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Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur
The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad.
The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966.
The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter.
HISTORICAL MILESTONE
Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication.
Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers
1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country...
1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country...
1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country...
1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension...
1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted...
June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University...
June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)...
20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India...
1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State...
23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India...
July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture...
May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department...
7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga...
15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005...
26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007...
2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now...
serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...
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ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON FINANCIAL INCLUSION OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN ANDHRA PRADESH(2023-10-18) SIRELA BHARAT; Y. RADHAThe access to financial institutions and usage of banking services is necessary for the socio-economic upliftment of rural households, and financial inclusion is one such way. The Government of India has introduced various programmes and taken several measures to bring the rural households in the folds of financial access, but still significant population are depending on informal sources and many of them are unable to access and use the formal banking services. With this background, the present research topic ‘Study on financial inclusion of rural households in Andhra Pradesh’ is selected for doctoral research. A multistage sampling technique was adopted to select the rural household respondents. Two districts each with the highest and the lowest CRISIL (Credit Rating Information Services of India Limited) Inclusix score from each of the three regions of Andhra Pradesh were selected. Two mandals in each selected district based on the maximum and minimum number of bank branches respectively, with the highest concentration of rural population and top two villages with the highest rural population and at least one bank branch from all the selected mandals were selected. The total account holders of the banks in all the 24 selected villages were considered as the total population for selection of the final respondents. A total of 410 rural account holder households were selected for collecting the primary data for the financial year 2019-20 through personal interview method. In addition, five non- account holder respondents from each village were selected for the purpose of collection of data on major constraints associated with the financial inclusion. The secondary data were collected from various sources viz., Government of Andhra Pradesh, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Reports of State Level Bankers Committee meetings, Basic Statistical returns of Scheduled commercial banks, etc. The socio-economic characteristics of rural households and the status and progress of financial inclusion programmes were computed by tabular analysis using the descriptive statistics. An Index of financial inclusion was calculated across the districts of Andhra Pradesh using three dimensions of Financial Inclusion viz., banking xiii penetration, availability of banking services and usage of banking services. Structural Equation Modelling was used to evaluate the effectiveness of financial service factors on creating awareness on financial inclusion. Binary Logistic regression analysis was employed to identify the determinants of financial access and usage of financial services by the rural households. Multiple linear regression was used to know the impact of financial inclusion on socio-economic development of rural households. The constraints of financial inclusion of account holders and non account holders were analysed by using Garrett’s ranking technique. About 34.63 per cent of the respondents belonged to the most active age group of 36-44 years, 35.37 per cent of the respondents were unemployed, 70 per cent of the respondents were not having any educational background and 65.85 per cent of the respondents were having their annual income between ₹4501 to ₹9000. The results of Financial Inclusion Index of thirteen districts of Andhra Pradesh revealed that, four districts (Krishna, Visakhapatnam, Anantapuramu and Prakasam) were identified in high category, five districts (Guntur, Kurnool, East Godavari, Chittoor and West Godavari) in medium category and the remaining four districts (YSR Kadapa, Vizianagaram, SPSR Nellore and Srikakulam) in low category of financial inclusion. The results of SEM revealed that inducing factors, operational factors and bank oriented factors exhibited significant positive effect, while the money lender- oriented factors registered an inverse relationship on creating awareness on financial inclusion. The results of binary logistic regression revealed that with the change in income level, landholding and occupation status, the probability of access to credit and usage of financial services would gradually increase. The higher education, though did not influence the credit accessibility, it influenced the choice of borrowing sources. The socio-economic development of rural households was highly influenced by their education, number of financial services accessed, number of years of banking, status of usage of banking services and beneficiary of government aided programmes linked to bank. Despite possessing bank account by all the account holders under study, access and usage of the financial services was found to be very low. Financial illiteracy followed by the difficulty in getting an emergency credit from the financial institutions were the major constraints faced by the account holders, while insufficient income and possession of one active account in the family were the major constraints for their self-exclusion from the formal banking services as reported by the non-account holders in the study. Regular monitoring and evaluation of the financial inclusion programmes by a competent authority helps in effective utilization of the banking services by the rural households. The households especially with zero balance accounts should be motivated and educated on the available products of financial inclusion by the banks through conducting financial literacy camps. The districts falling under the low financial inclusion category have to be considered for special attention in terms of increasing banking network. Relaxation of stringent norms for security and approval of institutional credit, supervision of credit usage and repayment would help to increase the financial inclusion in rural areas.ThesisItem Open Access MARKETING INFORMATION SYSTEM AND ITS APPLICATION FOR MINOR FOREST PRODUCE IN HIGH ALTITUDE AND TRIBAL AREA ZONE OF ANDHRA PRADESH(ACHARYA NG RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2023-07-14) SATISH KUMAR, CHITTAPULI; RAVI KUMAR, K. N.In High Altitude and Tribal (HAT) zone of Andhra Pradesh, Minor Forest Produce (MFP) is an important livelihood source for several communities, particularly those living in forest fringe villages. However, it is disheartening to note that until the last decade and half, the transactions of MFP in tribal areas has been very poor due to lack of necessary infrastructure and technology, especially Marketing Information System (MIS). So, by strengthening MIS, marketing of MFP becomes more transparent so that stakeholders can make informed choices about collection and sale decisions. Hence, the present research study on Marketing Information System and its application for Minor Forest Produce in High Altitude and Tribal Area Zone of Andhra Pradesh was considered for in depth investigation with a view to explore the existing MIS in HAT zone, pattern, dissemination and utilization of MIS by different stakeholders, growth trends in market arrivals and prices of selected MFP, determinants for strengthening MIS, market arrivals and prices of MFP, impact evaluation of MIS on prices realized for MFP, and need-based policy suggestions for effective implementation of MIS among stakeholders in HAT zone. MFP like hill broom (Thysanolaena maxima), honey, markingnut (Semecarpus anacardium), myrobalan (Terminalia chebula), naramamidi bark (Litsea deccanensis) and seeded tamarind (Tamarindus indica) were purposively selected for this study, as they together accounted for nearly 85 per cent share of total value of MFP procured by Girijan Primary Co-operative Marketing Societies (GPCMS) in the HAT zone of Andhra Pradesh (average of 2011-2018). A sample of 240 farmers from 20 shandies; 120 farmers from 10 xviii GPCMS, 120 traders and all the Managers working in GPCMSs and five Divisional Managers of Girijan Cooperative Corporation (GCC) are randomly selected to elicit requisite information. The major findings of the study revealed that 57 per cent of selected tribal farmers are women involved in collection and transacting MFP in HAT zone and remaining 43 per cent are men. Major source of market information to farmers and traders at village level and market level are SMS messages and display boards in Primary Procurement Centers (PPCs)/GPCMS respectively. Unlike farmers, traders are highly aware about prices, quality and grades of MFP. Compared to market arrivals, prices of selected MFP showed significant positive growth rates in GPCMS/PPCs. It was found interesting that the major influential factors for strengthening of infrastructure (MIS) in GPCMS/PPCs are arrivals and funds received from GCC for MFP in GPCMS/PPCs. Similarly, prices, timely market information and prompt payment of sales proceeds had shown significant influence on market arrivals of MFP in GPCMS/PPCs. Access to market information and availability of storage and investment on MIS in GPCMS/PPCs are the major influential factors for realizing higher prices to MFP. Propensity score matching technique revealed that MIS contributed to higher prices realized by the treated farmers compared to untreated counterpart for all the selected MFP. Mobile network issue is the top most prioritized constraint expressed by the tribal farmers in HAT zone. Formation of farmers cooperatives/FPOs, strengthening of wireless telecommunication infrastructure, improving road connectivity, strong coordination among Government departments like Integrated Tribal Development Agency (ITDA), GCC, Banks, Andhra Pradesh Forest Department etc., should deserve special attention to promote efficient transactions of MFP in HAT zone.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON INCOME INEQUALITIES AMONG AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN ANDHRA PRADESH STATE(guntur, 2022-08-04) AREEF, MULLA; RADHA DEPARTMENT, Y.For this study, primary data on agricultural households were collected through personal interview method for the agricultural year 2018-19 from Andhra Pradesh state to analyse the agricultural household’s annual income from different sources, determinants of different income sources, construction & decomposition of the income inequality and the consumption expenditure pattern across landholding size of farmer households. Totally 300 agricultural households were selected with 100 farmers each from three selected districts (viz., Srikakulam, Guntur and Ananthapuramu) based on highest number of operational holding. One hundred farmers in each district were further distributed among top two mandals with highest operational holding by adopting the proportionate stratified random sampling method. To meet the objectives of present study, fifty farmers in each mandal were conveniently distributed among five categories of landholdings with ten farmers in each category. The descriptive statistics and various cost concepts (Cost A, B, C) were used to calculate the agricultural household’s income from different sources viz., cultivation, agricultural wages, livestock, business/ services, off-farm and other sources and analysed total annual net income of different landholding categories of farmers in the study area. Ogive Index (OI), Simpson Index (SI) and Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) were employed to capture the number of income generating activities. Seemingly Unrelated Regression Estimator (SURE) model was used to identify factors which help in distribution of income among various sources. Lorenz curve, Gini ratio, Atkinson’s coefficient, Mean Log Deviation (MLD) and Theil’s index were employed to measure the income inequality for agricultural households across landholding categories. Lerman and Yitzhaki (1985) methodology was followed to decompose the Gini coefficient of total income by income sources and XIII regression based inequality decomposition (Shorrocks, 1982) approach was employed to identify each factor contribution to income inequality. Average propensity to consumption (APC) was formulated to know the proportion of income consumed by agricultural households and Engel ratio was estimated to know the difference in expenditure on each of food and non-food items separately by the agricultural households. Lorenz curve, Gini ratio, Atkinson’s coefficient, MLD and Theil’s index were employed to measure the consumption expenditure inequality for agricultural households across landholding categories. For marginal and small farmer households, income from livestock and agricultural wages combinedly contributed to nearly 50 per cent of total income. Semi-medium, medium and large farmer households received nearly 50 per cent of income from cultivation only. Access to credit, access to extension services, access to irrigation, access to price information, age of household head, education, farming experience, non-farm income earning members, number of animals, family size of household, size of landholding, size of operational holding and value of farm assets were the major determinants to access various income sources among agricultural households. Across the landholding size wise categories, except large farmers higher unequal distribution of income was reported by other sources. Gini, Atkinson, MLD and Theil indices vary across the landholding size categories. Among different sources, the highest proportion of income inequality share was contributed by cultivation across the landholding size categories except marginal farmer households. Similarly, among the factors analysed, the highest proportion of income inequality share was contributed by access to credit followed by access to irrigation, age of household head, etc. Medium farmer households were observed with highest consumption expenditure share on high value commodities followed by large, small, marginal farmers and semi-medium farmer households. Marginal farmer households were recorded with lower monthly income and showed higher average propensity to consumption expenditure. However large farmers were with higher monthly income but lower average propensity to consumption expenditure. Diversification of income earning activities towards cultivation and animal husbandry will be useful to marginal and small farmer households to maintain minimum level of income per month. There is a need to emphasize on intensification as well as diversification of fragmented landholdings especially for marginal and small farmer households. Village level remunerative price realization (viz., FHP, MSP, etc.) may act as a push factor to enhance farmers income. Income received from non-farm activities, if reinvested in business activities through purchase of raw materials will improve the farmer’s income from non-farm activities. Government should focus on improving public provisioning of quality medical services and education, so as to reduce the share of expenditure on non-food items and enhance the consumption expenditure on high value commodities, among the food items.ThesisItem Open Access AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CROP INSURANCE IN RISK MITIGATION OF FARMERS IN ANDHRA PRADESH(guntur, 2022-08-04) SHWETHA, SOJU; RADHA, Y.The study was conducted to include crop insurance data collected from the selected sample and the state of Andhra Pradesh as a whole. The selected sample consists of 30 farmers each from Peddapasapula village of Peddamudium mandal of Kadapa district, Naganathana Halli village of Adoni mandal of Kurnool district, Upputur village in Parchur mandal of Prakasam, Jaganathapuram village in Tadepalligudem mandal of West Godavari district, Tajangi village of Lambasinghi mandal of Visakhapatanam and Ammanoru village in Regidi Amadala Valasa mandal of Srikaklam, hence there are 180 farmers sampled from 6 villages. The primary data collected from the farmers was pertained to the period of 2017-18. The study consists of analysis of the performance of crop insurance in Andhra Pradesh involving data of area covered, farmers covered, farmers benefitted and insurance premium for the years 1985-86 to 2016-17. The sources of secondary data include Handbook of Statistics on the Indian Economy, Statistical Abstracts, Season and Crop Reports published by Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Andhra Pradesh and NSSO Reports, Books, Journals, Periodicals, Websites etc. The collected raw data were classified and computed according to the objective requirements of the study. The study was conducted primarily to determine the risk associated with crop production at farm level in Andhra Pradesh, the impact of crop insurance on the farm economy. The growth and performance of the Crop Insurance schemes through the years of 1985-86 to 2016-17 was studied and the constraints in adoption and implementation of crop insurance in the sampled villages and districts were analysed. The crops raised in the sampled villages and districts were found to varying in a scale in moderate to highly by the Cudde Della Valle Instability Index. The crops that were raised rainfed showed maximum instability while the irrigated crops of West Godavari district exhibited moderate instability. xii The statistics of numbers of farmers and area covered under Crop insurance, the sum insured and premium collected were found to show steady growth from 1985-86 to 2016-17; while the claims approved and farmers benefitted from the crop insurance scheme showed frequent peaks and lows as it depends on the incidence of crop losses and extent of adoption of crop insurance scheme. The various indicators of performance of crop insurance, such as beneficiary ratio, claims to sum insured ratio and premiums to sum insured, also showed favourable results regarding the effectiveness in operation and growth of the crop insurance schemes. While the premium to sum insured shows dismal inference on the non sustainability of the operating crop insurance. All farming systems that had adopted crop insurance gave an optimum solution for crop production, while the cropping systems of non adopter farmers were not feasible, implying a stark contrast between the insured and uninsured. Thus crop insurance impact cropping systems of farmers in achieving optimum production according to the MOTAD model. The factors affecting the adoption of crop insurance were mostly the age of the farmer, the access to non institutional credit, size of the land holding, etc. Separate regressions were carried out for each zone to see how the various factors affected the adoption of crop insurance in these zones of differing cropping systems. In the districts of Kadapa, Kurnool, Prakasam and Visakhapatanam, the status of irrigation of the crops also favoured adoption of crop insurance. In the district of Visakhapatanam, the presence of an off farm source of income also enabled the adoption of crop insurance by the farmers. The rate of premium collected from the farmers was found to have no significant effect in the adoption or lack of it by the farmers. The major constraints in adoption of crop insurance by the farmer were: the lack of definite demarcation of notified area, resulting in overlapping areas of coverage and the inability to disburse the indemnity on time before the next cropping season. The major constraint in implementation of crop insurance by the Lead banks and the Mandal Agriculture office was the inadequacy in filing details regarding the farmers, which in turn affects timely disbursement of indemnity to the farmers and the unclear demarcation of the notified units of land area in the districts.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY SECTOR IN ANDHRA PRADESH(guntur, 2022-08-04) VYKHANESWARI, K.; SUNIL KUMAR BABU, G.India surpassed the major milk producing countries and continued as the largest milk producing nation with milk production 187.7 MT in 2018-19 by contributing about 22% of the world‟s milk production. The dairy sector contributes significantly to generating employment opportunities and supplementing the income of small and marginal farmers and landless labourers of rural India, besides providing food security. Cooperative and private dairy industries play a major role in the procurement, processing, and marketing of milk and milk products. As dairying is gaining more importance in providing livelihood to a large number of farmers and various disputes are being faced in the existing situation of the dairy sector. Hence, the present study entitled “Study on performance of the dairy sector in Andhra Pradesh” was taken up with the following objectives 1. to study the growth and performance of dairy sector in Andhra Pradesh 2. to study the structural changes in dairy sector of Andhra Pradesh 3. to identify and analyse the factors influencing the performance of cooperative vis-à-vis private dairy industries of Andhra Pradesh and 4. to identify the problems faced by the different stake holders in dairy sector of Andhra Pradesh. A multistage sampling technique was used for the study and Andhra Pradesh state was purposively selected. Three districts based on the highest milk production were selected viz., Krishna, Guntur, and Kurnool. Three cooperative and three private dairy industries were selected, two from each district includes one cooperative and one private dairy industry. A total of 180 xi farmers were selected, 30 from each dairy industry i.e., 60 from each district. A number of 30 wholesalers, 30 retailers and 30 consumers were selected as five from each dairy industry. The primary data was collected through interview schedule in the agricultural year of 2018-19 and secondary data from various sources like the department of animal husbandry, websites, chief planning office of the district, reports, etc. The overall compound growth rate of the livestock population was observed to be 0.99%, a positive and significant. It was observed that a positive and significant growth rate was recorded for the buffalo population from 1956 to 2019 with a growth rate of 0.57%. The cattle population was recorded with a negative growth rate of -0.44% from 1956 to 2019. Milk production in Andhra Pradesh has been increased from 4036 to 15044 „000 metric tonnes during the period of 2000-01 to 2018-19. The compound annual growth rate of milk production was observed to be positive and significant from 2000-01 to 2018-19 with 7.6%. The compound growth rate of milk yield (kg/day) was noticed to be 3.2% which was positive and significant from 2000-01 to 2018-19. The overall compound annual growth rate of milk production density (kg/day/sq.km) showed a positive and significant growth rate of 7.5% for the entire period. The overall compound annual growth rate of dairy cooperative societies from 2000-01 to 2018-19 was observed to be a positive and significant growth rate of 0.33%. The compound annual growth rate of veterinary institutions was observed to be a positive and significant rate of 0.49%. The highest annual growth rate was recorded with 27.21 % in the year2010-11 and the lowest with -22.79% in the year 2014-15. The overall compound annual growth rate of AI centres was recorded to be positive and significant with 5.28%. The number of AIs done showed a positive and significant growth rate of 4.00% for the overall period of 2000-01 to 2018-19. The area under fodder development („000 acres) has increased from 285.63 (2000-01) to 538.63 (2018-19). The overall compound annual growth rate of the area was recorded at 3.59%. Chow test was employed to study the structural change in the dairy sector of Andhra Pradesh. The outcome of the Chow test shows that F calculated value is greater than F table value at 5% level of significance which concluded that there exists a structural change in the two sub-periods. Differential slope coefficients of bovine population (X1) and average procurement price per litre (X4) variables were found to be positive and negative significant, with coefficient values of 3.64 and -0.28, respectively. The statistically significant differential slope coefficients indicate that the two sub-periods have a different slope. It can be noticed that differential intercept was significant at 1% level of significance with the value of -12.38 indicates the existence of the structural change between the two sub-periods. xii KMO and Bartlett‟s test was used to indicate the suitability of the data for structure detection. Initial eigen values display the amount of variance that can be explained by a given principal component. The number of extracted four components contributed to 60.465 per cent of the total variance. The overall analysis showed the performance of different dairy industries branched under four components with related aspects of their performance. The extensive constraint faced by the cooperative dairy was high competition among other dairy industries Maintenance costs of the entire dairy industry was the dominant constraint faced by the private dairy industries. Less remunerative price was the major constraint as the farmers were not getting the reasonable price for their produce sold to the cooperative dairy industries. The predominant constraint faced by the private dairy farmers was the inadequate availability of feed and fodder. Maintenance cost was the major impediment faced by the wholesalers and retailers. The major constraint faced by the consumers was product availability i.e., required products were not available at all the time. The focal point of the study was productivity per animal has to be increased. Initiative should be taken to provide uniform price based on fat content by the both cooperative and private dairy industries. To reduce the cost of feed & fodder and increase its availability, time for the dairy farmers to rely on hydroponics system of fodder cultivation and farmers should concentrate more on growing wide varieties of fodder.ThesisItem Open Access INCREASING PRODUCTIVITY AND PROFITABILITY OF OILSEEDS BASED PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN ANDHRA PRADESH(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2022-12-22) KRISHNA TEJA, I.; KRISHNA TEJA, I.; RAMANA RAO DEPARTMENT OF, S.V.; RAMANA RAO DEPARTMENT OF, S.V.The present study aims for increasing productivity and profitability of oilseeds based production systems in Andhra Pradesh. The primary data from the farm households across the state with respect to groundnut, sesame and sunflower based oilseeds production systems was collected and evaluated using stratified multi staged random sampling methodology. Eight districts out of 13 districts in the state were identified, where the oilseed crops are grown predominantly and these districts were stratified according to high area, low productivity and low area, high productivity categories. From each selected district, two mandals were selected based on the area criteria and from each mandal, two representative villages were selected on area basis. From each village, 10 farmers were selected on random basis. The data on the supply chain and value chain aspects was collected from market intermediaries of at least 30 per district from the most relevant Agricultural Product Market Committee (APMC)/trading point. Spatio-temporal performance of the crops under the study along with castor, safflower and niger was evaluated using Compound Annual Growth Rates (CAGR) and decomposition analysis. It was found that, majority of crops exhibited frequent decline in growth rates of area and production, especially in post-liberalization period. In particular, the growth performance of sunflower was meagre in the state. Examination of costs, returns and farm efficiency measures revealed conspicuous differences xvii in profitability among the districts. Cobb-Douglas and stochastic frontier production functions were employed to assess allocative and technical efficiencies respectively. Among the districts, for respective crops under the study, significant inefficiencies were noticed. Supply chain scenarios and value chains of the three oilseeds were documented and noticed conspicuous differences between profit margins of stakeholders at district level. Based on geographical location of the district, resource endowments, growth performance of area, production and yield of oilseeds, costs and returns structure; economics of competing crops, mean technical efficiencies, supply chain scenario and value chains; presence of value chain players, profit margins of stake holders in sub value chains of the major edible oilseeds grown in Andhra Pradesh, Srikakulam and Vizianagaram districts in North coastal zone were identified to have potential to develop as organic oilseed hubs, while YSR Kadapa and Kurnool districts in Southern and Scarce rainfall zones, respectively were identified to have potential to develop as production and processing hubs. SPSR Nellore district in Southern zone was identified to have potential to develop as seed and export hub. Institutional refurbishments that require immediate intervention for operational value chains like convergence of all stakeholders (both public and private) towards technology assemblage, multi-institutional approach for conversion of the proven research outputs to outcomes at the farm level etc., were suggested. Policies, targeted towards enhancing oilseeds contribution to the state’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), like region specific intercropping, risk diversification, addressing low capacity utilization, emphasis of value addition, evolve mechanisms for involving Farmer Producer Organizations (FPO’s)/Self Help Groups (SHG’s) towards value chains involving oilseeds, promoting start-up ecosystem and incubation activities, designing a robust mechanism for creation of value chain hubs etc., were proposed.ThesisItem Open Access LIVELIHOOD SECURITY OF TENANT FARMERS IN ANDHRA PRADESH(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2021-12-08) SAIDHAR, RONANKI; SUBBA RAO, Dr. D.V.In Andhra Pradesh state, majority of the households were depending on agriculture and are categorised under tenant, small and marginal farmers who have taken up leased land from owners due to lack of owned land and income sources. From before and after independence many tenancy laws and acts were evolved and implemented. But tenant farmers are still facing problems, impacting their livelihoods. The research study entitled "Livelihood security of tenant farmers in Andhra Pradesh" was taken up with the following objectives. 1. to study the incidence and magnitude of tenancy in Andhra Pradesh 2. to study the conditions of the credit and market linkages of tenant farmers 3. to analyse the impact of tenancy on economic efficiency of tenant farmers 4. to analyse the constraints influencing the profitability of tenant farmers 5. to analyse household livelihood security of tenant farmers and suggest suitable measures. Multi stage sampling method was adopted for selecting sample respondents. In Andhra Pradesh three districts were selected based on the criteria of maximum number of tenant farmers by taking the consideration of Loan Eligibility Cards (LECs) and Certificate of Cultivation (CoC). Four mandals in each district comprising of 12 mandals and two villages from each mandal comprising of 24 villages were selected. Finally in each village 15 farmers were selected at random making a total sample of 360 farmers, Primary data were collected for the agricultural year 2017-18. Both the percentages of households reporting leased out land and leased in land varied from 1991-92 to 2012-13. Percentage of tenant holdings were decreased from 14.1 during 1991-92 to 12.9 during 2002-03 and increased in 2012-13 to 42.3. Percentage share of leased in area in operated area was decreased from 1991-92 to 2002-03 with 9.6 to 9.0 and increased in 2012-13 by 34.2. xvi Almost all tenant farmers and both owner cum tenant and owner were getting more credit from local money lenders than financial institutions. Amount overdue also was more with the local money lenders. Majority of the farmers in three ownerships namely tenant, owner cum tenant and owner sold their produce to the traders and local money lenders and realising lower prices for their produce. Few members were linked with government agencies like IKP in rice or market yards for various crops. Except Kurnool, the other two districts along with Andhra Pradesh state got highest frequency of economic efficiency ranging at 0.61-0.7. Economic efficiencies were mostly observed in the range of 0.61 to 0.70 for all ownership in Srikakulam and West Godavari districts except Kurnool. Total labour, total fertilizer quantity, dummy for owner cum tenant were the negatively influencing determinants to the economic efficiency. The constraints influencing the profitability of the tenant and owner cum tenant farmers were escalation of input costs, non availability of labour, higher rental values, non availability of credit and insurance and lower price for produce. Overall livelihood security index in Srikakulam district was highest for owner cum tenant (0.56) followed by both tenant and owners i.e. 0.54. In West Godavari, highest for owner (0.56) followed by owner cum tenant (0.55) and tenants (0.53). In Kurnool, it was highest for owner cum tenant (0.52) followed by owners (0.50) and tenants (0.48). In Andhra Pradesh, overall livelihood security was highest for owner cum tenant farmers (0.53) followed by both owners and tenants i.e. 0.51. Non-farm income sources, literacy with higher educational status, food diversity and frequency, good habitat structures, good health condition with proper medication, social network with various institutes and schemes will help to improve the livelihood security of tenant farmers.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON VIABILITY OF SMALL AND MARGINAL FARMERS IN ANDHRA PRADESH(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2021-09-08) RAMA KRISHNA, M; BHAVANI DEVI, I.The present study entitled “A study on viability of small and marginal farmers in Andhra Pradesh” was undertaken mainly to study the costs and returns, yield gaps, expenditure pattern, income pattern, employment pattern, sources of credit, repayment pattern, credit worthiness, viability of farmers and factors affecting the viability of small and marginal farmers in Andhra Pradesh. Multi stage purposive random sampling technique was adopted for the selection of agro-climatic zones, districts, mandals, villages and the farmers. A sample of 300 farmers was randomly selected from the five districts, 15 mandals and 15 villages. Farmers were stratified into marginal (up to 1 ha) and small (1 to 2 ha). The primary data for the year 2016-17 were collected from the farmers through a pretested schedule by survey method. Conventional as well as functional analysis was used to analyze the data and arrive at valid conclusions. The study on economics of crops cultivation revealed that, cultivation of crops was profitable on both marginal and small farms but small farms reaped higher returns compared to marginal farms in different agro-climatic zones. Among the variable costs cost of human labour and cost of seed were the major costs identified whereas rental value of owned land occupied major share among fixed costs. Yield gap analysis revealed that there was wide gap between research station’s yields and average yields obtained by the farmers. The yield gaps were found negatively associated with farm size. Expenditure, income and employment pattern of the farmers revealed that, the annual expenditure was positively associated with farm size. The proportion of amount spent food items was more followed by expenditure on education, comforts, luxuries, recreations and others, clothing and footwear and health. The annual income received increased with increase in the farm size and the net income generated on farm activities was the major source of income for the sample farmers. The proportion of employment generated through off farm activities was more on marginal farms than small farms. The results on access to credit, repayment pattern and credit worthiness of the farmers indicated that, majority of the farmers in the study area were dependent on xiv institutional agencies for availing credit. The proportion of loan availed increased with increase in the farm size while the amounts of outstanding debts were negatively associated with size of holding. The performance of repayment pattern was better on small farms compared to marginal farms. Out of 150 marginal farmers, only 14 per cent were credit worthy, while 86 per cent were non-credit worthy. In the case of small farmers, only 27.33 per cent were credit worthy and 72.67 per cent were non-credit worthy. Marginal and small farms in all the zones are not economically viable by depending upon crops, livestock and dairying. Income from off-farm activities helped small farmers to become viable. Out of 150 marginal farmers, only 27.33 per cent were viable, while remaining 72.67 per cent were non-viable. In case of small farmers, 38.67 per cent were viable and 61.33 per cent were non-viable. Income from livestock and dairy, family expenditure and off farm income were the major discriminating factors among the viable and non-viable farms.ThesisItem Open Access TRADE COMPETITIVENESS AND EXPORT PERFORMANCE OF SHRIMPS IN INDIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ANDHRA PRADESH(Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2019) KUMARI SIRISHA, K. J. V.; SUBBA RAO, D.VAquaculture in India is an important sector of food production, providing nutritional security to the food basket, besides contributing to the exports. It employs fourteen million people in different activities in the country. The total fish production during 2017-18 was 12.60 million tons of which nearly 65% was from inland sector. The total seafood exports during the period 2017-18 was 13.8 lakh tonnes as compared to 11.3 lakh tonnes in the previous year 2016-17. In rupee terms exports were valued at Rs. 45,106.89 crore in 2017-18 as against Rs. 37,870.90 crore in 2016-17, indicated of 21.35 per cent growth. Frozen shrimp maintained its position as the key contributor to the seafood export basket, accounting for 41 per cent in quantity and 68.46 per cent of the total dollar earnings. This indicates that major part of income from marine fishery flows from the export performance of shrimps. The Government of Andhra Pradesh created a policy for the rapid growth in fisheries and aquaculture for the period 201520, with a vision of promotion of “Andhra Pradesh as the Aqua hub of India”. Hence the present research work on “Trade competitiveness and export performance of shrimps in India with special reference to Andhra Pradesh” was undertaken with the following objectives: 1. to study the growth rates of shrimp production and exports in India and Andhra Pradesh 2. to analyze the direction and structural stability of Indian shrimp exports 3. to analyze the trade competitiveness of India’s shrimp exports in the world market 4. to analyze the factors influencing the export performance and trade competitiveness of shrimps in Andhra Pradesh. xx The secondary data on aqua products and shrimps in terms of quantity and value for India and Andhra Pradesh were collected from Marine Product Export Development Authority MPEDA, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and trade Map data base developed by International Trade Centre (ITC), Geneva, Switzerland. Primary data was collected from Andhra Pradesh because it is the hub of aquaculture in India along Visakhapatnam, Nellore and West Godavari districts were selected based on export potential and processing of shrimp. Thirty exporters were selected randomly. The growth rates registered for shrimp exports were positive and significant in both India and Andhra Pradesh. In India the observed registered growth rate in shrimp exports were 7.03 per cent in terms of quantity and 10.73 per cent in terms of value during the period 1995-96 through 2017-18. In Andhra Pradesh during the observed registered growth rate in shrimp exports were 12.4 per cent in terms of quantity and 14.8 per cent in terms of value during the same period. The instability is increasing in nature for both seafood exports and shrimp exports in India and Andhra Pradesh respectively during the overall period, 1995-96 to 2017-18 i.e. 0.11 and 0.3 seafood and shrimp exports respectively in India, 0.47 and 0.52 seafood and shrimp exports respectively in Andhra Pradesh. The average unit price for Indian shrimps in USA market was higher than Japan, South East Asia, EU markets and Middle East. The share of shrimp exports during 2009-10 to 2017-18 was 7.8 per cent of the total world shrimp exports. The direction of trade indicates that the European Union and other pooled countries were found to be highly loyal markets for Indian shrimp. Followed by USA, Japan and South East Asia, whereas China and Middle East were found be most unstable markets for Indian shrimp exports. The Indian shrimp has relatively better comparative advantage in South East Asia and Middle East markets, whereas it was low in developed markets like European Union, USA and Japan. However there is a need to improve export competitiveness of Indian shrimp in developed markets like EU, USA and Japan to achieve high unit price realization. The shrimp exports from Andhra Pradesh had a significant comparative advantage in India. It reflects greater scope for the expansion of seafood export industry. The shrimp exporters they give most preferences to those attributes which influence the shrimp exports in Andhra Pradesh are, the raw (frozen) form is a major influence on exports than other forms like value added products. This is due to the greater demand from South East Asian countries for raw (frozen) products. Certification and labeling plays a vital role in promoting the export of shrimps. Price attribute has a strong influence on exports if the quality of shrimp increases. The exporters are highly preferable for exporting large sized shrimps. In case branding foreign buyers’ brand had major influence on exports than own branding. Apart from these translucent with dusky bands colour with strong marine odour shrimps are more preferable for the exports. xxi Years of experience in shrimp processing, BAP star rating and quantity of exports from A.P. were positively significant on revenue of shrimp industry in Andhra Pradesh whereas business operation was negatively significant. The availability of quality raw material was the most important constraint for the exporters followed by high cost of investment, lack of diversified products, poor technical advancement, uncertainty in prices, lack of research and development and competition among the exporters.