Thumbnail Image

Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

News

https://angrau.ac.in/ANGRU/Library_Resources.aspx

Browse

2016 - 201850
Reset filters
Subject: Agricultural Engineering × End date: 2018 × Start date: 2016 × Type: Thesis ×
Reset filters

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 9 of 50
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PROTOTYPE RIPENED CHILLI HARVESTER
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2018) PRABHAKARA RAO, T; RAMANA, C
    India is the world’s largest producer, consumer and exporter of chilli. Chillies are cultivated mainly in tropical and sub-tropical countries like India, Japan, Mexico, Turkey, United states of America and African countries. Chilli is believed to have been introduced to India by Portuguese explorers at Goa in 17th century. The fruit of chilli plants have a variety of names depending on place and type. It is commonly called chilli pepper, red or green pepper, or sweet pepper in Britain, and typically just capsicum in Australian and Indian English. In Indian subcontinent, chillies are produced throughout the year. Two crops are produced in kharif and Rabi seasons in the country. Chilli grown best at 20–30°C temperatures, growth and yields suffer when temperatures exceed 30°C or drops below 15°C for extended periods. Now-a-days, cost of cultivation of chilli is increased day by day due to indiscriminate use of inputs like seeds, fertilizers and pesticides and also scarcity of labour. The major harvest season is between December-March with supply reaching peak levels in February-April. Planting is held mainly during August-October. Chilli cultivation needs more number of labourers for harvesting apart from the usual field operations such as sowing, weeding, pesticide applications, etc. as compared to other field crops. It is harvested (picking) 2 to 4 times and these harvestings are within a short span of time to get the quality produce, otherwise market price of chilli will be reduced. High cost and dearth of labour for hand harvest has resulted in increased chilli production cost declining even as consumption grows. Mechanization is only the way to reduce the cost of harvest and there by cost of production to make farmer comfortable with cost of harvest. The experimental set up was designed with two counter rotating double helical rollers of each length 200 cm and overall diameter 14 cm. The base frame was developed with the height of 100 cm, width of 85 cm and length of 160 cm to house the double helical rollers inside of the base frame. The rollers were fixed in the base frame inclined to the horizontal. The electrical motor was used as a prime mover to operate the double helical rollers at required speed for harvesting of ripens chilli pods. The experimental set up was tested to optimize the design parameters to get the maximum harvesting efficiency.The experimental unit of chilli harvester was fabricated to accommodate four different gaps between two rollers and four rotational speeds of counter rotating double helical rollers. The pulleys were changed on the double helical roller to get the four numbers of speeds like 289 rpm, 393 rpm, 484 rpm and 658 rpm by keeping constant pulley on power source. The four numbers of gaps were provided between the two rollers as 31cm, 32cm, 33cm and 340cm. The chilli harvester efficiency was calculated and varied from 29% to 31%. The harvesting efficiency of experimental set up was not in the acceptable range. The experimental set up was tested in all possible operating parameter combinations. The computed harvesting efficiency of machine observed at rollers speed of 289 rpm and rollers having gap of 320 mm was 9.41% at 2.0 km. h-1 forward speed. Likewise efficiency of machine at 330 mm gap of rollers was 9.97%, 14.00% efficiency was got at 340 mm space between rollers and 13.88% machine efficiency was observed at 350 mm gap between rollers with same 289 rpm of rollers speed with 2.0 km. h-1 forward speed. The roller speed was changed to 393 rpm and the computed resultant efficiencies of machine were 15.65%, 21.04%, 42.16% and 43.78% at rollers gap 320, 330, 340 and 350 mm respectively. The machine was run at 2.0 km. h-1 forward speed 481 rpm rollers speed with 320, 330, 340 and 350 mm space between rollers and computed efficiencies were 15.50%, 46.09%, 73.21% and 64.95% respectively. The efficiencies of machine at 658 rpm rollers speed with variable gaps between rollers 320, 330, 340 and 350 mm were 15.81%, 65.52%, 73.75% and 67.02%, respectively at same forward speed 2.0 km. h-1. In the similar way the machine was tested at 3.5 km. h-1 forward speed with variable gaps between rollers 320, 330, 340 and 350 mm at variable roller speeds 289, 393, 481 and 658 rpm respectively. The maximumefficiency 59.52% at rollers speed 658 rpm with gap 340 mm and minimum efficiency was observed 7.04% at 289 rpm rollers speed with gap between rollers 320 mm. The maximum mechanical damage of the harvested crop was 3.6%. The experimental set up was modified with regards power supply to double helical rollers, rotational speed and gap between the two rollers. The prototype ripened chilli harvester was fabricated with optimized design parameters and hitched to the high clearance tractor with help of two linkages. The power was transmitted to run the double helical rollers from the high clearance tractor PTO. The machine was evaluated in the farmers fields at Murikipadu village in Guntur district. The prototype harvester was operated with the optimized combinations of rollers speed and gap between two rollers like S1G1, S1G2, S1G3, S1G4, S2G1, S2G2, S2G3, S2G4, S3G1, S3G2, S3G3, S3G4, S4G1, S4G2, S4G3 and S4G4. The prototype chilli harvester was evaluated at each combination of rollers and the harvesting efficiency of prototype ripen chilli harvester was 72.08% at the speed 2.0 km. h-1 and roller gap of 340 mm. Thecalculated efficiencies were compared with existing practice of harvesting in manual harvesting. The labour required for harvesting of ripened chilli varied from 350 to 400 man.days per acreand approximate cost incurred for pickings was Rs.93750/- per acre whereas mechanical harvesting with developed machine was Rs.1567 per picking and for two pickings it is Rs.3134 per acre (Rs.7835/- per hectare). More importantly the labour saving was 98% and 2904 man hours when compared to manual harvesting.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF TRACTOR OPERATED GROUNDNUT COMBINE FOR HARVESTED CROP
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2018) VENNELA, BASIREDDY; RAMANA, C
    Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oilseed crop in India cultivated in an area of 6.7 million hectares with a production of 7.0 million tonnes annually. The crop can be grown successfully in areas receiving the rainfall ranging from 600 to 1250 mm. The best soils for groundnut crop are sandy loam, loam and medium black with a good drainage system. The present practice of manual harvesting and threshing consumes huge amount of labour to a magnitude of about 175 to 200 women h ha-1. It is very tedious and time consuming operation and is being adopted by for small scale farming. The manual method is the process of harvesting groundnut manually by hand, using expensive human labour. Since it is a labour intensive operation, scarcity of labour is often experienced during the peak harvesting season. One of the solution for reducing losses and dependency on human labour is to mechanize both harvesting and threshing simultaneously in groundnut cultivation. Several efficient independent machines are available for harvesting and threshing separately by manual feeding, but collecting harvested crop and feeding into thresher is again a labour intensive operation. Moreover, the harvesting requires maximum energy and combining may not be feasible with a commonly available tractor. Hence, the combine was developed by designing collecting, conveying and threshing systems for harvested groundnut crop. In this process, available machines like digger shaker and wet pod thresher were evaluated and synchronized the harvested quantity with the threshing ability of selected threshing mechanism. The tractor drawn groundnut digger shaker implement was tested in a total area of 0.27 hectares of sandy loam soil. Trials were carried out and the crop was sown with recommended row spacing 30 cm and 10 cm intra row spacing. The results revealed that plant height, plant width, root length, number of plants, number of pods per plant and number of filled and unfilled pods at the time of harvest was recorded as 35.8 cm, 17.53 cm, 25.27 cm, 27.12, 20.04 and 7.08 respectively. The highest average effective field capacity obtained using tractor drawn groundnut digger shaker was 0.35 ha h-1. The highest average field efficiency of 80.10% recorded for tractor drawn groundnut digger shaker at a soil moisture content of 12%. The haulm yield of the windrows formed for a harvested distance of 10 m was 1.011 kg for xv single row, 2.128 kg for two rows and 3.518 kg for three rows. Performance of wet pod thresher selected for a design was observed at a feed rate of 870 kg h-1 and the thresher output was 227.25 kg h-1 with the total number of the labours of 7. The designed collecting unit was provided with a rake angle of 600. The maximum conveying efficiency of the groundnut combine of 82.40% for the lateral conveyor was obtained at a combination of 1.19 ms-1 peripheral velocity of picker conveyor, forward speed of 1.59 km h-1 and 10 cm spacing of flaps. From the statistical interaction it was confirmed that the second speed of the prime mower i.e. 1.59 km h-1 is optimal for the collecting, conveying and hence the forward speed of the operation was fixed as 1.59 km h-1 for ensuring better collection. Similarly, the spacing of the flaps out of 5, 10 and 15 cm, the 10 cm spaced flaps gave best results in all independent trials with respective conveying of collected crop mass. Hence spacing between flaps designed to be 10 cm. The highest lateral conveying efficiency of 92.40% was obtained at a combination of Sf2-F2-Pv2 i.e. 10 cm - 1.59 km h-1- 1.19 ms-1 which confirmed for designed collecting mechanism. In the design of vertical elevator, the increase in slat spacing from 50 to 100 mm increased the conveying efficiency at all selected levels of peg end projections and peripheral velocity. The highest vertical conveying efficiency of 92.56% was obtained at a combination of S2-Pf2-Pv2 i.e. 10cm -1200- 1.19 ms-1, which confirmed results obtained during the trial. The performance of the developed combine for the harvested crop was observed that efficiency of the lateral and vertical conveyor was 92.40 and 92.56 respectively and the effective field capacity was 0.122 ha h-1 with an average fuel consumption of about 4.67 l h-1. The threshing efficiency of the developed groundnut combine was 82.54% compared to wet pod thresher because of slow feeding of the crop into the thresher from the trough. It was observed that the operation of groundnut combine resulted in 74.92 % saving in cost when compared to conventional method of manual collecting and hand stripping. It was also concluded that, the number of hours required for operating the developed combine harvester was 6.67 machine hours + 16 man hours which was least compared to treatment T3 conventional method of collecting and threshing was 200 h. As cost reduction between T1 and T2 were 1253.75 Rs ha-1 and 1370.94 Rs ha-1, the time required for collecting and threshing was more in T2 which is of 5.7 machine hours and 56 man hours, whereas for T1, it requires only 6.67 machine hours and 16 man hours. An overall saving of man hours from the developed machine was 92% and 71.42% over T3 and T2 respectively. It was observed that the output capacity of the thresher was 216.6 kg h-1 and the broken pod loss was 1.27%. The threshing capacity was 83.58% and the cleaning efficiency was 81.68%. The machine was tested in the experimental plot and field efficiency was found to be 76.72% with optimized design parameters at 1.59 km h-1 forward speed.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF PUNCH PLANTER FOR MAIZE IN RICE FALLOWS
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2018) HARI BABU, B; JOSEPH REDDY, S
    Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important cereal food crop of the world with the highest production and productivity as compared to rice and wheat. It is the most versatile crop grown in more than 166 countries around the globe. During the year 2017-18, Andhra Pradesh ranked in 2nd in maize productivity in India.(Anonymous, 2018) Sowing is an important and time bound operation for crop cultivation. Early or delayed sowing adversely effects crop yield. The recommended seed rate has to be maintained by adopting adequate inter and intra row distance especially in maize crop. The crops grow uniformly if seeds are planted at uniform spacing. Thus, to obtain maximum yields, seeds should be planted at the desired spacing and in such a way all viable seeds germinate and emerge promptly To offer better seeding performance than conventional planters under no-till conditions a punch planter was developed which moves a minimum amount of soil and residue and offers precision in seed spacing. Minimal research has been carried to overcome limitations in punch planting concept, specifically making punches and simultaneously seed placement to obtain optimum population rate. The developed method of punch planting involves placing seeds into holes instead of furrows, which creates favorable environment for seed by providing good contact between seed and soil. The increase in use of mini tractors in all the states necessitated to design the technology for precision planting of maize to benefit the farming community. A mini tractor operated punch planter was designed and developed at College of Agricultural Engineering, Bapatla. It consisted of two major units with different components. The first unit was punching unit and second one seed placing unit. Punching unit draws power from tractor PTO and the main function is to punch holes in the field at a desired spacing and depth. The seed dropping unit is operated by punching rod and the main function is to drop single seed in the punches. The overall speed reduction ratios from engine to punch wheel were 22.61 and 15.53 for PTO lever position 1 and 2, respectively. In PTO lever position 1 and gear position 1, the forward speed of the tractor increased from 0.35 to 0.98 kmh-1 by increasing engine speed from 800 to 2400 rpm. In gear position 2 and 3, it was 0.80 to 1.53 kmh-1 and 1.69 to 3.28 kmh-1 , respectively. In PTO lever position 2 and gear position 1, the forward speed of the tractor increased from 0.35 to 0.99 kmh-1 by increasing the engine speed from 800 to 2400 rpm. In gear position 2 and 3 it was 0.85 to 1.68 kmh-1 and 1.75 to 3.50 kmh-1 , respectively. No effect of PTO lever position on forward speed of the tractor was observed. The mean punch spacings of 10, 16, 24, 35 and 53 cm were obtained in different gear and PTO lever positions. No significant effect on punch spacing in a particular gear and PTO lever position with forward speed of the tractor was observed. The punch spacings obtained in PTO lever position 1 and varying gear positions 1, 2 and 3 were 16, 24 and 53 cm, respectively. The punch spacings were obtained in PTO lever position 2 and varying gear positions 1,2 and 3 were 10, 16 and 35 cm, respectively. The required punch spacings can be obtained by selecting the gear and PTO lever position and the forward speed of the tractor can be maintained between 0.35 to 3.28 kmh-1. The seed miss index increased with the increase of punch planter speed in both punch spacings and also for two types of punch shapes. It was observed that in sandy clay loam soil, seed miss index was increased from 9.6 to 13.9% and 7.5 to 10.8% for 24 cm punch spacing and for type1 and type 2 punches, respectively, as the speed increased 0.8 to 1.7 kmh-1. In case of 16 cm punch spacing, it was observed that seed miss index was increased from 9.3 to 13.3% and 9.0 to 13.0% for type1 and type 2 punches, respectively, as the speed increased 0.8 to 1.7 kmh-1. The statistical analysis showed that there was a significant effect of interaction forward speed & type of punch and forward speed & punch spacing on index in both sandy clay loam and clay soil with rice fallow. decreased with the increase of punch planter speed in both punch spacings and also for two types of punches. I from 84.9 to 83.4% and 85.8 to 84.9% for 24 cm punch spacing and for type1 and type 2 punches, respectively, as spacing, it was observed that quality of feed index was decreased fro and 84.3 to 83.7% for type1 and type 2 punches respectively The theoretical field capacity was 0.1, 0.16 and 0.20 hah h-1 forward speed of operation efficiency were observed forward speeds of 0.8, 1.3 and 1.7 kmh obtained as 1.20, 1.48 and 2.14 Lh respectively. The total fixed cost with mini tractor and punch planter w 233.0/-, 18.0/- per hour with mini tractor was found to be and 66.0% in terms of manpower, time of operation and cost of operation due to use of punch planter than traditional manual sowing. Keywords: Punch planting emergence, field efficiency, operating cost. The quality of feed index In sandy clay loam soils, quality of feed index was decreased , speed increases from 0.8 to 1.7 kmh-1. For 16 cm punch from 84.0 to 83.1% respectively. hah-1 at 0.8, 1.3 and 1.7 km operations, respectively. The effective field capacity served to be 0.07, 0.12 and 0.15 hah-1 and 77.33, 74.25 and 75.33% at kmh-1, respectively. The fuel consumption was Lh-1 at operating speeds of 0.8, 1.3 and 1.7 kmh costs of sowing maize with developed prototype punch planter were 53.0/- and 35.0/- and variable cost hour, respectively. The total operating cost of the 339/- per hour. There was a saving of 50%, 58.3% % unch planting, seed dropping performance, reduction ratio, interactions seed multiple m he and field kmh-1, costs punch planter operation, respectively seedlings
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    HYDRO-SOLUTE TRANSPORT MODELLING IN MOLE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS WITH SOIL OXYGENATION FOR CONTROL OF WATERLOGGING IN BLACK SOILS
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2018) SAMBAIAH, ANGIREKULA; RAGHU BABU, MOVVA
    Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is an important commercial crop with a production of 300 M t and 16 M t in India and Andhra Pradesh, with a productivity of 71.1 and 76.3 t ha-1 respectively. But the potential areas are withdrawn from sugarcane cultivation due to low yields ranging from 44 t ha-1 to 56 t ha-1 owing to the severe waterlogging problem in the present study area, Kapileswarapuram of East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh. In this context, to solve this problem of waterlogging, an attempt has been made to intervene with a consortium of technologies viz., mole drainage systems and soil oxygenation to test the performance of sugarcane, model the mass and solute transport and evaluate economically for viability of the technology consortium. The scientific methods were followed to conduct pre-mole drainage investigations to find the soil characteristics, hydrological regime and groundwater table fluctuations and post drainage observations on soil, rainfall, runoff, preferential flow, drainage water, plant growth and yield attributes and economic analysis of the same. Extensive study of literature suggested that there is a minimal work conducted on mole drainage systems, as well as on soil oxygenation, that too in sugarcane, which is waterlogging sensitive crop, despite mole drainage system being very easy and low cost method of subsurface drainage and Calcium peroxide (soil oxygenation agent) being a harmless chemical, which releases oxygen in submerged conditions to the rootzone for about 14 weeks in the soil. Keeping the above points in view, the present study was undertaken to develop the consortium of technology to solve the problem of waterlogging in sugarcane. The soil texture of the study area is black soil with clay content of 52.87%, silt content of 33.25% and with sand content of 13.88%. This soil presented a bulk density of 1.15 g cm-3, with at plastic limit of 32.33%. The soil is slightly saline with ECe of 1.73 dSm-1 and pH of 7.89. The terrain of the experimental field was brought to 0.30% uniform xxii slope to avoid experimental bias and to facilitate grade to mole drains. The average saturated hydraulic conductivity of the study area soil profile is measured with auger hole method and found to be 0.30 m d-1(Pre-mole drainage) and 0.50 m d-1 (Post-mole drainage). The average depth of groundwater table is 0.30 m, b.g.l. Rainfall probability analysis revealed that the 1-day maximum rainfall event with 5-years return period is 157.0 mm which produces 101.4 mm of surface runoff and rest 55.60 mm abstraction into the soil, which upon moling, becomes drainage co-efficient for the mole drains. The SEW30 index for the study area is very high i.e. 2891.0 cm-days, double the sugarcane threshold limit. Using, the theory of Hooghoudt’s equation with additional assumptions for mole drainage spacing design, the mole drain spacing was designed to be 2 and 3 m and for sensitivity analysis purpose, 4 and 5 m spacing mole drains were also studied. The depth of mole drains were chosen to be placed at 0.4 and 0.5 m b.g.l as the 90% of the effective rootzone of sugarcane is found within 0.5 m below ground level. As an agent of soil oxygenation, calcium peroxide was chosen with an application rate of 2 g plant-1 placed at 15 cm b.g.l at midway between the plants. The experimental design selected is split-split plot design with four replications. Sugarcane variety of Co 86032 (Nayana) was selected for the study which has highest yield potential of 110.0 t ha-1, which is waterlogging sensitive variety. The seedling rate considered for the study is 25000 of seedlings ha-1 with paired row transplantation at a row to row spacing of 1.35 m and plant to plant spacing of 30 cm in zig-zag pattern. The maximum plant height at 305 DAS is 465.5 cm in 0.4 m depth mole drains with a mole drain spacing of 3 m under soil oxygenation treatment and 416.5 cm in 0.5 m mole drain depth plot with 2 m spacing with soil oxygenation, which is less than what was achieved in 0.4 m mole drain depth treatment. The average plant height in check plot WOSO (Farmer’s practice) was found to be 198.25 cm only. The sugarcane yield is the net effect of the all the treatments, which revealed that the average maximum yield of 108.92 t ha-1 was attained in 0.4 m mole drain depth with 3 m mole drain spacing and followed by 103.89 t ha-1 in 0.5 m mole drain depth with 2 m mole drain spacing and 3 m spacing in 0.5 m mole drain depth plots with soil oxygenation. In WOSO treatments, sugarcane yield of 93.08 and 92.74 t ha-1 was realised in in 0.4 m MDD - 3 m MDS and 0.5 m MDD - 2 m MDS respectively. The yield in check treatment under SO was found to be 64.60 t ha-1 and 57.91 t ha-1 in WOSO. The yield under the consortium of mole drainage and SO resulted in 88.0% more yield than check plot without soil oxygenation. The behaviour of the sugarcane yield in mole drainage systems has followed 3rd order polynomial equations in all the cases with highest co-efficient of determination ranging from 0.96 to 0.99. The total cost of mole drainage system installation was worked out to be ₹ 8,200.00, out of which, 44.0% cost goes into digging of the collector drain, 18.3% cost goes into outlet protection, 22.0% goes into actual mole plough operation. The expected life of mole drains is 3 years. The recurring cost for making moles from 4th year onwards will be only ₹ 2,300.00 for every three years, including the labour costs of ₹ 800.00 at 2016-17 prices. With the farmers practice in waterlogged soils, a loss of 16-22 paise on every rupee of investment is incurred despite the subsidy being given. In pre-drainage condition, the B:C ratio is 0.78, i.e. found to be below 1 and the net present worth is less than 0 (Negative), which infers that sugarcane cultivation in waterlogged vertisols is not a viable option to the farmers. To make it viable, either more subsidy is to be given or technologies are to be developed. In, 0.4 m mole drain depth installation, mole drainage systems with 2, 3, 4 and xxiii 5 m are found viable in consortium mode with soil oxygenation with a B:C ratio of 1.16, 1.22, 1.08 and 1.03 respectively and average IRR of 14.62%. Without soil oxygenation, only 2, 3 and 4 m are viable with B:C Ratio of 1.07, 1.13 and 1.03 respectively. But the maximum B:C ratio of 1.22 and 1.13 was achieved in 3 m spacing mole drains both in with soil oxygenation and without soil oxygenation. In 0.5 m mole drain depth installation, mole drainage systems with 2, 3 and 4 m are found viable in consortium mode with soil oxygenation with a B:C ratio of 1.19, 1.16 and 1.05 respectively with average IRR of 14.62%. Without soil oxygenation, only 2 and 3 m are viable with B:C ratio of 1.13 and 1.09 respectively. But the maximum B:C ratio was found in 2 m spacing mole drains both in with soil oxygenation and without soil oxygenation as 1.19 and 1.13 respectively. In conclusion, it can be said that the surface drainage co-efficient (overland flow) is found different from the mole drainage co-efficient (preferential flow of abstraction) and the new method adopted in the present study can be used in future. The mole drainage systems could handle larger drainage co-efficients such as 55.6 mm d-1 as in case of Kapileswarapuram. Hooghoudt’s equation was employed successfully for the design of mole drain spacing without considering the equivalent depth concept in this study. The hydraulic conductivity of the vertisol changed upon installation of mole drains from 0.3 to 0.5 m d-1 and bulk density decreased. Mole drains laid at 0.4 m depth with 2 and 3 m spacing could handle the maximum drainage flow depth of 46.1 mm d-1 of abstraction in 19.8 and 29.0 h respectively and the same was evacuated by 0.5 m depth with 2 and 3 m could in 24.4 and 35.7 h from the sugarcane fields. Soil oxygenation, a new concept studied using calcium peroxide granular powder placement in the sugarcane crop root zone proved successful in sugarcane and can be a component of consortium for mole drainage technology. Soil oxygenation agent (Calcium peroxide) did not cause any increase in soil salinity. The SEW30 index of the region was reduced from 2891 cm-days to 150 cm-days, which is far below the threshold limit of sugarcane crop. The mass and solute transport models developed and simulations using Hydrus-1D are useful for similar situations and regions. The mole drains at 0.4 m with 2 m and 3 m spacing could bring down the soil moisture to field capacity. Mole drainage systems along with soil oxygenation agents improved the oxygen reduction potential of the soil to +752 mV (Good aerated condition) from highly reduced conditions with -567 mV during heavy rainfall event. The mole drainage systems installed at 0.4 m depth at 2 and 3 m spacing could reduce the soil salinity by 65 and 50%, respectively. The mole drainage system installed at 0.5 m MDD at 2 m and 3 m spacing could reduce the soil salinity by 61 and 47% respectively. The sugarcane yield increased by 96.6% under mole drains installed at 3 m MDS at a depth of 0.4 m MDD along with soil oxygenation. The combination of mole drainage systems with soil oxygenation could bring up the BCR to 1.22 and NPW from negative to positive. Adoption of mole drainage systems with soil oxygenation using calcium peroxide granular powder provides 20-29 paise return on every rupee of investment in sugarcane. The models of mass and solute transport developed in the present study can be applied to similar situations encountered. New method for mole drainage design was developed by modifying the Hooghoudt’s assumptions. Another novel concept of low cost consortium of mole drainage with soil oxygenation is successfully experimented in waterlogged sugarcane vertisols and a new term “Draining capacity” is defined in the present study. Key words: Mole drainage, soil oxygenation, calcium peroxide, oxygen reduction potential, draining capacity, B:C ratio, Internal Rate of Return, Net Present Worth, SEW30 index, mole drainage co-efficient, waterlogging, salinity, Hydrus-1D.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DEVELOPMENT OF MANUAL OPERATED WOMEN FRIENDLY PADDY TRANSPLANTER
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2018) KARTHIK, GOTTIMUKULA; SRINIVAS, I
    Paddy is the staple food for more than 60% of the world’s population. India has largest area under paddy cultivation of about 43.38 million hectare with the total production of about 104.30 million tonne (Statistical Year Book India, 2017). Transplanting is the largely practiced method of establishment of paddy in Indian wetland conditions, and it is mostly done manually. This method is a tedious and time consuming operation, requires about 250-300 man-h ha-1 contributing 25% of the total labour required for cultivation (Singh et al., 1985). Shortage of labour, due to rapid urbanisation, is the main factor leading transplanting to mechanisation. Self propelled paddy transplanters are available in market at higher costs which cannot be afforded by small and marginal farmers, who comprises a major share in Indian agriculture. Therefore, a low cost manual operated two-row paddy transplanter was developed and evaluated in ICAR-CRIDA, Hyderabad. The transplanter was developed with row spacing of 250 mm. Four bar mechanism was adopted for operating fingers which are powered by ground wheel through chain and sprocket. The fabrication cost of transplanter was Rs. 4000 weighing around 15 kg which can be easily pulled by a women labour. Root washed seedlings of 21 DAS were used for testing the performance of the mechanism (Kavitkar et al., 2017). The time interval between the last puddling and transplanting was 24 hours in 2-4 cm of standing water (RNAM, 1983). Performance evaluation of transplanter was done at different average forward speeds of 0.75 km h-1, 1.00 km h-1 and 1.25 km h-1 and the results are analysed statistically with Randomised Block Design. Ergo-economical comparison of manual operated paddy transplanter with conventional transplanting was also done. Optimisation of forward speed was done considering transplanting, machine, ergonomic and operating cost parameters. The mean hill spacing in a row at forward speeds of 0.75 km h-1, 1.00 km h-1 and 1.25 km h-1 was 25.60 cm, 25.07 cm and 24.40 cm with 2-3 seedlings per hill at transplanting depth of 3.53 cm, 4.57 cm and 5.35 cm respectively. Total defective hills at different forward speeds of 0.75 km h-1, 1.00 km h-1 and 1.25 km h-1 were 10.06%, 8.04% and 11.89% respectively with transplanting efficiencies of 89.94%, 91.96% and Name of the author : GOTTIMUKULA KARTHIK Title of the thesis : “DEVELOPMENT OF MANUAL OPERATED WOMEN FRIENDLY PADDY TRANSPLANTER” Degree to which it is submitted : Master of Technology Faculty : Agricultural Engineering & Technology Major field of study : FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING Major advisor : Dr. I. SRINIVAS University : Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University Year of submission : 2018 x 88.11%. Effective field capacity at forward speeds of 0.75 km h-1, 1.00 km h-1 and 1.25 km h-1 was recorded as 0.249 ha day-1, 0.313 ha day-1 and 0.373 ha day-1 with field efficiencies of 82.92%, 78.24% and 74.53% respectively. Pulling force for operating transplanter was observed to be 93.15 N at forward speed of 1.25 km h-1 followed by 75.50 N at 1.00 km h-1 and 65.70 N at 0.75 km h-1. Overall discomfort rating (ODR) and total body part discomfort score (BPDS) at forward speeds of 0.75 km h-1, 1.00 km h-1, 1.25 km h-1 of manual operated paddy transplanter and conventional transplanting was 4.50, 5.33, 7.17 and 7.33 and 38.17, 46.83, 61.67 and 74.5 respectively. Maximum body pain was observed by subjects in upper back followed by upper arm, shoulder, waist, thighs and legs in mechanical paddy transplanter. In manual transplanting maximum pain was observed by subjects in waist and upper arm followed by lower back, upper back, shoulder, thighs and legs. The operating costs were Rs. 5530 ha-1, Rs. 4400 ha-1 and Rs. 3692 ha-1 at 0.75 km h-1, 1.00 km h-1 and 1.25 km h-1 forward speeds respectively. The savings in cost of operation of paddy transplanter was found more than 21% compared to conventional transplanting which costs Rs.7000 ha-1. The mean forward speed of 1.00 km h-1 of manual operated paddy transplanter was found optimum as it gave desired row spacing of 25 cm, with transplanting efficiency and effective field capacity of 91.96% and 0.313 ha day-1 respectively, at an operational cost of Rs. 4400 ha-1. The operation of the machine at this forward speed requires low pulling force of 65.7 N, with the mean overall discomfort rating and total body discomfort ratings were 5.33 and 46.83 respectively. Keywords: Mechanical transplanting, manual operated, paddy transplanter, postural discomfort, cost economics.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF LOW HP TRACTOR OPERATED SPRAYER WITH WIPER MECHANISM
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2018) UDAYBHASKAR, ANAGANI; RAMIREDDY, K. V. S.
    World crop yields are reducing every year between 20%-40% due to the damage wrought by plant pests and diseases. About 30%-35% of the annual crop yields in India get wasted because of pest. India has a large and diverse agricultural sector which requires quite effective methods for spraying pesticides at a desired rate, in minimal time for reducing yield losses. Mechanization of agriculture plays a major role in timely and economic operations to produce high yield with low inputs. Pesticides are critical inputs for crop production worldwide and are expected to continue to play a major role for protect most crops from insect-pests and disease. In conventional method of spraying, one person covers less area of land (about 0.4 ha day-1). Mechanization of plant protection equipment needs for timely application of pesticides to produce good yield. In India, marginal and small land holdings contribute 67.10% and 17.91% for agriculture. In marginal and small holdings, low horse power tractors ranging 18-22 hp are getting popular in India than the large tractors. Development of compactable equipment to low horse power tractors was needed to meet the demand of farm operations. The present study was conducted on the development and performance evaluation of low hp tractor operated sprayer with wiper system. Wiper system in the sprayer, specilitates automatic back and forth moment of spray guns without need of labour. Before developing a sprayer, all the required components were drawn and assembled in Creo 3.0 software for fabrication accuracy. Performance parameters evaluated in laboratory conditions and in field groundnut crop was chosen to test the developed wiper sprayer. Cost economics of developed sprayer were also determined. Results obtained for developed sprayer was compared with boom sprayer. ImageJ software was used for image analysis to find droplet size, density and percentage of area covered on crop. During evaluation, it was observed that the optimum combination of wiper sprayer obtained at 25° of oscillating angle of spray gun from its center, 2000 kPa of operating pressure, 0.9 m height of spray from ground and gap between nozzles 3 m with the maximum swath width of 9.45 m in static position of sprayer. Uniform coefficient of 89.81% was observed at static position of sprayer. Minimum droplet VMD range of developed sprayer varied from 223 to 358 μm were observed over boom sprayer as 313 to 480 μm. Maximum droplet density of developed sprayer varied from 87 to 151 droplets cm-2 was observed over boom sprayer of 16 to 95 droplet cm-2. Percentage of area covered on crop varied from 12.34% to 29.83% cm-2 over boom sprayer of 11.4% to 34.78%. Lower applications rates of developed sprayer varied from 181 to 423 L ha-1 over boom sprayer of 617.14 to 1440 L ha-1. Higher effective field capacity of developed sprayer varied from 0.9072 to 2.0618 ha h-1 over boom sprayer of 0.3665 to 0.835 ha h-1. Low operation cost of developed sprayer varied from 150 to 310.2 Rs ha-1 over boom sprayer of 360 to 746 Rs ha-1 as change in operating speed from 1.5 to 3.5 km h-1. Saving of cost (%) over boom sprayer found that 58.43%, 58.35% and 58.33%, whereas the saving of time 59.7%, 59.88% and 59.66% over boom sprayer at forward speeds of 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 km h-1, respectively. Saving of labour cost (%) over conventional method found as 50.37%, 68.4% and 76%, whereas the saving of time 94.5, 96.64 and 97.57% over conventional method at forward speeds of 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 km h-1, respectively. Developed wiper sprayer given better results with saving of operating cost over boom sprayer 58.43% at 1.5 km h-1. Keywords: Wiper system; VMD; Image analysis; cost economics
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE OF RAINGUN AND ITS EVALUATION
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2018) VAMSI, KAGITHA; RAMANA, M. V.
    Water has a key role to play in the progressive agriculture and economic development of the country. Due to the food demands of constantly growing population at the rate of 1.95 % annually, the demand of water for agriculture is increasing. However, availability of water for agriculture sector is reducing due to stiff competition from other sectors such as industries, recreation and domestic water supply. Thus, tremendous amount of pressure lies on agriculture sector to reduce its share of water and at the same time to enhance total production by enhancing the water use efficiency. Pressurized irrigation systems such as drip and sprinkler have been proved to be very efficient and useful in water scarce and undulated area. Amongst sprinkler irrigation systems, rain gun can be used most effectively for irrigating larger fields in short period and with minimum labour requirement. As the rain gun sprinkler system is recently adopted in India, adequate information is not available on hydraulic characteristics. The relationships viz., pressure-radius of throw, pressure-discharge and pressure-uniformity coefficient were developed for standalone rain gun at different riser heights. The linear, logarithmic, power and exponential types of equations were fitted for these relationships. The best relationships were selected based on the value of regression coefficient. Characteristic curves were drawn for the raingun based on hydraulic performance. This is beneficial to farmers for selection of raingun based on type of nozzle size and riser height etc. Uniformity coefficient increases with operating pressure and maximum uniformity coefficient was observed in 8mm nozzle i.e. 68 % at 3.5 kg/cm2 and 1.5 m riser height among the tested nozzles. Uniformity coefficient decreases with the increase in riser height for the tested pressures. Uniformity coefficient increases with decrease in the nozzle size for the tested pressures. xvi Mobile rain gun system attached to the tractor is developed to supply the irrigation to the field where the electricity is not available to pump the water. It is evaluated to calculate the fuel consumption, discharge, pressure developed and maximum radius of throw by the system with 24 hp mini tractor and 38 hp tractors. The evaluation of mobile rain gun system attached to the tractor results that fuel consumption is 3l/h for mini tractor and 4.2 l/h for 38 hp tractor and discharge is 16 lps for mini tractor and 21 lps for 38 hp tractor. Cost of operation for irrigating with raingun per hectare with 24 hp mini tractor is Rs 1388/- and with 38 hp tractor is Rs 1237/- The performance of rain gun irrigation system is similar to the sprinkler irrigation system except following parameters. The uniformity coefficient of the rain gun system is 64 % and the sprinkler system is 84 %. Pod yield for the raingun irrigation system is 3100 kg/ha and sprinkler system is 3340kg/ha. The water use efficiency of raingun system is 21.14 kg/ha-mm and sprinkler system is 22.79 kg/ha-mm. The results revealed that the radius of throw of rain gun increases with operating pressure and riser height. This facilitates the scope for deciding the operating pressure to obtain the desired precipitation rate according to the soil type. However the nature of variation in radius of throw with operating pressure and riser height were different for different nozzles of rain gun. Similarly the discharge and uniformity coefficient of rain gun was found to increase with operating pressure and riser height. Key words: Rain gun, pressure, radius of throw, discharge, uniformity coefficient, riser height, mobile rain gun.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ASSESSMENT OF HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL DROUGHT EFFECTS ON GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN ANANTAPURAMU DISTRICT
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2018) UMA BAI, D; SAROJINI DEVI, B
    Drought is a disastrous natural phenomenon that has significant impact on social, economical, agricultural and environmental spheres. Drought is one of the world’s costliest natural disasters, causing an average 400-500 billion rupees in global damages annually and affecting more people than any other form of natural catastrophe. India is the seventh largest and second most populous country in the world. Its area is 2.2 per cent of the total world geographical area and about 16 per cent of the entire human race resides in its fold. The present study was motivated by the fact that no such study related to ground water resources was reported in Andhra Pradesh in general and Rayalaseema districts in particular Anantapuramu district prone to experience chronic drought conditions regularly. The present Post Graduate Research entitled “Assessment of hydro-meteorological drought effects on groundwater resources in Anantapuramu district” is proposed to i) to analyze the rainfall and groundwater levels data of the study area. ii) to calculate the drought indices such as Deciles, SPI (Standardized Precipitation Index), GRI (Groundwater Resource Index) SDI (Stream flow drought index) and SRI (Standardized Runoff Index) for the study area and iii) to suggest suitable drought mitigation measures for the study area. Details of meteorological parameters were collected from the chief planning department and analyzed, hydrological parameters which were analyzed from the data collected from Ground water Department, Anantapuramu. The total geographical area of the Anantapuramu district is 19,197sq.kms.There was a wide variation in rainfall in Anantapuramu district both spatially and temporally. The weighted mean rainfall (1988-2017) in Anantapuramu district is 542.2 mm. The highest rainfall was recorded during the year 1996 (793.01mm) followed by the year 2006 (782.96 mm).The lowest rainfall was recorded during the year 2016 (334.4 mm) followed by the year 2003 (370.71 mm) indicating the drought severity in the district. The water table level (2001-2017) in the study area fluctuated between 14.73-19.77 m. The groundwater level was found to be deepest during the months of August and September (19.77 and 19.53 m) respectively, and the water table level was shallowest during the months of December and January (14.73 and 14.83 m) respectively. Based on the research work carried out, the major conclusions drawn are Deciles were computed for the long historical rainfall data of 30 years over Anantapuramu district and historical drought events were identified which fall under the deciles 1-2 and 3-4. It is evident from the results that there were 12 drought events (1990, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2011, 2014 and 2016) in the period 1988-2017. The analysis of SPI-1 month showed that severe drought occurred in two mandals, moderate drought occurred in 15 mandals and 46 mild droughts. The analysis of SPI-6 month showed that 27 mandals had extreme drought conditions, 33 mandals had severe drought conditions and 3 mandals had moderate drought conditions. The analysis of SPI-12 month showed that 37 extreme, 20 severe, 4 moderate drought conditions in Anantapuramu district. The analysis of GRI-1 showed that 17 mandals had extreme groundwater drought situations, 18 mandals had severe water scarcity, 10 mandals had moderate and 2 mandals had mild groundwater drought. The analysis of GRI-6 showed that 25 mandals had extreme groundwater drought, 23 mandals had severe groundwater drought, 9 mandals had moderate groundwater drought problem. The analysis of GRI- 12 month showed that 15 mandals had extreme groundwater drought situations, 18 mandals had severe groundwater drought situations, 12 mandals had moderate groundwater drought, 2 mandals had mild groundwater drought. The variation of Standardized runoff index values for the period 1988-2017. High magnitude of drought was observed in the year 2005 with Standardized runoff index value -2.12. During the drought years Standardized runoff index varies from - 2.12 in the year 2005 to -0.32 in the year 1997. Most of the year’s fall in the range of mild drought. The drought characteristics based on the SPI-12-month, which indicates long-term drought (particularly for the groundwater scenario in the region). It is interesting to note that the number of drought events has decreased substantially, but the duration and severity have increased. Drought impacts can be minimised through developing suitable drought mitigation strategies. Mitigation actions can be taken before or at the beginning of drought. Therefore, early warning systems need to be developed for the region based on the real-time monitoring of indicators based on rainfall, soil moisture, surface water, and groundwater, so as to make the region drought-proof and improve the sustainability of agriculture in Anantapuramu district.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    IRRIGATION WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT OF COMMAND AREA OF BAPATLA CHANNEL
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2018) SAHITHYA, K; RAVI BABU, G
    Irrigation in India is mainly dependent on various sources, including the availability of canal water and ground water. In India, most of the prominent canal command areas suffer from either excessive or inadequate water supply resulting in wide gap between irrigation demand and supply. Hence it is necessary to evaluate the conjunctive use of irrigation water resources management. The computer software provides demand-based water release strategies for reducing the gap between canal supplies and demands. Bapatla channel is selected as study area for management of irrigation water resources (canal water, groundwater and drain water) available in the command area. The command area of Bapatla channel is 6548.27 ha. Command area map was generated using Arc GIS. The total water demand (TWD) of major crops grown in command area was calculated for 5 years (2012-13 to 2016-17) in two seasons. Similarly total water supply (TWS) (i.e. sum of canal water, groundwater and drain water supply) was calculated for the study period and compared TWD and TWS. The computer software was developed to give quick information about canal, drain and ground water supply and total water demand in the command area. The study area received 62.23 per cent of annual rainfall during South West monsoon season and 28.80 per cent in North East monsoon season and 6.64 and 2.32 per cent during summer and winter seasons. The daily discharge of Bapatla channel has never crossed the design discharge (7.50 Cumec) during study period. TWD of Bapatla channel command for two seasons (kharif and rabi) of crops paddy and maize was found to be 6500.04 ha-m in the year 2012-13. Similarly for 2013-14, 2014-15, 2015-16 and 2016-17 years TWD was found to be 6325.18, 6521.42, 3102.40 and 5376.19 ha-m respectively. The performance indicators of the delivery system present a poor performance in terms of adequacy and dependability. Irrigation efficiency of Bapatla channel for the study period were 50.55%, 62.52%, 66.06%, 12.84% and 47.54% for the years 2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-15, 2015-16 and 2016-17 respectively Irrigation efficiency (IE) for Bapatla channel is high (66.06 per cent) in the year 2014-15 and lowest (12.84 per cent) in the year 2015-16, this may be due to lack of water availability. Water use efficiency (WUE) was highest (4.19 kg/ha-mm) for the rabi paddy in the year 2014-15 because of more paddy crop yield and lowest WUE (1.94 kg/ha-mm) was observed in the year 2013-14, maize crop during rabi season due to heavy rains damaged the crop at maturing stage and less crop yield. Canal water supply to field (CWSF) in the Bapatla channel command area for the study period were 1194.46 ha-m, 2504.28 ha-m, 3462.81 ha-m, 85.98 ha-m and 1194.46 ha-m respectively. Similarly groundwater use (GWU) for the study period from 2012-13 to 2016-17 were 1300.32 ha-m, 1475.86 ha-m, 1105.92 ha-m, 1475.86 ha-m and 1713.60 ha-m respectively. And drain water use by the all lift irrigation systems in the command area for the study period from 2012-13 to 2016-17 for each year was about 1163.00 ha-m. TWS in the command area for five years were 3657.58 ha-m, 5142.94 ha-m, 5731.53 ha-m, 2724.64 ha-m and 4229.04 ha-m for the years 2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-15, 2015-16 and 2016-17 respectively. Total water demand is more than the total water supply in the study period during two crop seasons. Total water demand is more in the year 2014-15 of about 65.21 MCM and total water supply of about 57.32 MCM. Total water demand is less in the year 2015-16 (31.02 MCM) and total water supply is about 27.25 MCM. In the command area, on an average; it was observed that the canal water supply to the field was very less from 33rd week to 43rd week. So, there is need of ground water use during this period. During rabi season, canal water supply was very less or nil. Therefore, application of ground water is required at the middle end and drain water to the tail end of the command area for maximizing the crop yield. IWRMMOD (Irrigation Water Resources Management Model) was developed in the form of a computer program using PHP (Personal Home Page), which was simply mixed with HTML codes. In the IWRMMOD, seven forms were developed in the input data, i.e. crop, climate, canal water supply, canal hydraulics, special needs including efficiencies, groundwater supply and drain water use. Eight forms were involved in evaluation module namely Consumptive use, ET0 (Reference evapotranspiration), ER (Effective rainfall), Seepage loss, CWSF, GIR (Gross irrigation requirement), TWD, GWU, and also three output module forms like WUE, IE and TWS were developed. IWRMMOD was provided mainly demand-based daily water releases for reducing the gap between canal supplies and demands and to help irrigation engineers, agronomists and agro-meteorologists in planning, operation and management of irrigation systems efficiently.