Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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Open Access
A STUDY ON WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP THROUGH SELF HELP GROUPS IN ANDHRA PRADESH
(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2018) SIDDESWARI, G.K.; SATHYA GOPAL, P.V.
‘Woman’ is the key for success of any human being because of their excellent qualities such as hard-working nature, patience, cordial affiliation, convincing capacity, communication etc., in handling multifaceted activities. On the other hand women in rural areas are comparatively less educated, economically poor, confined to limited geographical boundaries and live under rigid structural constraints. Entrepreneurship is one of the prospective options to uplift rural women by generating self employment opportunities. The concept of Self Help Group (SHG) acts as a driving force for the rural women with the ultimate objective of converting household women as enterprising women and encouraging them to enter into entrepreneurial activities. But the rate of success is an issue to be thoroughly analysed to assess the performance and to identify the scope for strengthening the role of SHGs towards upliftment of rural women. So, it is necessary to study the status of women entrepreneurship achieved through SHGs followed by the entrepreneurial behaviour and profile characteristics of women entrepreneurs. Further, it is also mandatory to have an inventory of various types and scales of enterprises being run by the women entrepreneurs, their constraints in operating the enterprises so as to develop a strategy to improve the entrepreneurial culture among the rural women of SHGs. Ex post facto research design was followed in the present investigation. The investigation was carried out in three districts selected each from three regions viz., Chittoor (from Rayalaseema region), East Godavari (from Coastal region) and Srikakulam (from North Coastal region) were purposively selected based on the highest number of SHGs. Four mandals from each district, two villages from each mandal and one hamlet from each village were purposively selected based on the highest number of SHGs thus making a total of 12 xix mandals, 24 villages and 24 hamlets respectively. From each hamlet ten women entrepreneurs were selected from all the existing SHGs in that hamlet, by using simple random sampling procedure thus making a total of 240 women entrepreneurs as the sample of the study. The data were collected by personal interview method through a structured interview schedule and analyzed by employing suitable statistical methods. Seventeen independent variables and entrepreneurial behaviour as the dependent variable were identified for the study. The status of SHGs in terms of women entrepreneurship was assessed, out of 1,103 SHGs nearly two-fifth (38.53%) of the SHGs were having 11 to 15 years of existence and only 2.63 per cent of SHGs had more than 20 years of existence. More than two-fifth (43.79%) of the SHGs had savings of ` 50,001 – ` 1,00,000 and only 3.9 per cent with more than ` 2,00,000 savings. More than one-fourth (27.83%) of the SHGs have taken a loan amount of ` 10,00,001 – ` 15,00,000 and only 4.08 per cent with more than ` 25,00,000. Nearly two-third (60.60%) of the SHG members converted as women entrepreneurs and the remaining 39.4 per cent of the members have used SHG amount for other purposes. The ‘savings’ of the SHGs and ‘loan amount received’ by the SHGs have positively significant association with the ‘number of years of existence’ of SHGs. The results of the study shown that majority of the women entrepreneurs were in middle age, illiterates and completed high school education, medium level of experience in SHG, annual income, social participation, mass media exposure, extension contact, not received the training, medium level of innovativeness, decision making ability, achievement motivation, value orientation, management orientation, economic orientation, scientific orientation, risk orientation and credit orientation. A scale was constructed to measure the entrepreneurial behaviour of women entrepreneurs. Two-third (65.83%) of the women entrepreneurs were with neutral to highly unfavourable entrepreneurial behaviour. Only one-third (34.17%) of the women entrepreneurs had moderate to high entrepreneurial behaviour. About 63 types of enterprises being run by 240 entrepreneurs depending upon availability of natural resources and demand in the local area coming to a total of 286 enterprises. Provision shop (16.08%) was the main choice of the respondents, followed by Tailoring (13.29%), Dairy (6.99%), equal (4.55%) percentage with Small hotel/Tiffin centre and Sarees and dress materials/ Cloth business and Fancy shop (4.20%). One-third (33.22%) of the SHG members running the enterprise with an income range of ` 50,001-1,00,000. Only 0.70 per cent of the SHG members running the enterprise with an income range of ` 5,00,001 and above. More than half (56.99%) of the enterprises being run by the SHG women entrepreneurs were the primary sources of income for their family. There was a significant association between the types of enterprises and scale of enterprise. xx Correlation analysis revealed that education, annual income, social participation, mass media exposure, extension contact, training received, innovativeness, decision making ability, achievement motivation, value orientation, management orientation, economic orientation, scientific orientation, risk orientation and credit orientation had a positively significant relationship with the entrepreneurial behaviour of women entrepreneurs at 0.01 level of significance. The variable ‘experience in SHG’ was non significantly related with the entrepreneurial behaviour of women entrepreneurs, whereas age was negatively non significant with the entrepreneurial behaviour of women entrepreneurs. Multiple Linear Regression Analysis revealed that out of the 17 selected independent variables, mass media exposure, training received, decision making ability, management orientation and credit orientation had positively and significantly contributed to the most of the variation in entrepreneurial behaviour of SHG women entrepreneurs. Manifest changes through SHGs among women entrepreneurs will indicates the significant changes occurred among women entrepreneurs in the selected components viz., annual income, productive working days, monthly saving, monthly expenditure, debit status, employment generation, prevalence of bonded labour, dependency on local informal money lenders, social status, type of house, domestic assets, mode of transport, skills in paraprofessional work, awareness about institutional financial transactions, composition of diet, priority for children education, social recognition, communication network, access to credit and livestock assets after joining in SHG. The current entrepreneurial status viz., net income from the enterprise, employment generation, monthly saving, monthly expenditure, social recognition and skill in paraprofessional work were significantly associated with the entrepreneurial behaviour of women entrepreneurs. Whereas, debit status was non significantly associated with the entrepreneurial behaviour of women entrepreneurs. Three case studies of successful SHG women entrepreneurs were documented. The study highlights that, the prominent constraints expressed by women entrepreneurs, regarding personal and socio-psychological constraints, ‘Male dominance’; In case of financial constraints, ‘Inadequacy SHG loan amounts’; In case of technological constraints, ‘Lack of entrepreneurial training opportunities’; Regarding marketing constraints, ‘Stiff competition’, In case of infrastructure constraints, ‘Inadequate space & building’ were perceived as the major constraints by the majority of the women entrepreneurs. A suitable strategy was designed with seven steps, starting from ‘identification of potential women entrepreneurs from SHGs’ to ‘converting them as brand ambassadors for women entrepreneurship’. All the seven steps were integrated in such a way that each step will have a synergistic effect over the further steps. Critical events to be taken up in each step were clearly depicted starting from A to Z in such a way that the strategy would be more comprehensive covering all the dimensions of women entrepreneurship through SHGs.
Open Access
A STUDY ON INDIGENOUS AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES OF MAJOR CROPS IN RAYALASEEMA REGION OF ANDHRA PRADESH
(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2018) KRANTHI KUMARI, B; PRASAD, SV
The present study entitled “A study on indigenous agricultural practices of major crops in Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh”. The study intended to analyze the indigenous practices in agricultural crops with the objectives of documentation of the available Indigenous Agricultural Practices (IAPs) in the study area, analyzing their rationality, extent of adoption and the relationship between the profile characteristics of farmers with the extent of adoption. Ex-post facto research design was adopted in the present investigation. Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh state was selected purposively for the study. From Rayalaseema region two districts i.e. Anantpur and Kurnool were selected purposively based on the highest cultivated area. Three mandals were selected purposively, from each selected district based on the highest cultivated area. Thus a total of 6 mandals were selected from the two districts. Two villages were selected from each of the 6 mandals by following simple random sampling thus making a total of 12 villages. From each village, 15 farmers were selected by following simple random sampling procedure, thus making a total of 180 respondents who were cultivating three crops i.e. paddy, groundnut and red gram had been selected for the study. This study was conducted in three phases in two districts of rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh. In this first phase maximum possible numbers of indigenous agricultural practices in major crops (paddy, groundnut and red gram) were collected through informal interviews with 90 experienced farmers. In the second phase, 133 IAPs applicable to 3 selected crops were judged for their rationality by scientists. During the third phase, extent of adoption of these 133 IAPs was studied with 180 farmer respondents through a structured interview schedule. The results of the study indicate that majority of the respondents were middle aged, illiterates, had semi-medium farm size, medium level of farming experience, family size, family income, extension contact, mass media exposure, innovativeness, xvi fatalism, social participation, achievement motivation, scientific orientation, economic orientation, market orientation and attitude towards indigenous agricultural practices. There were 133 IAPs identified and documented under three different sub components viz., crop production, crop protection and post harvest practices in three major crops. In paddy crop, a total of 68 IAPs were identified and documented out of which, 34 IAPs were documented in crop production followed by 27 practices in crop protection aspects and 7 in post harvest practices. In groundnut a total of 37 were documented, out of which 17 IAPs were documented in each crop production and crop protection and 3 were identified in post harvest aspects. In red gram, 12 IAPs were documented in crop production followed by 10 IAPs in post harvest practices and 6 in crop protection. Among 133 documented, 44 IAPs belonged to pest and disease management, 20 were related to post harvest management, 16 were related to seeds, sowing and planting, 9 were related to nutrient management, 8 IAPs were documented in each preparatory cultivation and varieties, 7 belonged to cropping system and the 6 IAPs were documented in each other plant protection management (wild boar, monkey, rat elephant bird control) and harvest aspects, 5 IAPs documented on seasonal aspects, 3 were in inter-cultivation and weed management and 1 was documented in water management. In paddy crop, 50 per cent of the farmers were medium adopters followed by 28.89 per cent were low adopter and 21.11 per cent of the farmers were high adopter category in paddy. In groundnut crop, 55.56 per cent of the farmers were medium category followed by low (30.56%) and high (13.88%) categories respectively. In red gram crop, 52.78 per cent of the farmers were medium category followed by low (33.33%) and high (13.89%) categories respectively. Out of 68 IAPs on paddy, 61 IAPs were found rational and 7 IAPs were found irrational. Among the 37 IAPs in groundnut, 35 IAPs were found rational and 2 IAPs were found irrational. Among the 28 IAPs on red gram, 25 IAPs were found rational and remaining 3 IAPs were found irrational. Out of 68 IAPs on paddy, more than 50 per cent of the respondents adopted 16 IAPs completely and 13 IAPs partially and 39 IAPs were not adopted by more than 50 per cent of the respondents. Out of the 37 IAPs on groundnut, more than 50 per cent of the respondents adopted 9 IAPs completely and 7 IAPs partially and 21 IAPs were not adopted by more than 50 per cent of the respondents. Out of the 28 IAPs on red gram, more than 50 per cent of the respondents adopted 8 IAPs completely and 4 IAPs partially and 16 IAPs were not adopted by more than 50 per cent of the respondents. The correlation analysis indicated that the profile characteristics of the respondents like age, farming experience, fatalism and attitude towards indigenous xvii agricultural practices were found positive and significant with the extent of adoption of indigenous agricultural practices. Whereas education, extension contact, innovativeness, achievement motivation, scientific orientation and economic orientation had negative and significant relationship with the extent of adoption of indigenous agricultural practices. Farm size, family income, social participation and market orientation exhibited positive and non-significant relationship and mass media contact exhibited negative and non significant relationship with the extent of adoption of indigenous agricultural practices. The step wise multiple regression analysis indicated that, out of the 16 independent variables, four variables viz., age, fatalism, attitude towards indigenous agricultural practices and extension contact were found to be the important variables in influencing the extent of adoption of IAPs to the tune of 66.69 per cent. Of these four variables, age, fatalism and attitude towards indigenous agricultural practices were found to influence positively and the extension contact negatively influenced the extent of adoption of indigenous agricultural practices. Problems expressed by the farmers were the preference for sophistication with much reliance on readymade inputs/products followed by farmers are not willing to take risk, IAPs requires more time for their adoption and lower economic status of the farmers and hence cannot wait for long term benefits. Suggestions elicited by the farmers were to make available necessary inputs and clear cut methods of implementation of IAP practices followed by to make IAP practices compatible with modern technologies to arrive at optimal solutions and to highlight the values and advantages of IAP practices and give propaganda for the same especially at fairs and gatherings. Strategy was developed for promotion of indigenous agricultural practices by blending with modern technologies. Blending of indigenous knowledge with modern scientific technologies is the need of the day to support sustainable development of agriculture and allied sector in our country. A consortium of sustainable technology development is to bring policy makers, administrators, farmers, researchers, extensionists and NGO representatives together in order to classify the identified problems and IAPs and blend the IAPs with modern technologies to solve the local problems for development of agriculture. The various institutions in our country has mentioned in the strategy play a major role in identification, collection, documentation and preservation, validation, up scaling and out scaling of the IAPs and giving acknowledgement to the knowledge generated in local system.
Open Access
A STUDY ON COMMUNICATION BEHAVIOUR OF EXTENSION PERSONNEL OF ANDHRA PRADESH
(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2018) PRAVEEN BABU, R; SIVANARAYANA, G
Communication plays very important role in effective implementation of rural development programmes and adoption of new technologies. It is only through communication, the external ideas and new technologies enter the communities. This entails the extension personnel to have thorough understanding of the communication process. Hence the communication behaviour of extension personnel of Andhra Pradesh was studied. The Communication behaviour of the extension personnel was broken into three main components namely information input behaviour, information processing behaviour and information output behaviour. The Department of Agriculture has a strong chain of human resources consisting of more than 2000 extension staff of field and supervisory cadre. At the District level the Department is headed by Joint Director of Agriculture and assisted by DDA's, ADA's and AO's at District, Division and Mandal levels respectively. The Divisional ADA is the head of the Agriculture division assisted by agricultural officers at the mandal level. There are 148 divisions in the state. In all, there 664 Rural and Urban mandals of the state at least one Agriculture Officer is working in each mandal. These AO's are assisted by few Agricultural Extension Officers at village level. The study was conducted in four districts of Andhra Pradesh during 2014. The respondents were selected by proportionate random sampling comprising 240 extension personnel. Considering communication behaviour and Attitude as dependent variables, the Scale was developed for attitude by using summated rating technique. The attitude scale comprised 22 statements. The study was conducted by following an Ex-Post-Facto Research Design. Data were collected by pre-tested instrument followed by personal interview method. Appropriate statistical procedures were employed to analyse and interpret the data. The detailed analysis of the profile characteristics of extension personnel indicated that majority of them were middle aged (75.40 %), 42.90 per cent are having only B.Sc. (Ag.) as qualification majority of them belonged to medium level of job experience (63.60%) , annual income (70.40%), training exposure (50.80%), perceived work load (67.10%), organisational climate (68.80%), job performance (42.40%), scientific orientation (39.20%), innovativeness (40.40%), achievement motivation (45.80%) and 52.90 per cent of the respondents were having high job satisfaction The various communication behaviour components were information input behaviour, information processing behaviour and information output behaviour . With regard to various components they possess, medium level of information input behaviour (65.83%), medium level of information processing behaviour (60.42%), medium level of information output behaviour (55.00%) and medium overall communication behaviour (41.30%) was observed. The detailed analysis of dependent variable attitude towards ICT's indicated that majority (61.60%) of the respondents had favourable attitude towards ICT's and principle component analysis revealed that five factors i.e. real time accessibility of ICT's , authencity of information of ICT's, data capture utility of ICT's, multiplier power of ICT's and empowering power of ICT's had explained the maximum variation (66.99%) in attitude towards ICT's. The computed correlation coefficient ‘r’ values of Age, Educational status, job experience, Annual income, Trainings exposure, Organizational climate and Job performance were found to have positive and significant relationship with communication behaviour at 0.05 level of probability. Perceived work load was negatively correlated with the dependent variable. The multiple regression equation with twelve selected independent variables put together contributed 86 per cent to the total variance in the communication behaviour; remaining 14 per cent was due to the extraneous effects of the variables. The variables such as Age, Educational status, job experience, Annual income, Trainings exposure, job satisfaction, Organizational climate and Job performance were found to have positive and significant relationship with attitude, perceived work load was negatively correlated with the dependent variable. Whereas, variables such as Scientific orientation and Achievement motivation were found to be positive and nonsignificant with the attitude of extension personnel towards ICT's.The multiple regression equation with twelve selected independent variables put together contributed 76 per cent to the total variance in the communication behaviour and remaining 24 per cent was due to the extraneous effects of the variables. Regarding the training in presentation skills the respondents had given first rank to effective preparation of presentation (I) followed by Combining different methods (II) Captions / illustrations .Regarding training related to visual aids, first rank was given to designing power point followed by designing flip/strip charts. The Major problems faced by extension personnel in information input are 'Lack of transports facilities to visit the farmer’s field' was given first rank and Regarding problems related to information processing that 'less resources for developing visual aids'. The major problems in information output behaviour are 'unfair Political interference in all activities'. Most( 85.83%) of the respondents anticipated that skilled staff should be employed in the agricultural department.
Open Access
ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS AND JOB PERFORMANCE OF RESEARCH AND EXTENSION SCIENTISTS IN ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2017) PRASANTHA KUMAR, T; Dr. B.VIJAYABHINANDANA
Different approaches to organizational effectiveness indicate that the achievement of organizational objectives efficiently is the outcome of organizational effectiveness. But it depends on the contribution of the individual employees, groups and the total organization. The System of State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) in India is one of the largest national agricultural research systems of the world. It has shouldered the responsibilities of research, education and extension in different fields of agriculture and allied discipline over decades. Approximately six thousands of scientists are employed under the ICAR and about twenty five thousands of scientists are working under the SAUs. Agricultural Research and Extension have a common objective of helping farmers. They are service agencies designed by the Government to help the farmers by generating appropriate technologies and transferring them into production recommendations – messages, so that the farmer adopt them in their farming to improve upon the production, income and living standards. The main objective of the study was to find out the perceived organizational effectiveness and job performance of research and extension scientists working in Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. An Ex-post- Facto research design was adopted for the present study. ANGRAU has been bifurcated into PJTSAU and ANGRAU on 2nd June, 2014. Being a native of A.P., the study was purposively conducted in ANGRAU, which is also situated in Guntur, A.P. Considering the objectives, organizational effectiveness and job performance were taken as dependent variables. The selected independent variables were educational qualification, professional experience, trainings received, attitude towards organization, organizational stress, organizational climate, achievement motivation, job involvement, job satisfaction and promotional avenues. Proportionate random sampling was followed by selecting as sample of 120 research scientists. Since the sample size of extension scientists (60 nos.) by following proportionate random sampling method was not getting, a complete enumeration of 60 extension scientists working in different extension units of university were taken in entire nine agro-climatic zones thus making a total of 180 respondents for this study who were having minimum five years of continuous experience in research and extension units spread over nine agro climatic zones of the state of Andhra Pradesh. A well structured questionnaire was constructed to meet the objectives of the present study. Before the instruments were used with the respondents the questionnaire was pre-tested with non-respondent research and extension scientists in Andhra Pradesh. The data collected through questionnaire were coded, categorized and filled into tables to facilitate interpretation of findings. The master table formed the basics for subsequent analysis. After subjecting the data to statistical analysis, the findings emerged out of the data were suitably interpreted objectively and necessary conclusions and inferences were drawn accordingly. It was found that half of the research and extension scientists belong to middle aged group (36-45 years) and had Ph.D degree (78.89%). The experience in the present position has upto 5 years (60.56%), 35 per cent of them had 6 to 10 years of overall experience. The study revealed there is a greater need for training in three major areas i.e., research, research project management and extension education. Majority of the scientists (46.67%) had undergone medium number of trainings in their entire service and very few of them had attended abroad trainings. Majority of the research and extension scientists were received 21 days training as it is mandatory for CAS promotion in the University. Majority of the selected scientists (45%) had the favourable attitude towards organization. Majority of them (54%) perceived high level of stress. About half of the scientists (52%) perceived the organization (ANGRAU) had good organizational effectiveness for the benefit of farmers. Regarding the organizational climate 41 per cent of the selected scientists agreed about their job clarity in terms of their job roles and responsibilities in the University. 45 per cent of them agreed that there is lot of scope in ANGRAU to work as teams. About 40 per cent agreed that the leadership of senior scientists in the University promote good superior-subordinate relationships and healthy climate among the scientists in the execution of tasks. 38 per cent of the scientists agreed that the University has a clear cut and transparent promotional policy and rewards in the University are based on individual performance and contribution. About 37 per cent of the scientists agreed that the scientists get demotivated due to lack of decision making ability. In case of communication, 40 per cent of the selected scientists disagree that there is inadequate communication in the University between the top management and scientists at all levels. The scientists of ANGRAU had high level of job involvement (44%). 79.00 per cent of them had high level of job satisfaction. 55.00 per cent of the scientists derived full satisfaction on their career advancement scheme (CAS) and direct selection. 52.00 per cent perceived the organization (ANGRAU) had good organizational effectiveness for the benefit of farmers.95.00 per cent of the farmers perceived Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University was ready to receive innovative ideas, technologies and welcome positive changes and accept new ideas. Regarding job performance of the scientists performed their job during the last five years was total number of research papers published in the international journals by the selected scientists was 735 (average 4), in national level journals was 1281 (average 7) and in state/regional level journals was 449 (average 2), 62 nos. of books were published as a first author and 81 books have been published as co-author and 23 nos. as co-editor. The selected scientists published 129 nos. of book chapters as first author, 75 nos. as co-author, 13 nos. of book chapters as co-editor. In case of edited volume, 11 nos. were published as first author, the same no. i.e., 11 as co-author and 20 nos. of the edited volumes published as co-editor. With regard to seminar proceedings 395 nos. as first author, 239 nos. as co-author and 49 nos. of seminar proceedings as co-editor. Number of technical bulletins published were 6008 and the popular articles were 3771 and that of conferences / seminar papers presented were 1118. Number of new crop varieties developed were 279, new farm implements were 36, number of new production technologies developed were 221, new protection technologies were 161, innovative extension methodologies were 119, new statistical models developed were 7 and that of patents obtained were 4. Number of externally funded projects completed were 210, number of research projects funded by the university were 887, internationally funded projects completed were 84, new projects developed were 120, paid up trials completed were 272 and money spent on projects was 284.9 lakhs. Revolving fund generated by the scientists was 264.2 lakhs, number of germplasm collected and conserved were 199, annual reports prepared were 595, number of university publications prepared were 227 and amount of service provided with related to production of seed was 294.2 tonnes. There were 252 students guided by the selected scientists during the last 5 years at M.Sc. (Ag). Level and the number of students guided at Ph.D level were 94. Number of training programmes conducted as course director were 128, as resource person were 5699, number of training manuals were 302, villages adopted were 600, farmers’ associations established were 957, extension leaflets printed were 8299, extension booklets were 2765, seed material distributed were 665 tonnes, on farm trials conducted 1917, front line demonstrations conducted were 2922, mini kits conducted were 3279, radio programmes given were 2513, TV programmes given were 3118, diagnostic surveys conducted were 9257, regional agricultural fairs organized/associated were 704, ICT models developed or practiced were 130, RAWEP batches organized were 437, group discussions conducted were 4321, exhibitions conducted were 852, kisan melas conducted were 515, field days conducted were 1564, campaigns conducted were 613 and the new formats designed for monitoring extension activities were 51. The international awards received by the scientists were 23, ICAR or other national awards were 57, state or university level awards were 92, district level awards were 114 and the awards by scientific professional societies were 58. Regarding professional recognition almost 95.00 per cent of the scientists (171 numbers) indicated that they were not occupied the honorary post of Chief Editor of any research journals; only 5.00 per cent of the scientists (9 numbers) had the post of the Chief Editor of the research journals. 87.78 per cent (158 numbers) of the selected scientists indicated that they were not editorial members of any research journal and it was found that 12.22 per cent (22 numbers) had editorial membership of research journals. 87.20 per cent (157 numbers) had no executive position and 12.78 per cent (23 numbers) had executive position with the professional societies. Regarding correlation analysis of independent variables with dependent variable, the variables namely attitude towards organization, organizational climate and organizational stress had positive and significant relationship with organizational effectiveness, while education, overall experience, trainings received and training needs of scientists, achievement motivation and job involvement showed non significant relationship with the organizational effectiveness. With regard to multiple linear regression analysis of independent variables with dependent variable (OE) organizational climate and job satisfaction were most important determinant of organizational effectiveness. It was most visible and tangible aspect that made variation in the organizational effectiveness as 1 per cent level of significance. The variable such as attitude towards organization, organizational climate, achievement motivation, job involvement, job satisfaction and perceived opinion of promotional avenues were most important determinant of job performance since it was most visible and tangible aspect that made variation in job performance as 1 per cent level of significance. The major constraints perceived by the scientists in the organization were lack of adequate supporting staff, followed by lack of avenues for higher training in abroad to improve skills. The main suggestion was felt in case of provision for a three months foundation course for newly recruited scientists as in the case of ICAR scientists. The other suggestion given by the scientists was formulation and implementation of transfer policy doing justification for all employees irrespective of recommendations/various pressures.
Open Access
YOUTH IN FARMING-AN ANALYTICAL STUDY
(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2016) SHIREESHA, K; SATYAGOPAL, P.V.
The present study was conducted to analyze the selected profile characteristics of youth in farmingand their attitude towards farming. The relationship between profile characteristics of youth in farming and their attitude towards farmingwas elicited. Different combinations of farm enterprises being followed by the youth and their contribution to net income were analyzed. Perception of youth towards different farm enterprises through selected indicators was studied. The problems in farming as perceived by youth and their suggestions to overcome the problems were elicited and a strategy was designed to retain youth in farming. Ex post facto research design was followed in the present investigation.The investigation was carried out in three districts selected each from three regions viz., Kurnool (from Rayalaseema region), Nellore (from Coastal region) and Vizianagaram (from North Coastal region) based on lottery method. Four mandals from each district were selected by following lottery method of Simple Random Sampling procedure. The sample constituted to a total of twelve mandals.Two villages from each mandal were selected by following lottery method of Simple Random Sampling procedure. The sample constituted to a total of twenty four villages.From each of the selected village, ten youth in farming were selected by following lottery method of Simple Random Sampling procedure. The sample constituted to a total of 240 respondents.The data were collected by personal interview method through a structured interview schedule and analyzed by employing suitable statistical methods. Eighteen independent variables and attitude towards youth as the dependent variable were identified for the study. The results of the study shown that majority of the respondents were in upper young age, completed high school to college education, had marginal farm size and medium level of material possession and annual income, low to medium exposure to training, medium level of extension contact, mass media exposure, decision making ability, innovativeness, scientific orientation, management orientation, achievement motivation, economic orientation and risk orientation. More than one-third of the youth in farming were with moderately to highly favourable attitude towards farming.One-third of the total youth had neutral attitude, whereas less than one-third of them had moderately to highly unfavourable attitude. Correlation analysis revealed that annual income, mass media exposure, decision making ability, innovativeness, scientific orientation, management orientation, achievement motivation, economic orientation and risk orientation were positively and significantly related with attitude of youth towards farming at 0.01 level of significance whereas education and exposure to training were positively significant at 0.05level.Age and farming experience were found to be negatively non-significant whereas marital status, family type, farm size, material possession, extension contact showed positively non-significant relationship with attitude of youth towards farming. Among different combination of farm enterprises followed by youth in farming more than one-third of them followed (A+D) combination. It was also found that a vast majority of the youth had agriculture as sole and also as one of the enterprises in combination as a source of income, followed by dairy, poultry and vegetables. Nearly ten percent each of them had orchard and sheep as their source of income.Among different combination of farm enterprises being followed by youth in farming, more than ten percent of the marginal youth, slightly more than one-tenth of small farm youth and less than one-tenth of semimedium youth had practiced (A+D) combination. A huge majority of the youth was depending on the agriculture and it had contributed to more than two-third of the total net income (NI) of the individuals followed by dairy, vegetable, orchard, sheep, poultry and plantation.The major proportion of net income was contributed by agriculture in majority of the combinations followed by the youth in farming. On the contrary, vegetable contributed to major proportion of net income earned in the combinations consisting of vegetables as one of the farm enterprises. The overall perception of youth in farming based on all the indicators was resulted in the ranking of the enterprises. Agriculture was perceived as the most efficient enterprise followed by dairy, vegetable, poultry, sheep, plantation and at last orchard was perceived as the least efficient enterprise by the youth in farming. Among the production linked problems, „drastic variations in climatic conditions‟. In case of market problems „involvement of intermediaries in marketing of farm produce‟. In finance linked problems, „lack of remunerative prices for different crops‟. Regarding information and communication linked problems „poor accessibility to different ICT tools‟ were perceived as the major problems by the majority of the youth in farming.The major suggestion given by them was, „exploring export avenues for marketing and regularizing remunerative price for farm produce‟. The designed strategic model was primarily organized into three domains viz., sociopsychological, technological and organizational. For each domain, four “Core areas of concern” were identified to describe the strategy more comprehensively. The strategy analyzed the reality of the situation and shown the right direction for the flow of efforts of stakeholders.
Open Access
A STUDY ON LIVELIHOODS OF TRIBAL FARMERS IN ANDHRA PRADESH
(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2016) SWATHI, G; RAMBABU, P
The concept of livelihood has become increasingly popular in development thinking as a way of conceptualizing the economic activities that the poor people undertake in their totalities. Livelihoods are the means people use to support themselves, to survive and to prosper, which are shaped by the broader environment in which they live and other factors like economic and cultural systems. Agriculture being a seasonal activity, the tribals eke some living and meet all their cash needs through gathering and selling of the Non Timber Forest Produce (NTFP). In the last few decades, there is tremendous pressure on these dwindling natural resources because of the unsustainable ways of harvesting these NTFPs. Increased population pressure and ever increasing cash needs to meet the educational, health and recreational needs are the main reasons for the faster dwindling of these NTFPs. The recent approach suggested by the DFID categorizes livelihoods as the peoples’ access to five basic sub capitals such as human capital, social capital, natural capital, physical capital and financial capital. With the intervention of various developmental agencies, how the tribal farmers have been accessing these sub capitals, best describes their livelihoods. Currently the tribal farmers’ livelihoods are operating under two distinct and opposing forces such as development proposed by the current policy makers and the one nurtured and passed on from their predecessors. A study on livelihoods of tribal farmers in three districts of Andhra Pradesh was carried out during 2012. From each district two mandals had been selected based on highest number of tribal population. From the selected mandals four villages had been selected randomly. From each village ten tribal farmers were selected randomly thus making a total of 240 tribal farmers as the sample for the study. Considering knowledge and attitude as dependent variables, test and scale was developed respectively. Scale was developed for attitude by using summated rating technique. The attitude scale comprised of 50 statements. The study was conducted by following an Ex-Post-Facto Research Design. Data was collected by pre-tested schedule followed by personal interview method. For the purpose of statistical analysis of the coded data, various statistical tools were used viz., frequency and percentage analysis, mean and standard deviation, correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis, ranking and inclusive class interval. The analysis of profile characteristics of tribal farmers indicated that majority of them had no schooling (48.75%), belonged to marginal farmers in podu (70.00%) and normal (75.00%) cultivation, small family size (70.41%), non-primitive tribes (88.33%) and carried occupation in Agriculture + wage work + Non Timber Forest Products (77.50%). Further, majority of them fell under medium category in terms of age (62.50%), farming experience in podu (55.83%) and normal (41.67%), one training undergone (48.33%), extension contact (47.50%), information source utilization (58.33%), religious belief (43.33%), economic orientation (59.58%), scientific orientation (56.25%), market orientation (64.58%) and low urban contact (62.08%). Majority of the tribal farmers (62.09%%) had medium level of livelihoods followed by high (20.83%) and low (17.08%) level of livelihoods, respectively. Tribal farmers with medium level of livelihoods had higher access towards the financial capital index (62.14%) followed by physical capital index (60.20%), social capital index (58.66%), natural capital index (57.56%) and lastly human capital index (48.92%). The data further revealed that, their financial capital was high because of dependence on the NTFP collection and selling. The results clearly indicate that, low human capital and natural capitals are causes of serious concern and the developmental agencies have to gear up their efforts to improve the human capital and natural capital aspects otherwise, it would result in unsustainable dependence on the dwindling natural resources which will further worsen their livelihoods. The detailed analysis of dependent variables indicated that majority (56.25%) of the tribal farmers had medium knowledge followed by those with low (29.17%) and high (14.58%) knowledge towards their existing livelihood systems, respectively. On the other hand, majority (69.59%) of the tribal farmers had moderately favourable attitude towards their existing livelihood systems followed by those with less (15.83%) and high (14.58%) favourable attitude towards their existing livelihood systems. Out of sixteen selected independent variables, age, land holding, farming experience, expenditure pattern, trainings undergone and market orientation were significant at 0.01 level of probability. The other variables such as education, family size, caste/tribe, occupational status, extension contact, urban contact, information source utilization, religious belief, economic orientation and scientific orientation did not show any significant relationship with knowledge of tribal farmers on existing livelihood systems. The multiple linear regression analysis (MLR) indicated that all the sixteen independent variables put together explained about 72.83 per cent variation in the knowledge of tribal farmers, remaining 27.17 per cent was due to the effect of extraneous characteristics. The variables age, farming experience, caste/tribe, trainings undergone, urban contact and market orientation were positively significant at 0.01 level of probability where as variables such as education, expenditure pattern and information source utilization were negatively significant at 0.01 level of probability. The other variables such as land holding, family size, occupational status, extension contact, religious belief economic orientation and scientific orientation did not show any significant relationship with attitude of tribal farmers on existing livelihood systems. The multiple linear regression analysis (MLR) indicated that all the sixteen independent variables put together explained about 80.97 per cent variation in the level of attitude of tribal farmers, remaining 19.03 per cent was due to the effect of extraneous characteristics. The most important problems encountered by the tribal farmers were: inadequate technical knowledge in farming (85.42%) under agriculture category, non-remunerative price for milk in dairy (76.25%) under animal husbandry category and unavailability of proper marketing channels for selling forest products (100.00%) under collection and selling of forest products category. The most important suggestions given by the tribal farmers to overcome the above problems were: organisation of skill oriented vocational training programmes on modern agricultural technologies such as sericulture, apiculture etc. (85.42%) in agriculture category, enhanced milk price for the producers (76.25%) in animal husbandry category and proper marketing channel should be made available (93.75%) in collection and selling of non timber forest products category. Strategy suggested for the improvement of livelihood of tribal farmers who had less access to human capital issues, ITDA and local NGOs have to work in coordination to organize the trainings to improve their knowledge, skills and abilities to access the capitals of Livelihoods. Physical capital can be improved by improving the road connectivity to tribal villages which will reduce the drudgery on the tribals and improve their access to other institutions like schools, banks, and government offices etc. and providing safe drinking water facilities and supply of telecommunication facilities to remote areas. Natural capital need to be conserved to increase the resource base of the tribal farmers who directly depend on the collection and selling of various natural capital assets. Strengthening the local institutions, SHGs, and members participation, encouraging tribals to organize local festivals are the important forms of cognitive social capital, which in turn helps in popularizing local food crops and recipes as ethnic crops and recipes, so that younger generation will have a chance to learn about their cultures. Further, tribal farmers should maintain good contact with the government and nongovernment agencies. Financial capital can be improved by providing basic facilities such as leaf press for making leaf plates with Bauhinia leaves, tamarind dryers for hygienic drying adds value to their NTFP which in turn will empower them to get better price for their produce. Employment opportunities should be provided through MGNREGS and other wage works and providing short term credit to the tribal farmers for their seasonal agricultural operation.
Open Access
A CRITICAL STUDY ON ENTREPRENEURIAL BEHAVIOUR OF AGRIPRENEURS IN ANDHRA PRADESH
(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2016) DEEPTHI, V; RAMBABU, P
Entrepreneurship in agriculture will solve all the problem viz. reduce the burden of agriculture, generate employment opportunities for rural youth, control migration from rural to urban areas, increase national income, support industrial development in rural areas and reduces the pressure on urban cities etc. Andhra Pradesh has more than 1.5 lakh agro based micro, small enterprises with average annual turnover of 727 Crores. In this state vishakapatnam, krishna, and chittoor districts have 10,984 agrobased units which is the highest in number among all the districts. A critical study on entrepreneurial behaviour of agripreneurs was conducted in three districts of Andhra Pradesh during 2013. From each selected district 80 agripreneurs were selected by proportionate random sampling in proportion to the number of choosen enterprises. Thus making a total of 240 agripreneurs. Considering attitude and entrepreneurial behaviour as dependent variables, scales were developed by using summated rating technique. The attitude scale comprised of 22 statements. The entrepreneurial behavioural scale comprised of 49 statements under eight components. The study was conducted by following an Ex-Post-Facto research design. Data was collected by pre-tested schedule followed by personal interview method. Appropriate statistical procedures were employed to analyse and interpret the data. The analysis of the profile characteristics of agripreneurs indicated that majority of them were middle aged (65.50%), males (80.00%) with secondary school education (40.83%) and previous work experience related to present business (60.00%), not attended any training for the last five years (57.91%), had micro enterprises (60.84%), processing activity (49.58%) and solo proprietorship status (70.42%). majority of them belongs to medium levels of socio economic status (56.25%),social participation(54.58%), financial behaviour (49.17%), mass media exposure (48.33%), information sharing behaviour (48.33%), marketing orientation(46.67%) and risk orientation (46.25%). The detailed analysis of dependent variables indicated that majority of the agripreneurs had moderate level of favourable attitude (62.50%) towards agri entrepreneurship and medium level of entrepreneurial behaviour (57.91%).With regard to various components of entrepreneurial behaviour they possess medium level of entrepreneurial self-efficacy (57.08%), medium level of innovativeness (50.83%), high level of leadership behaviour (47.50%), medium level of achievement motivation (47.50%), high level of communication network (47.08%), medium level of business skills (45.83%) and high level of need for independence (45.00%).Principle component analysis revealed that two factors i.e. entrepreneurial potential, entrepreneurial skill factors explained the maximum variation (85.281%) in entrepreneurial behaviour of agripreneurs. Push factor expressed by the agripreneurs were unemployment, availability of raw material and marketing facilities for the product, insufficient family income, dissatisfaction with salaried job, need for flexible work schedule, personal freedom, lack of proper education to get the job, family hardship and to be stay closer to family. In case of pull factors expressed by the majority of agripreneurs were to be able to use previous work experience, family business tradition, desire to be independent, earning more income, to full fill own ambition on interested field, to ensure job security, educational background, influence of family, friends and business partners, to get social recognition, to contribute to the welfare of the community and assistance from government and financial institution. The computed correlation coefficient ‘r’ values of education, previous experience, socioeconomic status, financial behaviour, and marketing orientation were found to have positive and significant relationship with attitude of agripreneurs towards agri entrepreneurship at 0.01 level of probability. Training undergone, mass media exposure, size of the enterprise and risk orientation was significant at 0.05 level of probability. Whereas, variables such as age, information sharing behaviour and type of enterprises were found to be positive and non-significant with the attitude of agripreneurs. Gender, social participation was found to be negative and non-significant with the attitude of agripreneurs towards agri entrepreneurship. The multiple regression equation with fourteen selected profile characteristics put together contributed 81.20 per cent to the total variance in the attitude; remaining 18.80 per cent was due to the extraneous effects of the variables. All the independent variables contributed to the total variation; in particular education, marketing orientation and socio economic status were significantly contributed towards the attitude at 0.01 and at 0.05 per cent level of probability. The variables such as education, previous experience, socio economic status, financial behaviour, and marketing orientation were found to have positive and significant relationship with entrepreneurial behaviour of agripreneurs at 0.01 level of probability. Training undergone, mass media exposure, size of the enterprise and risk orientation was significant at 0.05 level of probability. Whereas, profile characteristics such as age, gender, social participation, type of enterprise and information sharing behaviour were found to be positive and non-significant with the entrepreneurial behaviour of agripreneurs. The multiple regression equation with fourteen selected profile characteristics put together contributed 88.40 per cent to the total variance in the entrepreneurial behaviour; remaining 12.60 per cent was due to the extraneous effect of the variables. Education, previous experience, financial behaviour, size of the enterprise, marketing orientation, and socioeconomic status were significantly contributed towards entrepreneurial behaviour at 0.01 per cent level of probability and at 0.05 per cent level of probability. With regard to SWOT analysis the strengths reported by the agripreneurs were availability of raw material, socially acceptable business and support from the government, create employment to others etc. Whereas, in case of weakness expressed by the agripreneurs were high cost of investment, difficult to get financial assistance and inadequate infrastructure facilities etc. Opportunities expressed by the agripreneurs were: huge demand for the product in the market, large crop material base in the country and support from government and financial institutions etc. Lastly, the threats expressed by the agripreneurs were: stiff competition in the market, weather aberrations and outdated technology and equipment etc. Based on the SWOT analysis, suitable strategy was developed to promote agri entrepreneurship. The detailed analysis of managerial activities of the agripreneurs indicated that majority of the agripreneurs had medium level of managerial activities (47.08%). With regard to various managerial activities, they possess medium level of opportunity scanning (54.59%), medium business planning (50.42%), medium organizing abilities (57.92%), medium directing ability (60.00%), medium controlling abilities (56.67%), medium marketing abilities (62.08%) and medium evaluating category (59.58%).
Open Access
IMPACT OF SELF HELP GROUPS (SHGs) ON RURAL WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN ANDHRA PRADESH
(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2016) KRISHNA PRIYA, N; SIVANARAYANA, G
The origin of Self Help Groups (SHGs) is the brainchild of Grameen Bank of Bangladesh, founded by Prof. Mohammed Yunus in 1975, who tried out a new approach to rural credit in Bangladesh. SHGs comprise homogeneous groups of poor people who have voluntarily come together mainly with the idea of overcoming their financial difficulties. Self help groups can rightly be called a potent tool for human development. The SHGs have been recognised as useful tool to help the poor and as an alternative mechanism to meet the urgent credit needs of poor through thrift. Today it was identified that the SHG plays a key role in multifaceted dimensions to raise the economic status of a country. Especially importance was extended through SHG for the empowerment of women community in India. A study on impact of SHGs on rural women empowerment in three districts of Andhra Pradesh was carried out during 2012. From each district two mandals had been selected based on highest number of SHGs. From the selected mandals two villages had been selected by using random table number. From each village two SHGs were selected randomly thus making a total of 240 respondents along with 240 non members was included in the study. Considering Impact and Attitude as dependent variables, schedule and scale were developed respectively. Scale was developed for attitude by using summated rating technique. The attitude scale was comprised of 46 statements. The study was conducted by following an Ex-Post-Facto Research Design. Data was collected by pre-testing followed by personal interview method. For the purpose of statistical analysis of the coded data various statistical tools were used viz., frequency and percentage analysis, garret ranking, correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis, ranking and inclusive class interval. The detailed analysis of profile characteristics of SHG members indicated that majority of the members were middle aged (50.83%), illiterate (31.67%) and medium size family (60%), married (87.50%) with occupation as non-agricultural labours (31.90%), medium annual income (82.92%), with landless holders (73.75%), and coupled with low extension participation (62.50%), medium extension contact (60.42%), medium source of information (58.33%), with medium achievement motivation (77.08%), medium level of innovativeness (56.25%), 54.17 per cent taken 3-5 loans from bank, 56.26 per cent taken 2-4 loans from SHG members, 31.25 per cent taken loan for consumption purpose, 54.58 per cent received three trainings and medium level of economic orientation (67.92%). The detailed analysis of profile characteristics of non SHG members indicated that majority of the members were young aged (75.83%), illiterate (25.83%) and medium size family (77.92%), married (96.25%) with occupation as only government job (49.78%), high annual income (62.50%), with landless holders (75%), and coupled with low extension participation (41.67%), low extension contact (86.67%), medium source of information (45.42%), with medium achievement motivation (48.75%), medium level of innovativeness (84.58%), 45.83 per cent taken loans from government banks, 37.08 per cent received two trainings and medium level of economic orientation (53.75%). The majority of the members motivated by themselves (30.83%) to join SHGs. The main reason for joining SHGs was for getting loan (67.86%). The major economic activities that was undertaken by the members was Grocery Shop/Petty Shop (75%) and tailoring (41.67%). The detailed analysis of dependent variables indicated that majority of the members had medium level of attitude towards SHGs (55.83%) and impact of SHGs on rural women empowerment (75.42%). The various impact indicators were psychological, social, economic, political and decision making empowerment. With regard to various empowerments they possess medium level of psychological empowerment (65.83%), medium level of social empowerment (72.92%), medium level of economic empowerment (53.33%), medium level of political empowerment (60.42%) and high level of decision making empowerment (52.08%). Out of fifteen selected independent variables nine of them such as Educational status, Family size, Extension Participation, Extension Contact, Source of Information, Achievement Motivation, Innovativeness, Trainings Received and Economic Orientation were found to have positive and significant contribution with impact of self-help group members. But Age, Marital Status, Occupation of the Husband, Annual Income, Land Holding and Loan Matrix did not show any significant relationship with impact at 0.01 level of probability. The multiple linear regression analysis (MLR) indicated that all the fifteen independent variables put together explained 59 per cent of variance in the impact of SHGs on rural women empowerment; remaining 41 per cent due to the extraneous effect of variables at 0.05 level of probability. The assumed/ imagined profile characteristics of the members of SHGs such as Educational status, Extension Participation, Extension Contact, Source of Information, Achievement Motivation, Innovativeness, Trainings Received and Economic Orientation were found to have positive significant contribution with psychological empowerment. But except age, marital status, occupation of the husband, annual income, land holding and loan matrix did not show any significant relationship with psychological empowerment at 0.01 level of probability. The variables such as Educational status, Annual Income, Extension Participation, Extension Contact, Source of Information, Achievement Motivation, Innovativeness, Trainings Received and Economic Orientation were found to have positive significant contribution with Social Empowerment. But except Age, Marital Status, Occupation of the Husband, Land Holding and Loan Matrix did not show any significant relationship with Social Empowerment at 0.01 level of probability. The profile characteristics of women members of SHGs such as Educational status, Family size, Marital Status, Land Holding, Extension Participation, Extension Contact, Source of information, Achievement Motivation, Innovativeness, Trainings Received and Economic Orientation were found to have positive significant contribution with economic empowerment. But except Age, Occupation of the Husband, Annual Income and Loan Matrix did not show any significant relationship with Economic Empowerment at 0.01 level of probability. The profile characteristics of women members of SHGs such as Educational status, Family size, Extension Participation, Extension Contact, Source of information, Achievement Motivation, Innovativeness, Trainings Received and Economic Orientation were found to have positive significant contribution with Political Empowerment. But Age, Marital Status, Occupation of the Husband, Annual Income, Land Holding and Loan Matrix did not show any significant relationship with Political Empowerment at 0.01 level of probability. The correlation analysis revealed that the variables such as Educational status, Family size, Extension Participation, Extension Contact, Source of Information, Achievement Motivation, Innovativeness, Trainings Received and Economic Orientation were found to have positive significant contribution with Decision Making Empowerment. But Age, Marital Status, Occupation of the Husband, Annual Income, Land Holding and Loan Matrix did not show any significant relationship with Decision Making Empowerment at 0.01 level of probability. The correlation analysis revealed that Educational status, Family size, Annual Income, Extension Participation, Extension Contact, Source of Information, Achievement Motivation, Innovativeness, Trainings Received and Economic Orientation were found to have positive significant contribution with attitude. But Age, Marital Status, Occupation of the Husband, Land Holding and Loan Matrix did not show any significant relationship with attitude at 0.01 level of probability. The multiple linear regression analysis (MLR) indicated that all the fifteen selected independent variables put together contributed 81 per cent to the attitude of women towards SHGs; remaining 19 per cent due to the extraneous effect of variables at 0.05 level of probability. Successful caselets of SHG members reflected that the members orientation with the variables such as impact, favourable attitude, education, extension contact, innovativeness, achievement motivation, economic orientation were significantly contributed to become an successful women. The most important constraints encountered by the SHG members were Inadequate loan amount and No trainings on entrepreneurial activities followed by No family support when trainings are conducted away from their place and No coordination among the members for utilizing loan amount on any economic activity, More of family responsibilities; Lack of loans given by the organization for the purchase of machinery and equipments for undertaking entrepreneurial activities and Inadequate marketing facilities for SHGs products, No works during off season of the crops, Lacking of rotation of leaders and Dominance of leaders, Lack of specialized skills to undertake any entrepreneurial activity and Lacking of formal education respectively. Suggestions given by the SHG members to overcome the above constraints were cent per cent of the women in Self Help Groups suggested for to increase loan amount according to their need, followed by Trainings should be given on entrepreneurial activities, Providing marketing facilities, They have to conduct trainings nearest to their location, Providing special loans for the purchase of machinery and equipments for undertaking economic activities, There should be rotation of leaders in order to avoid dominance of leaders, Providing them special works during the off season of the crops, Promoting coordination of the group, Training should be given on specialized skills and Providing them formal education.

Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

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