other treatments. The data recorded on number of pods per plant and yield (pod, kernel and haulm yield) of groundnut was significantly influenced by land configurations, irrigation schedules and fertigation levels but their interaction effect was observed to be non-significant. Raised bed and furrow (M1) recorded the highest number of pods per plant and yield (pod, kernel and haulm yield) over the flat bed method (M2). Scheduling of irrigation on every 3rd day (I1) resulted in significantly higher number of pods per plant and yield (pod, kernel and haulm yield) over scheduling of irrigation on every 5th day (I2). Fertigation with 100% RDF through drip recorded significantly higher number of pods per plant, 100 kernel weight and yield (pod, kernel and haulm yield) over rest of the fertigation treatments. However, F2 and F4 were found at par. The treatment received only 50 % RDF through drip recorded the lowest number of pods per plant, 100 kernel weight and yield (pod, kernel and haulm yield). However, 100 kernel weight was not statistically influenced by land configurations and irrigation schedules. Shelling percentage was not statistically influenced by the any of the factors i.e., different land configurations, irrigation schedules and fertigation levels. However, their interaction effect was observed to be non-significant. The total N, P and K uptake at harvest differed significantly among all the treatments. Raised bed and furrow (M1) recorded the maximum total N, P and K uptake (both in the kernel and haulm) over the flat bed method (M2) and irrigation on every 3rd day I1 recorded the highest N, P and K uptake (both in kernel, haulm) over irrigation on every 5th day I2. Fertigation with 100% RDF xvi recorded the significantly highest N, P and K uptake in both kernel and haulm (total uptake) over the other fertigation treatments. The significantly lowest uptake of N, P and K was recorded under F3 treatment (50% RDF through drip). The water productivity was significantly more under raised bed and furrow method (M1) over the flat bed method (M2). The higher water productivity was noticed more scheduling of irrigation on every 3rd day (I1) than irrigation scheduling on every 5th day (I2). Drip fertigation with 100% RDF (F1) recorded the highest water productivity compared to rest of the treatments. F2 and F4 was found at par and the lowest water productivity was recorded under F3 (50% RDF through drip) among the all fertigating treatments. The maximum gross returns, net returns and B:C ratio per hectare was recorded under raised bed and furrow method (M1) over the flat bed method (M2). Irrigation on every on every 3rd day (I1) recorded significantly higher gross, net returns and B:C ratio over irrigation on every 5th day (I2). Drip fertigation with 100% RDF recorded the highest gross and net returns, whereas F2 is statistically comparable with F4 treatment. The significantly lowest gross, net returns and B:C ratio were recorded under F3 treatment.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CLIMATE RESILIENT NITROGEN MANAGEMENT TO ENHANCE THE PRODUCTIVITY OF LATE SOWN SHORT DURATION RICE VARIETIES
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-11-15) DURGAM VENKATESH; MANGAL DEEP TUTI
    A field experiment entitled “Climate resilient nitrogen management to enhance the productivity of late sown short duration rice varieties” was conducted during kharif, 2021 in clay loam soils of research farm of ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research located at Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The objective of the experiment was to study the performance of short duration rice varieties under late sown conditions, to find out the best climate resilient nitrogen management practices and to calculate the energy use efficiency and economics of late sown rice cultivation. The soil of the experimental plot was low in available N, P and K with pH 7.4. Twenty one days seedlings were uprooted and transplanted in main field on 25th August 2021. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications. Main plots consisted of three short duration rice varieties (DRR Dhan-44, MTU 1010 and MTU 1156) and sub plots comprised of four nitrogen management practices viz; (recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) @ 120 kg N ha-1, silicon coated slow release urea (SCSRU) @ 90 kg N ha-1, Leaf Colour Chart (LCC) @ 105 kg N ha-1 and soil test crop response (STCR) @ 114.5 kg N ha-1). The duration of all three varieties is 120 days (short duration). Recommended dose of N-P2O5-K2O was 120-60-40 kg per hectare. Recommended dose of nitrogen (120 kg ha-1) was applied through urea in three equal splits at basal, active tillering and panicle initiation stages. Silicon coated slow release urea was developed in laboratory of ICAR-IIRR and applied @ 75% of RDN (90 kg ha-1) in equal three splits. Whenever, the LCC values were found to be below the fixed critical level of three, the recommended quantity of nitrogen was applied @ 25 kg ha-1 and the basal dose of nitrogen was applied at 30 kg ha-1. In LCC based nitrogen management total 105 kg N ha-1 was applied in 4 splits. The fertilizer prescription equation to attain specific yield targets based on soil xvi available nutrient levels for the experimental field was FN = 42 T - 0.55 SN. The targeted yield was 6 t ha-1. Accordingly the nitrogen dose was 114.5 kg ha-1. The crop was received was grown under irrigated condition. The crop received total precipitation of 473 mm during the crop growth period. Total input and output energy was calculated by multiplying the energy coefficient of the respective input or output with the quantity of the particular input or output. Other package of practices and plant protection measures were followed as per the state recommendation. The results of the experimental trial revealed that among the varieties, growth parameters viz., dry matter production, number of tillers m-2 and leaf area index of rice were recorded the highest in MTU 1156 variety. The highest plant height was found in DRR Dhan 44. The lowest were recorded in MTU 1010. With regard to nitrogen management practices, at all stages of observation (except at active tillering), growth parameters obtained were highest with application of LCC based N application 105 kg N ha-1, however, on par with RDN @ 120 kg N ha-1 and followed by STCR based N application 114.5 kg N ha-1. The lowest growth parameters (dry matter production, number of tillers m-2 and leaf area index) were recorded in the plots applied with silicon coated urea @ 90 kg N ha-1 while the interaction effect these two factors on growth parameters was non-significant. Regarding yield attributes, productive tillers m-2, panicle length, panicle weight, total number of grains per panicle, filled grains per panicle and test weight were found to be the highest with the MTU 1156 variety (M3), which performed superior over rest of the varieties. MTU 1010 (M2) recorded with the lowest yield attributes. Among the nitrogen management practices, LCC based nitrogen application @ 105 kg N ha-1 resulted in the highest yield attributes over other treatments, however, on par with RDN @ 120 kg N ha-1 and in turn this on par with STCR based nitrogen application 114.5 kg N ha-1. The lowest yield attributes were recorded in the plots applied with silicon coated urea @ 90 kg N ha-1. The test weight of rice among the varieties was significant, however, among nitrogen management practices was found to be non-significant. Panicle length and panicle weight did not differ significantly among N management practices. The highest grain (5707 kg ha-1) and straw yield (7102 kg ha-1) of rice were obtained with MTU 1156 (M3) and the lowest was and kg ha-1 in MTU 1010 (M2). Among N management practices, application of N @ 105 kg ha-1 based on LCC reading 3 resulted in the highest grain (5758 kg ha-1) and straw yield (7112 kg ha-1), however, on par with RDN @ 120 kg N ha-1 in turn on par with STCR based N application 114.5 kg N ha-1. The lowest grain and straw yield and kg ha-1 were recorded in silicon coated urea @ 90 kg N ha-1 applied plots. Harvest index was found to be similar among the varieties and N management practices. Significantly superior quality parameters (head rice recovery, milling, hulling percentage and amylose content) were found in MTU 1156 (M3). Application of 105 kg N ha-1 based on LCC reading 3 resulted in the highest head rice recovery, milling, hulling percentage, and amylose content. MTU 1156 recorded highest uptake of nitrogen at panicle initiation, flowering and harvest stages. Similarly, among N management practices, LCC based N application 105 kg ha-1 resulted in the highest uptake by rice crop at panicle initiation, flowering and harvest stages. Similar trend was also found with regard to P and K uptake also. Post-harvest soil available nitrogen was the highest in MTU 1156 grown plots (245.7 kg ha-1). Among N management practices, application of LCC based N @ 105 kg ha-1 resulted in the xvii highest soil available N in the plots (248.5 kg ha-1), however, on par with that of RDN @ 120 kg N ha-1 (242.6 kg ha-1). Similar trend was also found with regard to post harvest soil available P status, while, post harvest soil available K was not affected either by different varieties or N management practices. post harvest soil nutrient status revealed that there was a loss of soil available nitrogen compared to initial status. However, there was a gain in case of soil available P and K. Significantly highest gross returns (Rs.1,25,494 ha-1), net returns (Rs. 90,944 ha-1), and B-C ratio (2.63) were found with variety MTU 1156 (M3), over rest of the varieties. Among N management practices, the highest economic returns (B:C ratio of 2.66) were obtained with the application of N @ 105 kg ha-1 based on LCC reading 3. MTU 1156 and application of N @ 105 kg ha-1 based on LCC reading 3 was found to be the highest energy efficient variety and N management practices, for rice cultivation. Hence, it can be concluded that variety MTU 1156 and application of N @ 105 kg ha-1 were found to be the best for achieving higher grain yield, net returns and energy use efficiency under late sown conditions, and could be recommended in the late sown conditions in regions of Telangana.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    IMPACT OF NUTRIENT OMISSION ON PERFORMANCE OF SWEET SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-11-15) BHEEMANABOINA VENKATESWARLU; BANDLA GANGAIAH
    A field experiment entitled “IMPACT OF NUTRIENT OMISSION ON PERFORMANCE OF SWEET SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)” was carried out on sandy clay loam at ICAR- IIMR during Kharif, 2021. The experimental sandy clay loam soil (sand 64.5, silt 15.4 and clay 20.1%) in the top 30 cm depth has a pH of 8.1 and electrical conductivity 0.13 dS m-1. The soil was rated as low and medium for available N and P (250 and 37 kg ha-1) and high for available K, Zn and Fe (356 kg ha-1, 1.3 and 1.85 ppm). The experiment with eight (8) fertilizer NPK omission treatments was evaluated in RBD with three replications. Treatments are: T1: Application of recommended dose of NPK fertilizers (no nutrient omission), T2: Nitrogen omission i.e. -N (+PK), T3: Phosphorous Omission i.e. -P (+NK), T4: Potassium Omission i.e.-K (+NP), T5: NP omission i.e. -NP (+K), T6: NK omission i.e.-NK (+P), T7: PK omission i.e.-PK (+N) and T8: NPK omission i.e.-NPK (absolute control - no fertilizer). Sweet sorghum variety “CSV 19SS” was used in the study. The biometric observations were recorded at 30 days’ interval starting from 30 days after sowing (DAS) till harvest. In this study, sweet sorghum grain and stalk yields with yield ancillary characters were reduced significantly with the omission of N, P, K, NP, NK, PK and NPK plots as compared to the treatment which received NPK nutrients (no omission). Nitrogen omission has significantly advanced the days to flowering (3 days) while P omission has delayed them by 5 days as compared to no nutrient omission treatment (81.0 days). No nutrient omission treatment has more vigorous growth of sweet sorghum as reflected in consistently taller plants with higher number of leaves (leaf area index, leaf stem ratio) and dry matter production throughout the crop growth xvii period resulting in higher yield attributes, cane, juice and grain yield (including estimated ethanol yield) and NPK nutrient uptake closely followed by K omission. Nitrogen omission treatment caused stunted plant growth (low plant height) with less dry matter production at all stages as compared to K and P omissions. Sweet sorghum brix reading dropped by 9.4, 10.0, 11.2 and 13.6% due to the N, NP, NK and NPK omission over the no nutrient omission treatment. Cane, juice, ethanol (estimated) and grain yield of sweet sorghum crop was significantly impacted by nutrient omission treatments. No nutrient omission being at par with K omission has recorded markedly higher cane, juice, ethanol and grain yields (44.38 t ha-1, 13.83 Kl, 1.25 Kl ha-1 and 1.23 t ha-1) than other nutrient omission treatments. NPK omitted (unfertilized) sweet sorghum crop being at par with NP omission has 44.9, 51.8, 58.4 and 52.0% lower cane, juice, ethanol and grain yield as compared to no nutrient omitted crop. The data thus indicates that cane, juice and ethanol yield were limited in ascending order of -NPK>-NP>-NK>-N>-PK>-P>-K>NPK. Significantly higher NPK nutrient uptake of sweet sorghum (149.5, 40.9 and 222 kg ha-1) was recorded in no nutrient omission plot to all the other treatments. The indigenous nutrient soil supply capacity of N, P and K for sweet sorghum crop was 56.3, 16.9 and 99.2 kg ha-1(uptake in NPK omission plot). Application of a nutrient alone or in combination has enhanced not only the applied nutrient but also omitted nutrient (more uptake from soil) on account of enhanced yields. Highest N content was observed with no nutrient omission but highest P and K was observed with N omission treatment. Nutrient use efficiency was altered by nutrient omission treatments. High Partial factor productivity (both grain and cane) agronomic efficiency (grain) were highest with NK omission while for cane agronomic efficiency values are highest with no nutrient omission. PFP was least with P omission (both cane and grain) while agronomic efficiency was least with NP (cane) and PK omission (grain). Physiological efficiency was highest with P (cane) and NK (grain) nutrient omission and least with NP (cane) and PK (grain) omission. Soil fertility after sweet sorghum crop declined on an average by 66.9-18.6-139.3 kg N-P-K and varied with fertilizer applied and nutrient removed by nutrient omission treatments. The INS capacity of NPK for sweet sorghum crop was 56.3, 16.9 and 99.2 kg ha-1, respectively in NPK omission plot. Economics of the sweet sorghum cultivation under different nutrient omission treatments revealed that the cost of cultivation was highest (Rs. 46,668 ha-1) in no nutrient omission treatment and least in NPK omission treatment (Rs. 37,373). On account of lower cane grain and fodder yields, unfertilized (NPK omission) treatment was least profitable as evident from the net income and B C ratio (Rs.19, 875 and 1.53). All other treatments except NP omission have significantly higher net returns than NPK omission treatment and best being with no omission plots (Rs. 49,874 and 2.07). Omission of K followed by P, N and PK omission treatments have next best profits. Chapter – I Introduction
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ASSESSMENT OF PLANT GEOMETRY, NITROGEN EFFECT ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF BLACK RICE
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-11-15) BOGA VIJAYA APARNA; K. ANNY MRUDHULA
    A field experiment was carried out during kharif, 2021 at the Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla, to study the “Assessment of plant geometry, nitrogen effect on growth, yield and quality of black rice”. The soil of the experimental site was sandy clay loam in texture, neutral in reaction, low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and medium in available potassium. The experiment was laid out in split plot design which was replicated thrice. Main plots consisted of four different plant spacings i.e., 10 cm x 15 cm, 15 cm x 15 cm, 20 cm x 10 cm and 20 cm x 15 cm. Sub plots consisted of three levels of nitrogen i.e., 90 kg N ha-1, 120 kg N ha-1 and 150 kg N ha-1. The growth parameters of rice such as plant height and drymatter accumulation were significantly influenced by plant spacings and nitrogen levels but not their interaction. Plant height and drymatter production increased linearly with advancement of crop growth. Plant height, drymatter production and number of tillers were significantly the higher with 20 cm x 15 cm spacing compared to other plant spacings. Among different levels of nitrogen more plant height, increased number of tillers and superior drymatter production were obtained significantly with the application of 150 kg N ha-1 and the lower was obtained with 90 kg N ha-1 at all stages of crop growth. Yield components were significantly influenced by plant spacings and levels of nitrogen. In comparison with different plant spacings, yield attributes like number of productive tillers m-2, total number of grains panicle-1 and number of filled grains panicle-1 were recorded higher in the plots planted at a spacing of xvii 20 cm x 15 cm. All the yield attributes were higher in crop supplied with 150 kg N ha-1 and the least was with 90 kg N ha-1 but the interaction effect showed significant effect with respect to productive tillers and the higher effective tillers were obtained with the combination of 20 cm x 15 cm coupled with 150 kg N ha-1 and the lowest tillers were recorded with a spacing of 10 cm x 15 cm combined with 90 kg N ha-1. Plant spacings and nitrogen levels significantly influenced the grain yield, straw yield and harvest index. Plots planted at a spacing of 20 cm x 15 cm recorded superior grain, straw yield and harvest index. Among different levels of nitrogen supplied, application of nitrogen @ 150 kg N ha-1 recorded significantly the higher grain, straw yield and harvest index but the harvest index was found on par with 120 kg N ha-1. The interaction effect between these two factors was found to be significant in grain yield and the higher grain yield was obtained with the combination of 20 cm x 15 cm spacing with 150 kg N ha-1 and the lowest yield was recorded with the combination of 10 cm x 15 cm spacing with 90 kg N ha-1. In physical quality parameters, hulling percentage and head rice recovery was significantly influenced by levels of nitrogen only. The higher hulling, milling percentage and head rice recovery were found with a spacing of 20 cm x 15 cm. Among the different levels of nitrogen tried, application of 150 kg N ha-1 was recorded significantly the higher hulling percentage and head rice recovery compared to other N levels. There is no significant effect on milling percentage of black rice. The chemical quality parameters like amylose content, total phenols and antioxidant activity were significantly influenced by different levels of nitrogen only but not by the plant spacings. With respect to different plant spacings, the more amylose content, total phenol and antioxidant activity were recorded with 20 cm x 15 cm. In different levels of nitrogen applied, significantly the higher amylose, total phenol content and antioxidant activity were recorded with an application of 150 kg N ha-1 and the lowest were observed with 90 kg N ha-1. However, the interaction among the plant spacings and nitrogen levels showed non-significant effect in chemical quality parameters. The N content in grain and straw were significantly influenced by nitrogen levels only but not by the spacings. The N uptake in grain and straw were significantly influenced by different planting geometries and nitrogen levels. Significantly the higher N uptake was found with spacing of 20 cm x 15 cm but it was found on par with 15 cm x 15 cm. Significantly the higher N content and uptake in grain and straw was recorded higher with the application of 150 kg N ha-1 but was found on par in N content of straw with 120 kg N ha-1 application treatment. The interaction effect between these two factors (plant spacings and nitrogen levels) showed significant effect with respect to N uptake in grain. xviii Significantly the higher residual N status was found with a spacing of 10 cm x 15 cm but it was on par with 20 cm x 10 cm and showed significant effect with other spacings. Among N levels, significantly the higher residual N status was found with application of 150 kg N ha-1 and found significant with remaining N levels. However, the interaction effect between the plant geometries and nitrogen levels was found to be non-significant. Gross returns, net returns and benefit cost ratio were significantly the higher in the plots planted with the spacing of 20 cm x 15 cm. In different levels of nitrogen tried, significantly the higher gross returns, net returns and B:C ratio were recorded in the plots treated with 150 kg N ha-1 and the interaction effect between these two factors (plant spacings and nitrogen levels) were found to be non-significant. From the present investigation, it can be concluded that planting the crop with a geometry of 20 cm × 15 cm with an application of 150 kg N ha-1 produced significantly the higher growth parameters, yield attributes, yield, quality parameters, N contents and uptakes with higher returns than other planting geometries and nitrogen levels.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT AND NITROGEN MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON PRODUCTIVITY OF MAIZE + GREENGRAM INTERCROPPING
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-11-15) DARAM ROSHINI; P. V. N. Prasad
    Maize (Zea mays L.) is categorized as an exhaustive crop based on sufficiently large requirement of the nutrients specially nitrogen. Due to the increasing potential of irrigation pulses production remains as an issue of primary concern. Keeping this in view, a field experiment was carried out at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla during rabi, 2022 on sandy loam soils in texture, low in available nitrogen medium in available phosphorus and available potassium to study “Spatial arrangement and nitrogen management effects on productivity of maize + greengram intercropping”. The experiment was laid out in a Split plot Design comprising five main plots and four sub plots with three replications. The five main treatments comprised M1: Sole Maize, M2: Sole greengram, M3: Normal planting of maize with one row of greengram, M4: Normal planting of maize with two rows of greengram, M5: Paired row planting of maize with three rows of greengram and four sub plot treatments viz., S1: 0 per cent RDN to maize, S2: 50 per cent RDN to maize, S3: 75 per cent RDN to maize, S4: 100 per cent RDN to maize. Nitrogen was applied as per the treatments, where as the recommended dose of phosphorus and potassium were applied through single super phosphate and murate of potash to both maize and greengram. The overall performance of intercropping system under the influence of intercropping treatments and nitrogen levels was evaluated based on economic return, economic yield (MEY) and intercropping indices. xv The outcome of the experimemt revealed that the intercropped maize exhibited distinctive superiority over sole cropping and resulted in enhancing the productive performance of the intercropping system. Significantly greater values of growth parameters, yield attributes and grain as well as stover yields of maize were recorded under paired row planting of maize with three rows of greengram, which was however on a par with sole maize. The minimum values were recorded under normal planting of maize with one row of greengram. Among the sub plot comprising N levels, application of 100% RDN to maize recorded significantly higher values of growth parameters followed by the treatment receiving 75% RDN to maize. The planting geometry displayed significant influence on the performance of greengram as well. The best performance of greengram with respect to growth parameters, yield attributes and yield was manifested under sole cropping followed by normal planting of maize with one row of greengram with respect to plant height, on the other hand the highest drymatter accrual was depicted under normal planting of maize with two rows of greengram. Both intercropping and varied levels of nitrogen exhibited significant yield attributes of greengram. Paired row planting of maize with three rows of greengram registered significantly higher gross return, net return and cost benefit ratio, which was however found at par with normal planting of maize accomplishing 75% of greengram population. Similar trend was also reflected in maize equivalent yield owing to complementary effect between the two crops. Similarly, the highest LER and ATER values were recorded under paired row planting of maize with three rows of greengram displaying comparable performance with normal planting of maize blended with two rows of greengram which was calculated from the combined intercrop yield while distinctly more aggresivity was projected under paired row planting of maize with three rows of greengram, which was closely followed by 1:1 and 1:2 row ratios. The conclusion of this experiment revealed that there is an average need to apply 100% RDN to maize for increasing the production potential of the intercropping system and under the impact of planting pattern i.e., paired row planting of maize accommodating 75% of greengram population that exhibited superiority to other planting patterns and resulted in the highest equivalent yields besides profitable economic return.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CROP ESTABLISHMENT AND WEED MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES IN RICE FALLOW GREENGRAM (Vigna radiata L.)
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-11-15) PUNUGOTI LAKSHMI SAHITHI; K. SRINIVASULU
    A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla, on sandy clay loam soils to study the “Crop establishment and weed management techniques in rice fallow greengram (Vigna radiata L.)” during rabi 2021-22. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design, replicated thrice with three crop establishment techniques as main plots and five weed management practices as sub plots. The main plot treatments consisted of (i) Broadcasting 4 to 5 days before harvesting of paddy, (ii) Drilling with seed drill under zero tillage (iii) Drilling with seed drill under conventional tillage. The subplot treatments consisted of (i) Weedy check, (ii) Hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS, (iii) Pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 as PE fb Imazethapyr @ 67 g a.i. ha-1 as PoE, (iv) Pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 as PE fb Acifluorfen Na + Clodinafop propargyl @ 160+80 g a.i. ha-1 as PoE, (v) Pendimethalin @1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 as PE fb Fomesafen + Fluzifop p butyl @ 110+110 g a.i. ha-1 as PoE. Cultivar used in the study for greengram was IPM -2- 14 (Shreya). Greengram crop was sown on the rice-fallow experimental plot. Sowing was done as per the respective treatments and also, application of herbicides was done to the respective treatments as specified. Pre-emergence herbicides were applied at suitable soil moisture after removing paddy sheaves in broadcasting 4 to 5 days before harvesting of paddy (M1) and on very next day of sowing in drilling with seed drill under zero tillage (M2) and drilling with seed drill under conventional tillage (M3) with sand mix application. Post-emergence herbicides were applied on 20th day after sowing on tender and actively growing weeds as blanket spray with hand sprayer fitted with solid cone nozzle. Field operations such as nutrient spray and plant protection measures were taken as per recommendations of ANGRAU. The data on plant height (cm), dry matter production (kg m-2), crop growth rate, number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, test weight (g), seed and haulm yield (kg ha-1) and harvest index (%) were recorded as per standard procedures. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and the significance was tested by Fisher's least significance difference. The predominant weed species observed in experimental plot were grasses like Leptochloa chinensis, Echinochloa colonum and Panicum repens, sedge Cyperus rotundus, Eleocharis geniculata and broad-leaved weeds like Grangea maderaspatana, Alternanthera philoxeroides, Bergia ammanoides and Xanthium strumarium L. etc. Among crop establishment techniques, drilling with seed drill under conventional tillage recorded significantly higher plant height, drymatter production, yield attributes, grain yield, haulm yield, and gross returns compared to other crop establishment techniques. However, highest benefit cost ratio was observed with broadcasting 4 to 5 days before harvesting of paddy. Significantly lower weed density and dry weight were observed with all weed management practices over the weedy check. The lowest density and dry weight of weeds were recorded with hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS. Among the post-emergence herbicides studied, Pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 as PE fb Fomesafen + Fluzifop p butyl @ 110+110 g a.i. ha-1 as PoE at 20 DAS performed better throughout the crop growth period than other treatments studied. Hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS recorded significantly higher growth and yield attributes, grain and haulm yield, NPK uptake and gross returns over that of other weed management practices. Whereas the highest net returns and benefit cost ratio was recorded with Pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 as PE fb Fomesafen + Fluzifop p butyl @ 110+110 g a.i. ha-1 as PoE. Though the Hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS (S2) recorded with high gross returns, expensive hand weeding made it less remunerative than Pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 as PE fb Fomesafen + Fluzifop p butyl @ 110+110 g a.i. ha-1 as PoE (S5). Uptake of N, P2O5 and K2O by greengram was significantly higher and nutrient depletion by weeds was significantly lower in hand weeding compared to rest of the treatments. Thus, the present investigation clearly indicated that drilling with seed drill under conventional tillage was found most suitable crop establishment method and among weed management practices, pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 as PE fb Fomesafen + Fluzifop p butyl @ 110+110 g a.i. ha-1 as PoE was proved to be best cost effective method in suppressing weeds in rice-fallow greengram.