Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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Open Access
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF MULTI SEATED AONLA SEED REMOVING MACHINE
(ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2014) NAZMA HAFEEZA, SHAIK; BHASKARA RAO, D
Indian goose berry (Emblica officinalis) popularly known as Aonla is one of the precious gift of nature to the mankind and considered as “wonder fruit for health”, for its inherent qualities. It is a vitamin C rich fruit. The raw fruit, due to its high acidic nature and astringent taste, it is unacceptable to consumers. The fruit offers great potential for processing it into quality products. Recently, a number of processed products of aonla such as candy, supari, RTS (ready to serve), nector, squash, pickle, juice, shreds, dried powder etc., are prepared from aonla fruits to improve their acceptability and exploit nutritional qualities, besides its use in ayurvedic formulations. For making candy, supari and any processed products of aonla, deseeding and segmenting is needed. These operations are being done by using hand tools which is time consuming and may require several workers to perform the operation and thus increase the operating cost. Therefore, in this study, a machine was developed to combine the process of deseeding and segmenting in one device. A power operated multi seated aonla seed removing machine was designed and developed for small scale processing, based on physical properties of aonla varieties namely, Chakaiya and NA-7. The moisture content of aonla cultivar viz., Chakaiya and NA-7 were 80.5 and 78.5%, respectively. The size, sphericity, aspect ratio, surface area, volume, density, pulp to seed ratio of cultivars Chakaiya and NA-7 were 36.33 and 32.95 mm; 95.8 and 94.7%; 90.84 and 88.23%; 4249.9 and 3601.8 mm²; 28.95 and 22.56 cm3; 1.06 and 1.07 g/cc and 21.14 and 15.77, respectively. The seed radial diameters of Chakaiya and NA-7 were 13.46 and 13.54 mm, respectively. The maximum diameter of seed was found as 13.88 mm, thus plunger diameter of 14 mm was considered. The seed (stone) weight of Chakaiya and NA-7 were 1.4 and 1.45 g, respectively. It was observed that the maximum force required for cutting the Chakaiya variety along the stem end side and apex end side was found to vary in between 8.4 to 9.9 kgf and 8.9 to 9.1 kgf, respectively. The maximum force required for cutting the NA-7 variety along the stem and apex end side was found to vary is between 8.6 to 11.8 kgf and 8.8 to 10.5 kgf, Name of the Author : NAZMA HAFEEZA SHAIK Title of the thesis : “DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF MULTI SEATED AONLA SEED REMOVING MACHINE” Degree to which it is submitted : Master of Technology Faculty : Agricultural Engineering Major field of study : PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING Major Advisor : Dr. D.BHASKARA RAO University : Acharya N.G Ranga Agricultural University Year of Submission : 2014 respectively. The machine consisted of a main frame, circular platform with fruit rests (6 Nos.), plungers (6 Nos.) with cutting blades, plunger reciprocating mechanism, worm and worm gear, belt drive and 1hp motor. The machine was operated at 9 rpm speed of worm gear with 14 mm diameter plunger. The machine has deseeding cum segmenting efficiency of 91.1 and 88.8% for Chakaiya and NA-7, respectively with effective capacity of about 84 kg/h for Chakaiya and 67.5 kg/h for NA-7 cultivar, and 2700 fruits/h for both the cultivars. The pulping efficiency, per cent fruit pulp, fruit juice wasted and per cent whole segmented fruit recovery were found as 86.1%, 7.7%, 6.0% and 84.4% for Chakaiya cultivar and 85.3%, 8.7%, 5.9% and 80.0% for NA-7 cultivar. The operating cost of the machine per kg is Re.0.38/- or Rs. 377.9/tonne. The cost of operation of machine for cutting 16.6 kg is Rs.6.25/- as compared to hand operated machine developed by earlier researchers was Rs.10.20/- for same production. The saving in cost was 38.7%. Products such as Chakaiya candy, NA-7 candy, Chakaiya supari and NA-7 supari were prepared from aonla fruits. Among these products, Chakaiya candy and NA-7 supari recorded the highest organoleptic score for taste (8.5 and 8.5) color (7.5 and 7.5) and overall acceptability (8.5 and 8.5). Hence, for candy preparation Chakaiya variety was considered to be more acceptable where as for supari preparation NA-7 variety was more preferred. Key words: Aonla fruit, Chakaiya and NA-7 cultivars, power operated multi seated machine aonla candy, aonla supari, plunger, worm gear, reciprocating mechanism, pulping efficiency, percent fruit pulp, sphericity, aspect ratio, pulp to seed ratio.
Open Access
STUDIES ON THE PRODUCTION OF MICROWAVE BAKED POTATO CHIPS
(ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2014) NAGA DEEPTHI YADAV, P; EDUKONDALU, L
Deep fried potato chips fried in oils add fat and calories to the product, which may increase risk of gaining weight that may increase risk of obesity and insulin resistance. Manufacturers often use trans-fats in producing processed foods, including potato chips. Currently, there are demands for low-fat or fat-free snack products, which have been the driving force of the snack food industry. Use of microwave baking for food products may be considered as a new way of improving the quality of the foods. The present work was undertaken to study the development of microwave baked potato chips. The effect of microwave baking time and power levels on the physic-chemical characteristics (Moisture, ash, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, browning index and hardness) of baked potato chips was studied. The baked potato chips were compared with the traditional and microwave deep fat fried chips. Response Surface Methodology was used to investigate the optimum operation conditions of microwave baked potato chips and to analyze the effects of microwave baking processing variables, including microwave power, baking time and potato slice thickness. By superimposing individual contour plots of the different responses, regions meeting the optimum conditions were derived. Quadratic regression equations describing the effects of these factors on the physic-chemical attributes were developed. The predicted models were adequate based on the lack-of-fit test and coefficient of determination obtained. At the constant slice thickness and power level, the process parameters namely moisture, fat, protein, carbohydrate and browning index decreased with increased baking time. Under the similar conditions ash and hardness increased. At the constant power level and baking time, the process parameters namely ash, hardness and protein content decreased with increased thickness. Under the similar conditions moisture, fat, carbohydrates and browning index increased. At the constant slice thickness and baking time, the process parameters namely moisture, fat, protein and carbohydrates decreased with increased power levels. Under the similar conditions ash and hardness increased. The optimum values obtained by substituting the respective coded values are 1.5mm, 600 Watts, 8 min. At these optimum conditions, moisture, ash, hardness, fat, protein, carbohydrate and browning index were calculated as 6.12%, 4.12%, 4.40%, 0.44%, 2.53%, 82.5g/100g and 0.43% respectively. The sensory evaluation of the optimized samples was conducted using 9-point hedonic scale. When compared, the microwave baked potato chips contained less moisture, ash, browning index and fat than the traditional and microwave deep fat fried chips. Microwave baked potato chips had lower fat content (0.44%) than microwave fried (28.32%) and conventionally fried (40.02%) potato chips. The baked chips exhibited more proteins, carbohydrates and hardness compared to the other fried samples. The best sample obtained in optimization was kept for storage in polyethylene and aluminium lined polyethylene and stored. It was observed that the aluminium lined polyethylene had retained the quality parameters of baked potato chips when compared with polyethylene packs. Keywords: Microwave baking, potato chips, response surface methodology, storage.
Open Access
OPTIMIZATION OF PROCESS PARAMETERS FOR EXTRUDED SORGHUM PRODUCTS
(ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2014) VIJAYA DEEPTHI, P; SIVALA KUMAR
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor ) is an important staple crop in semi-arid regions of Africa and India because of its drought tolerance. But low protein digestibility limits its widespread use. This research work was focused on developing sorghum-based extruded snacks and their storage studies. Three different blends of sorghum, broken rice and green gram flours were prepared with 7:2:1, 6:3:1 and 5:4:1 ratios with different feed moisture contents (12%, 14% and 16%). The resultant formulations were extruded on lab scale twin screw extruder at different barrel temperatures (110-1400C) and different screw speed (150-250 rpm) and were packed in two types of packaging materials i.e. LDPE and ALPE to study the effect of packaging materials on different parameters. The effect of extrusion conditions, including feed moisture content (12– 16%), screw speed (150–250 rpm), and barrel temperature (100–1400C) on the physicochemical properties bulk density, expansion, water absorption index (WAI), and water solubility index (WSI) and sensory characteristics of sorghum based extruded products were investigated. Expansion ratio of extruded products increased at the higher levels of rice flour. Extrudates at 12% moisture content (w.b) had higher expansion ratio as rice flour increased (1.8-1.6). Extrudates at 14% and 16% moisture content (w.b) had lower expansion ratio (1.4-1.1) compared to extrudates at 12% moisture content (w.b). The bulk density of the extrudates increased and the expansion ratio decreased as the feed moisture content increased. The samples with higher expansion ratio had lower bulk density values. The WAI of the samples decreased with increase in barrel temperature and screw speed of the extruder. The WSI of the samples decreased with increase in barrel temperature and increased with increase in screw speed. The hardness of the samples increased with increase in feed moisture content and the samples having higher expansion ratio are less hard. The samples with higher expansion ratio and lower bulk density values were taken for storage studies and kept for 3 months and anlaysed for every 30 days interval. The moisture content of the samples packed in LDPE showed increase in moisture content and the samples in ALPE showed decrease in moisture content. The carbohydrate content of the samples was Name of the Author : P. VIJAYA DEEPTHI Title of the thesis : “OPTIMIZATION OF PROCESS PARAMETERS FOR EXTRUDED SORGHUM PRODUCTS” Degree to which it is submitted : Master of Technology Faculty : Agricultural Engineering Major field of study : PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING Major Advisor : Dr. SIVALA KUMAR University : Acharya N.G Ranga Agricultural University Year of Submission : 2014 higher for extrudates prepared from 3rd blend. The carbohydrate content of the samples increased with increase in screw speed. The protein content of the samples increased with increase in screw speed and decreased with increase in temperature. It was observed that there was no change in carbohydrate and protein contents during storage period. The sensory evaluation of the samples showed that the samples prepared from 1st blend and 2nd blend are less acceptable due to high sorghum levels. The samples prepared from 3rd blend were more acceptable. Key words: Sorghum extruded products, process parameters for sorghum extrusion, sorghum based products.
Open Access
FIELD EVALUATION OF AUTOMATED DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM
(ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2014) APPARAO, CH; RAVI BABU, G
The recent irrigation techniques introduce automated irrigation using sophisticated equipments to supply water and nutrients to the plant as soon as they need it. Automated irrigation systems can increase crop yields, save water, energy and labour costs as compared with manual systems. The automation of the irrigation process is important for three main reasons: scarcity of water, timely irrigation and maximum crop profit. Automatic irrigation systems presently available are costly and are not adopted by most of the Indian farmers. Therefore, appropriate low cost technology has to be developed to facilitate high water use efficiency. As the farm holdings are not large enough in India and also high cost of automation cannot be realized in India, low cost automatic irrigation is suitable to farmers, if developed and can be made as a technology, farmers can feel comfortable in view of the frequent power cuts and less power available in his farm. To apply simple electronic circuit principles in irrigation an attempt has been made to develop low cost automated drip irrigation based on soil moisture. The experimental field with an area of 600 sq m was selected at field irrigation laboratory, Department of Soil and Water Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering, Bapatla. The field was divided into five sub plots each with 3 × 20 m size to conduct experiments under drip irrigation with brinjal and tomato crops. The yield response of brinjal and tomato crops for different row to row spacings (50 cm row to row spacing and 30×70 cm paired row spacing) and irrigation application methods (flood irrigation, time based automated drip irrigation, soil moisture sensor based automated drip irrigation)were evaluated. The results revealed that the the yield response was observed to be best in soil moisture sensor based irrigation with paired row spacing. CRD design is used for statistical analysis of the yield data. The analysis of variance inferred that there is a significant difference in yield response at all treatment plots of brinjal and tomato. Soil moisture sensor was calibrated to switch off the motor when soil moisture reaches field capacity and switch on the motor when soil moisture reaches 80% of field capacity. Maximum penetration of root depth, well developed distribution of brinjal and tomato crops respectively were observed in soil moisture sensor based irrigation with paired row spacing compared to other treatments in both brinjal and tomato crops. The linear programming model was formulated to optimize the water supplies and maximize the profit. The maximum profit of Rs.46060/- per acre is obtained when brinjal is irrigated with 546480 liters of water. The cost economics of automated time based irrigation and soil moisture sensor based irrigation was carried out and results revealed that soil moisture sensor based irrigation system is low cost with initial system cost of Rs.786/- when compared with automated time based irrigation with initial system cost of Rs.87153.6 /-
Open Access
IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN KRISHNA WESTERN DELTA USING SWAT HYDROLOGICAL MODEL
(ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2013) PRINCE, LITTLE; RAGHU BABU, M
Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land cover and use, increases the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. This alters energy balances and tends to warm the atmosphere which will result in climate change. Being one of the very sensitive parameters, climate change can cause significant impacts on water resources by resulting changes in the hydrological cycle, and the spatial and temporal water resource availability can be significantly affected, which clearly amplifies its impact on sectors like agriculture, industry and urban development. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used in the study. This hydrologic model provides a link between climate changes and water yields through simulation of hydrologic processes within watersheds. The primary objective of this study is to determine quantitatively the expected changes of water availability and crop yield under changing climate scenarios in Krishna Western Delta located geographically at about 16.45 - 15.56 ˚N latitude and 79.85 - 80.83 ˚E longitude has a command area of 5275.214 km². The assumptions that have been made in the analysis are no land use change in future and there are no man-made changes in the river system. In this study the SWAT model was evaluated using five year (2005-2009) daily discharge at Returu gauging station collected from the A.P Hydrology Project. There is a good agreement between the observed and the simulated stream flow with a coefficient of determination of 0.91 and Nash-Sutcliffe (E) coefficient as 0.47. The present water balance in the study area indicated that 59.43 % of total water goes as surface and subsurface runoff, 38.13 %, as evapotranspiration, 2.3 % as change in aquifer storage and 0.14% as soil moisture storage change. The spatio-temporal water availability was determined in the study by changing major climatic parameters like rainfall and mean daily temperature without incorporating any man-made changes like dams, diversions etc. Based on the daily precipitation values and temperature values (1980-2010), considering a gradual decrease in precipitation by 10 % and 20 % (Gosain A. K. et al, 2006) and an increase in temperature by 1 °C and 2 °C (International Panel of Climate Change) considered to get the changed climate scenario in the study area for the period 2030 - 2060 was assessed. It is observed that the water availability in the system reduces in all climate scenarios. Both water yield and soil moisture storage decreases by 19 % under the scenario when rainfall decreases by 20 % and temperature increases by 2 °C. Average agriculture productivity in the study area decreases from 723 to 637 t ha-1 in different climate scenarios. From the simulation results, rice will be the most effected crop in the changing climate conditions. Rice crop yield decreases by 39 % followed by grams 19 %, sunflower 10 %, maize 7 % and cotton 4 %. Present study showed the potential of SWAT model to simulate the current and the future prospects of water balance and crop yield in Krishna Western Delta.

Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

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