Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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Open Access
DEVELOPMENT OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR CLARIFICATION AND PRESERVATION OF SUGARCANE JUICE
(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2017) NAGAMANI, KARCHETI; JAGANNADHA RAO, P.V.K.
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) belonging to the family Graminae, is a commercial cash crop widely grown in the world. India is the largest consumer and second the largest producer of sugar in the world next to Brazil. Sugarcane cultivation in Andhra Pradesh spreads over an area of 1.23 lakh ha in 2015-16, which is roughly 2.46% of cane acreage in our country. In India, sugarcane is grown mainly for producing sweeteners like sugar, jaggery and khandasari. Sugarcane juice is very popular delicious drink and it is rarely available in commercial packaged form. In general, sugarcane juice is spoiled quickly soon after extraction due to presence of simple sugars, and also juice gets very dark color by oxidation of its components (Chlorophyll and Poly phenols). Biodegradation is mainly caused by microorganisms mainly Leuconostoc sp. (L. mesenteroides and L. dextranium). Many studies have been carried out on sugarcane juice process to increase its shelf life. Formation of sediments at the bottom of storage container is a major problem to transfer the technology to the entrepreneurs. The information on use of stabilizing gums and mechanical filtration to control the sediments during storage is practically non-existent. In view of this, the present study was conducted on the “Development of process technology for clarification and preservation of sugarcane juice” to explore the use of stabilizing gums (tannin, gelatin and polysorbate) and mechanical filtration techniques to control the sediments during storage for the production of good quality bottled pasteurized sugarcane juice. Pasteurized sugarcane juice was packed in three different bottles (glass, PET and PP). Fresh sugarcane juice contains more number of impurities. By using stabilizing gum (gelatin) and filtration equipment maximum (99%) number of impurities present in juice was removed (3.56 g per L). Also, study the characteristics of juice in terms of TSS, pH, RS, TS, TA, color, yeast, mould and total plate count, etc. Untreated juice (control) stored at room temperature was spoiled within few hours of extraction (3-4 h), and low temperature storage was spoiled in 10 h. Also juice stored in PET bottles was readily spoiled than juice stored in glass and PP bottles at room Name of the Author : K. NAGAMANI Title of the thesis : DEVELOPMENT OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR CLARIFICATION AND PRESERVATION OF SUGARCANE JUICE Degree to which it is submitted : Master of Technology Faculty : Agricultural Engineering & Technology Major field of study : PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING Major Advisor : Dr. P.V.K. JAGANNADHA RAO University : Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University Year of Submission : 2017 temperature (4 days). Also, juice stored in PET bottles with gelatin was spoiled readily than PP and glass bottles at refrigeration temperature. Among all the treatments, based on sensory attributes, juice without gelatin (pasteurized at 80 oC for 10 min + preservative) was found to be the best treatment. Among three bottles, juice packed in glass and PP bottles was found to be good. PET proved to be the least effective in maintaining the quality of the juice. Viable bacterial, yeast and mould count was increased during storage at room and low temperatures, but the increase was less at low temperature. Packaging materials was found to have no effect on sensory properties of juice. But, addition of gelatin had some effect on sensory properties of sugarcane juice. The color of the juice was better in gelatin treated juice as compared to other treatments. It can be concluded that membrane processing of sugarcane juice is one of the alternate methods in combination with thermal processing for producing quality juice. Keywords: Homogenization, Physico-chemical, Gelatin, Pasteurization, Packaging material
Open Access
PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF THATIPUDI MEDIUM IRRIGATION PROJECT
(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2017) HARSHAVARDHAN REDDY, M; RAMANA, M.V.
The World’s population is increasing at an alarming rate resulting in increasing demand for food and fiber. On the other hand, per capita availabilityof land and water resources are decreasing. Water is a valuable natural resource, which is used for agriculture, recreation and industrial purpose. Due to industrialization, population growth and urbanization, demand for wateris being increased drastically, which resulted in stress on the water resources. The major portion of the water is used in agriculture sector for irrigation purpose to enhance the crop production. Due to growing demand for household and development purpose the share of the irrigation water needs to be diverted for industries, recreation and drinking purpose. Therefore, it is the need of the hour to effectively utilize the available water resources optimally and judiciously,Irrigation was given major importance in many countries of the world. However there is wide spread dissatisfaction with the performance of irrigation projects in developing countries. In India the performance of irrigation projects is reported to be very low, having an overall efficiency of 25-30 percent only due to lack of proper irrigation water management (Akhilesh et al., 2012). So the existing project and project command areas need to be evaluated for improving their System performance, agricultural production, financial aspects, irrigation efficienciesand water use efficiencies. The present investigations is carried out in Thatipudi medium irrigation project in the district of Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh. It was constructed across Gostani River in 1963-68 and it serves 6218.29 ha of command area in Gantyada, Jami and S.kota mandals of Vizianagaram district. The average annual rainfall is 1183 mm.The study area received 64.32 per cent of annual rainfall during South West monsoon season and 23.52 per cent in North East monsoon season and remaining 12.16 per cent during winter and summer seasons. Crop water requirement and water use efficiency for Paddy, Pulses and Banana was estimated 1310.5 mm, 406.5 mm,1435.0 mm and 62.098%, 90.39%, 83.944% respectively. Overall irrigation efficiency for Thatipudi project was estimated as 29.67 %. Reservoir filling or storage efficiency was observed as 96.06 %, Conveyance efficiency was 65.778 % and the application efficiency was 45.581 %. This project was analysed through performance indices which are given by the INCID (Indian National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage).System performance and Agricultural production indices are found ‘good’ condition but the financial aspect indices are ‘very poor’ due to less revenue collection, low operation and maintenance funds and less persons involved for operating the project.Finally water budget was prepared by observing the current storage, average inflowsto the reservoir the Gross water requirement for the crops (81.55 Mm3 ), water supplying for the Greater Vishaka Municipal Corporation (GVMC) (15.17 Mm3 ), leakage through head regulator (4.177 Mm3 ), Water for Domestic and live stock purposes(2.98 Mm3). Key words: Medium irrigation project, Command area, Crop water requirement, Irrigation efficiencies, Performance indicators, Water budget.
Open Access
SIMULATION OF STREAM FLOW AND SOIL EROSION IN KRISHNA LOWER SUB BASIN
(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2017) BIDYARANI CHANU, N; MANI, A
Quantification of water resources in a catchment, particularly stream flow is necessary for a systematic analysis of water availability for long-term planning of water utilization. Stream flow is the spatial integration of runoff which is a major component of the catchment water balance. The lower Krishna basin is a deficit basin and it depends mainly on inflow from the upper basin and on upstream water uses. There is a declining trend of surface water inflow due to prevention of flow in the upper basin and lead to shrinkage of surface irrigation. Therefore, the project entitled 'Simulation of stream flow and soil erosion in Krishna lower sub basin' was proposed for systematic analysis of water availability. The different DEMs were downloaded from different sources to generate basin characteristics namely drainage area, elevation, slope steepness, slope length, and streams relief ratio. Among these DEMs, SRTM 90 m produced correct stream network. The IRS P6, LISS III images for 2014 and 2015 were downloaded from Bhuvan. The LULC maps were prepared for the study. Soil map developed by National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSSLUP) was taken as reference map and clipped to the study area to identify the type of soils. The study area consisted of mainly four types of soils. Majority of the area is under silt soils (46%) and clay soils (43%). Remaining 7 percent and 4 percent are under loam and water bodies. The average annual rainfall of study area for 23 years during 1990 to 2015 was 931.31 mm. The highest amount of rainfall was recorded in 2010 as 1620.71 mm and the lowest amount of rainfall was recorded in 2009 as 566.54 mm. About 91% of the area is nearly level and remaining 8% of the area occupied moderate slope to steep slope. ArcGIS, ERDAS and HEC-HMS softwares were used and the SRTM DEM was used to derive parameters for the hydrological modelling. The results acquired using Geo-HMS were the catchment area of each sub-basin, slope of each sub-basin, flow length and time of concentration. After preparation of various input parameters, stream flow for a period of 23 years was simulated using SCS-CN technique. The time to peak and peak discharges for different storm events was also estimated. Simulated runoff was more for the years with high rainfall. The annual runoff is highly correlated with annual rainfall with coefficient of 0.9. The simulated runoff depth was 1383.5 mm in the year 2010. It was only 261.97 mm in the year 2002. The average annual runoff depth during the period of 1993 to 2015 was 668.59 mm. Build up areas have produced more runoff followed by scrub land, current fallow, rabi crop, kharif crop, forest, plantation and double crop/triple crop areas. The simulated peak runoff rates were matched well with the inflow discharges that are available at Pulichintala project for different storm events and were in good agreement with R2=0.89. Hence, the model HEC- HMS can be used to predict runoff rate to plan flood mitigation measures. RUSLE model integrated with GIS and RS techniques was used for estimation of annual average soil loss rate (t ha-1 yr -1 ). The potential soil erosion in Krishna lower sub basin of Andhra Pradesh were mapped and quantified using RUSLE model from 1993- 2015. The maximum annual average soil loss occurred in the Krishna lower sub basin for the year 1993 to 2015 was 28.69 t ha-1 yr-1 . Around 43.02% of catchment was prone to slight erosion. About 42.41% of area showed moderate soil erosion. Strong to severe erosion occurred in around 12.45% are in 1.3% area. Very severe erosion occurred in 0.8% which was very less compared to other classes. The study revealed that the average annual soil loss was sensitive to rainfall factor, R and the type of land use. The very severe erosion was occured in 13.45% (262.66 km2 ) of build up and 9.28% (21.65 km2 ) of wasteland. Severe erosion occurred in 38.77% (768.561 km2 ) percent of scrubland, in 18.62% (233.26 km2 ) and 4.73% (43.93 km2 ) of rabi crop area and waste land. Moderate erosion occurred in double/triple cropping area and slight erosion occurred in forest and Kharif crop. Percolation tank and check dams were suggested as conservation measures in severely eroded area. Hence, the hydrological model HEC-HMS can be used for event based simulation of rainfall events in lower Krishna sub basin of Andhra Pradesh. RUSLE erosion model integrated with GIS and remote sensing can be used to map the soil loss in lower Krishna sub basin of Andhra Pradesh.
Open Access
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF MINI-TRACTOR DRAWN RIDGE PLANTER FOR MAIZE CROP
(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2017) LEELA VEERA VARA PRASAD, MORLA; JOSEPH REDDY, S
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most versatile emerging crops having wider adaptability under varied agro-climatic conditions. Globally, maize is known as “Queen of cereals” because it has the highest genetic yield potential among the cereals and also staple food for human being and quality feed for animals. In developed countries, maize is consumed mainly as second cycle produce, in the form of meat, eggs and dairy products. In developing countries, it is consumed directly and serves as staple diet for some 200 million people. Among the cereal crops in India, Maize with annual production of around 22.5 million tonnes from 8.67 million hectares ranks third in production and contributes to 2.4% of world production with almost 5% share in world harvested area (Gracy et al., 2013). In India maize consumption has increased at a CAGR of 3.6% over the last five years and poultry feed accounts for 50% of maize consumption. According to advance estimate its production is 15.5 million tonnes (2015-16) mainly during Kharif season which covers 80% area. Maize in India, contributes nearly 9% in the national food basket and more than Rs. 100 billion to the agricultural GDP at current prices. Recent trends (2004-05 to 2014-15) in growth rate of area (2.5%), production (5.5%) and productivity (2.9%) of maize in India has been of high order and experienced highest growth rate among the food crops. World population is increasing day by day which is a serious threat to food security. This can be overcome by enhancing production of major crops like maize, rice, wheat, etc. So the demand for maize is increasing day by day in the world as well as India. But the maize yield varied greatly in different countries. The factors affecting maize yield are conventional method of cultivation and also lack of precision planting technologies. In recent decades, with the improvement of seed quality, germination percentage and emergence rate of maize seed have been guaranteed. As a result precision planting has become the main direction for seeding maize. The method of Name of the Author : MORLA LEELA VEERA VARA PRASAD Title of the thesis : “DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF MINI-TRACTOR DRAWN RIDGE PLANTER FOR MAIZE CROP” Degree to which it is submitted : Master of Technology Faculty : Agricultural Engineering & Technology Major field of study : FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING Major Advisor : Dr. S. JOSEPH REDDY University : Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University Year of Submission : 2017 planting also plays a vital role for better establishment of crop under a set of growing situation. Different sowing methods followed for maize are Raised bed (ridge) planting, Zero-till planting, Conventional till flat planting, Furrow planting and Transplanting. Among all these sowing methods the raised bed planting is considered as best planting method for maize during monsoon and winter seasons both under excess moisture as well as limited water availability/rainfed conditions. Presently, large farmers alone are using tractor operated machinery and implements because of high initial cost involved in the purchase of present tractors. The medium horse power tractors ranging from 31- 40 hp are most popular and are fastest growing segment. The cost of these tractors is as high as 5.0-6.75 lakhs, which is beyond the purchasing capacity of small and marginal farmers. In India, approximately 65-70% of total land holding contributes small and marginal farmers. The present study was conducted on the “Development and evaluation of minitractor drawn ridge planter for maize crop” which was carried out at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Nandyal. An attempt was made to develop ridge planter with three ridge bottoms and evaluated for its performance with ground wheel drive in terms of seed rate, seed damage, field efficiency, fuel consumption, seed to seed spacing, depth of sowing etc. Working width of developed ridge planter is 1.2 m, spacing between two furrow openers is 60 cm and no. of furrow openers are two. Good recommended seed rate was obtained through inclined plate metering mechanism compared to vertical plate metering mechanism at 2, 2.5 and 3 km h-1 speed of operations i.e. 22.78, 20.83 and 18.67 kg ha-1 , respectively. Effective field capacities of the developed ridge planter at 2, 2.5 and 3 km h-1 speed of operations were 0.16, 0.212 and 0.251 ha h-1 , respectively. Ground wheel slip of the developed ridge planter at 2, 2.5 and 3 km h-1 speed of operations was 2.45, 1.04, and 0.90%, respectively. The fuel consumption of tractor for planting of maize at 2, 2.5 and 3 km h-1 speed of operations were 2.07, 2.43 and 2.72 l h-1 , respectively. Seed miss index was less at 2.5 km h-1 speed of operation with both the inclined plate and vertical plate metering mechanisms. The spacing between seed to seed for planter with vertical plate metering mechanism was 18.76, 20.60 and 22.10 cm and with inclined plate metering mechanism was 19.23, 20.02 and 22.40 cm at 2, 2.5 and 3 km h-1 speed of operations, respectively. The average depth of planting for ridge planter with vertical plate and inclined plate metering mechanism was 42.34 and 41.67 mm, respectively. Germination of seeds was 84.33%. Plant population in one square meter for planter with vertical plate metering mechanism was 13, 10 and 9 and with inclined plate metering mechanism was 12, 10 and 8 at 2, 2.5 and 3 km h-1 speed of operations, respectively. Cost of operation for developed ridge planter and traditional method was Rs. 1785/- and Rs. 2900/- per hectare, respectively. Keywords: Inclined plate metering mechanism, Vertical plate metering mechanism, Seed to seed spacing, Field efficiency
Open Access
OPTIMIZATION OF PROCESS PARAMETERS FOR SPRAY DRYING OF PAPAYA LEAF JUICE
(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2017) ANU BABU, TAGARAM; SIVALA KUMAR
The present work was undertaken to optimize the process parameters for spray drying of papaya leaf juice. The effects of inlet air temperatures (130, 140 and 150 oC), maltodextrin concentrations (8%, 10%, 12%) and feed flow rates (350, 475 and 600 mL/h) on the powder yield and physico-chemical characteristics of papaya leaf powder (moisture content, water activity, L* values, a* values, b* values, pH values and total flavonoid content) obtained by spray drying were studied. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to investigate the optimum process conditions for spray drying of papaya leaf juice and to analyze the effects of inlet air temperatures, maltodextrin concentrations & feed flow rates on spray drying of papaya leaf juice. Response surface plots of dependent variables against process variables were studied. The different regression equations describing the process variables on the yield and physico-chemical characteristics were developed. The predicted models were adequate based on the coefficient of determination obtained. The papaya leaf juice for spray drying was prepared by adding different concentrations 8%, 10% and 12 % of maltodextrin as carrier agent to the concentrated papaya leaf juice. After adding maltodextrin, the papaya leaf juice was fed into the spray dryer under different feed flow rates such as 350, 475 and 600 mL/h and dried at different inlet air temperatures such as 130, 140 and 150 oC in a spray dryer. The storage period of papaya leaf powder was determined by measuring physico-chemical characteristics of spray dried powder for about 45 days. Spray drying of papaya leaf juice at the optimized condition of inlet air temperature 130 oC, maltodextrin concentration 8% and feed flow rate 350 mL/h has given yield, moisture content, water activity, L* values, a* values, b* values, pH values and total flavonoid content of spray dried papaya leaf powders as 20.22 g, 4.65%, 0.32, 51.12, -0.29, -73.88, 37.29, 6.43, 63.13 mg/g of powder, respectively. Moisture content, water activity, color characteristics, total flavonoid content (TFC) were significantly affected by maltodextrin concentrations, feed flow rates and the inlet air temperatures. pH of spray dried papaya leaf powders was not affected by inlet air temperatures and feed flow rates. An increase in moisture content and water activity were observed during storage period of 0 to 45 days. Slightly decrease of pH was observed with increase in storage period of 0 to 45 days. There was no loss of flavonoid content in papaya leaf powder during storage period of 0 to 45 days. Keywords: Papaya leaf powder, Physico-chemical characteristics, Shelf-life of papaya leaf powder, response surface methodology and optimization

Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

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