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Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda
Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda has been established as a full-fledged State University, having unique honour of being the “First Agricultural University of Bundelkhand Region”. The University was notified vide Government Order No. 301/79-V-1-10-1 (Ka) 27-2009 Lucknow and established on 2nd March 2010 under Uttar Pradesh Agriculture University Act (Sanshodhan) 1958 Gazette-Adhiniyam 2010. Initially it was named as “Manyawar Shri Kanshiram Ji University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda”, which was changed as “Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda” vide Uttar Pradesh Agriculture University Act (Sanshodhan) Adhiniyam, 2014, No. 1528(2)/LXXIX-V-1-14-1(Ka)-13-2014 dated 4th December 2014.
The University has been established for the development of the agriculture and allied sectors in the Uttar Pradesh on the whole and Bundelkhand region in particular. It is committed to serve the Bundelkhand region with trinity concept, i.e. complete integration of teaching, research and extension for the development of agriculture and allied sectors in order to ensure food security and enhance socio-economic status of inhabitants. State Government of Uttar Pradesh has assigned the University with the responsibilities of (a) human resource generation and development, (b) generation and perfection of technologies, and (c) their dissemination to the farmers, orchardists and dairy farmers in the Chitrakoot Dham and Jhansi divisions. The Chirtrkoot Dham Division consists of four districts, namely Banda, Chitrakoot (Karvi), Mahoba and Hamirpur whereas Jhansi Division consists of Jhansi, Lalitpur and Jalaun (Orai) districts.
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ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON ALTERNARIA BLIGHT, WHITE RUST AND POWDERY MILDEW OF INDIAN MUSTARD (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. and Coss.)(Banda University of Agriculture & Technology, Banda-210001, Uttar Pradesh, India, 2021-10-25) Verma, Pradeep Kumar; Negi, H. S.The present investigation entitled “Epidemiological studies on Alternaria blight, white rust and powdery mildew of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. and Coss.) was carried out in the Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda, UP during 2019- 2021. Disease survey was conducted in Banda and Hamirpur districts of Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh in which average PDI of Alternaria blight, white rust and powdery mildew were 27.31 per cent, 30.39 per cent and 53.33 per cent, respectively in villages surveyed in Hamirpur district whereas, it was 28.0 per cent, 29.98 per cent and 59.92 per cent, respectively in villages surveyed in Banda district. In epidemiological studies, favourable weather conditions of maximum temperature ranging between 21.71-29.48°C, minimum temperature ranging 9.4 -14.0°C, maximum RH >90% upto 16th WAS and minimum RH between 36.14 – 56.42% with 12.30 mm rainfall were recorded during progression of Alternaria blight. Favourable weather conditions of maximum temperature ranging 21.71-29.48°C, minimum temperature ranging 9.4-14.0°C, maximum RH >90% upto 16th WAS and minimum RH between 36.14-56.42% with 12.30 mm rainfall were recorded during progression of white rust. Favourable weather conditions of maximum temperature ranging between 25.28-29.48°C, minimum temperature ranging 11.57-14.0°C, maximum RH of 80.42-91.25% and minimum RH between 36.14-48.57% with 12.30 mm rainfall during span of two weeks were recorded during progression of powdery mildew. A significantly positive correlation of per cent disease index of Alternaria blight, white rust and powdery mildew was reported with maximum and minimum temperature whereas, it was significantly and negatively correlated with maximum and minimum relative humidity however, it was non-significant and negatively correlated with rainfall in Indian mustard varieties Ganga, Varuna, Giriraj and RH-0749. Multiple regression equations explained that 98, 99, 98 and 97 per cent Alternaria blight development, 98, 97, 98 and 97 per cent white rust development, 96, 96, 95 and 96 per cent powdery mildew development was influenced by the maximum temperature, minimum temperature, maximum relative humidity, minimum relative humidity and rainfall in varieties Ganga, Varuna, Giriraj and RH0749, respectively. In effect of different dates of sowing on PDI of the Alternaria blight, lowest mean PDI of the disease (11.63% and 13.11%) was recorded from the 1stsown plots on 27th October whereas, the highest mean PDI of 20.83% and 21.01% was recorded from 4th sowing on 27th November in variety Ganga and Varuna, respectively. Lowest mean PDI of white rust (8.57% and 8.79%) was also recorded from the 1st sown plots whereas, the highest mean PDI of 17.82% and 18.74% was recorded from 4th sowing in variety Ganga and Varuna, respectively. Lowest mean PDI of the powdery mildew (20.43% and 19.01%) was also recorded from the 1st sown plots and the highest mean PDI of 50.79% and 49.34% was recorded from 4th sowing in variety Ganga and Varuna, respectively. Maximum average oilseed yield of 20.52 q/ha was obtained from mustard crops sown on 1st date i.e. 27th October which significantly reduced with the delay in sowing and was minimum in 4th sowing (13.28 q/ha). Minimum AUDPC of 716.35 and 802.38 was resulted in 1st sowing whereas, maximum AUDPC of 1330.70 and 1343.42 was resulted in 4th sowing for Alternaria blight in Ganga and Varuna, respectively. Minimum AUDPC of 527.64 and 533.24 was resulted in 1st sowing whereas, maximum AUDPC of 1125.52 and 1189.97 was resulted in 4th sowing for white rust in Ganga and Varuna, respectively. Lowest AUDPC of 988.96 and 920.98 was resulted in 1st sowing whereas, maximum AUDPC of 2617.16 and 2543.64 was resulted in 4th sowing for powdery mildew in Ganga and Varuna, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Management of Anthracnose Disease of Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. and Magn.) Briosi and Cav.(Banda University of Agriculture & Technology, Banda-210001, Uttar Pradesh, India, 2021-10-18) Singh, Shwetank; Prasad, DurgaMungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] is an important short duration summer food legume in the tropical and sub-tropical countries of the world. In India, mungbean is cultivated in three different seasons’ viz., Kharif (July- Oct), Rabi (Sept- Dec) and Zaid or summer (March- June). This crop cultivated extensively in Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh. Mungbean is consumed as whole grains as well as dal in a variety of ways in homes and it has wider adaptability and low input requirement. It is a highly nutritious source of proteins and calories in the Asian diet and its green pods contain high level of vitamins and minerals. Despite the multifaceted importance of this crop, its production could not be stabilized in the Uttar Pradesh as well as in the country. This crop is affected by several biotic constraints like diseases and insect-pests hampering its production. Among the diseases, anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is one of the most important fungal diseases of mungbean. Anthracnose disease appears during warm and humid weather leading to necrosis, defoliation and low yield. Keeping in view of importance of disease, experiments were conducted to isolation and identification of pathogen and to find out the efficient management strategies for this disease. The colony of isolated pathogen C. lindemuthianum onto potato dextrose agar medium was appeared cream to blackish grey, margin regular and immersed. The mycelium of was white initially, but developed dark black colour in advanced stage and grew rapidly. The hypha was septate and white to dark in colour. The conidia measuring 20.20-21.40 x 3.3-3.5μm were hyaline single celled, dumbbell shaped born in acervuli bearing setae. The healthy plants inoculated with pathogen showed dark brown to black sunken lesions on leaves, mostly adjacent to veins; which later become greyish white centre with dark brown or reddish margin. Twice sprays of Carbendazim at 1st appearance of symptoms and 15 days interval gave the maximum reduction in anthracnose incidence and severity i.e. 51.12% and 64.56%, respectively along with significant enhancement (53.39%) in seed yield (quintal/ha) as well as in yield components (except number of primary branches per plant and number of seed per pod) over the unprotected crop during both of the crop seasons i.e. Kharif 2019 and 2020. It was followed by the twice sprays of Carbendazim + Mancozeb or Tebuconazole with respective parameters. Sprays of Captan + Hexaconazole were found to be least effective to reduce the disease incidence/ severity as well as to increase the yield and its components. Out of 190 mungbean genotypes evaluated against anthracnose disease during two consecutive crop seasons, four genotypes viz., Pairy Mung, PMG-991, MGG-295 and Kopargaon were found to be moderately resistant against anthracnose disease.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON TOLERANCE AND SENSITIVITY OF NEMATODE-TRAPPING FUNGUS Drechslerella brochopaga TO COMMON FUNGICIDES(Banda University of Agriculture & Technology, Banda-210001, Uttar Pradesh, India, 2021-10-30) Dwivedi, Hariom; Kumar, DharmendraDrechslerella brochopaga Drechsler, a strangulating nematode-trapping fungus was studies for their adoptability in soil and their tolerance against some common fungicides. D.brochopaga was isolated from horticultural soil of Baberu, Banda. The fungus was characterized and identified by the use of relevant literature. The fungus was found to effectively capture and kill the 96.4 per cent second stage juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita by its three celled constricting ring produced on hyphae within 3 days. The study of adaptability of D. brochopaga in various agricultural and horticulture soil of Banda revealed that this fungus is frequenlty formed conidial trap in vicinity to soil and parastize nematodes. The study of the tolerance of conidia of D. brochopaga with soil amended with different concentrated of common fungicide indicate that this fungus is highly toxic to chlorothallonil was various range of tolerance/sensitivity with common fungicide. Conidia of D. brochopaga were found most sensitive to chlorothalonil and propineb at 10 µl ai kg-1 concentration followed by carbendazim, mencozeb, copper oxychloride, copper sulphate, thiram which inhibited the conidial trap formation at 25 mg ai kg-1 ppm. Tebuconazole inhibited completely inhibited the fungus at 100 µl ai kg-1 whereas Metalaxyl and Sulphur completely inhibited the fungus at 300 mg ai kg-1 . D. brochopaga showed tolerance to propiconazole up to 300 mg ai kg-1 but the fungus was completely inhibited at 400 mg ai kg-1 .The result of the present study indicate that D. brochopaga is sensitive to most of the fungicides tested under the present study. The fungus showed tolerance to Metalaxyl, propiconazole and Sulphur below 200 mg/µl ai kg-1 concentration of in soil.ThesisItem Open Access INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF COLLAR ROT OF CHICKPEA(Banda University of Agriculture & Technology, Banda Uttar Pradesh, 2020-11-12) KUMAR, ARVIND; Singh, VivekChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important pulse crop of India. Collar rot of chickpea caused by Sclerotium rolfsii is an important disease of chickpea. Fifty chickpea genotypes were evaluated under artificially inoculated pot condition during Rabi 2019-20. Out of 50 genotypes seven genotypes viz., C- 1769, C-1775, PDG-4, ICVT-181107, ICVT-181118, ICVT-181117 and Vijay were found moderately resistant and rest genotypes were found susceptible to highly susceptible. Six native fungal antagonists (Trichoderma spp.) were evaluated in vitro against S. rolfsii through dual culture and non-volatile (culture filtrate) techniques among them Trichoderma harzianum (TH2) found highly effective against the pathogen, which inhibited maximum growth of the pathogen 75.18% and 61.85% in both dual culture and culture filtrate techniques, respectively. Nine fungicides were evaluated in vitro against pathogen and Trichoderma harzianum at 50, 100, 500 and 1000 ppm, with a view to select suitable fungicides highly toxic against S. rolfsii at lower concentrations and less toxic to bioagent (Trichoderma harzianum). Amongst 9 fungicide four fungicides namely captan 70% + hexaconazole 5% WP (Taquat), penflufen 13.28% w/w + trifloxystrobin (Evergold), hexaconazole 5% SC (Contaf), tebuconazole 25.9%E.C (Folicur) found highly effective which inhibited 100% growth of pathogen at all tested concentrations i.e 50, 100, 500 and 1000 ppm. Out of 9 fungicides four fungicides namely propineb, mancozeb, captan 70% + hexaconazole 5% WP, and penflufen 13.28% w/w + trifloxystrobin found less inhibitory against Trichoderma harzianum at 50 to 1000 ppm concentrations. For Integrated disease management the effect of 10 different treatments comprising highly effective bioagent (Trichoderma harzianum) and a fungicide highly effective against pathogen at lower concentration and compatible with bioagent used as a seed treatment and soil application with organic amendments in various combinations was evaluated under pot and field conditions during Rabi 2019-20. Under pot condition the treatment in which seed treatment with captan 70% + hexaconazole 5% WP + soil application with Trichoderma harzianum enriched vermicompost found most effective and provided maximum germination (100%) and reduction (77.13%) in the incidence of collar rot over control. The same treatment in which seed treated with captan 70% + hexaconazole 5% WP + soil application with Trichoderma enriched vermicompost also found highly effective in reducing (72.81%) collar rot incidence and increasing yield (67.67%) over control.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Cultural Characteristics and Management of Cercospora Leaf Spot of Mungbean [ Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek](Banda University of Agriculture & Technology, Banda-210001, Uttar Pradesh, India, 2020-12-01) Gupta, Kshitij; Prasad, DurgaThe pulses, mainly mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] is an important crop grown extensively in Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh. Despite the multifaceted importance of this crop, its production could not be stabilized in the Uttar Pradesh as well as in the country. There are several biotic constraints like diseases and insect-pests hampering the production of mungbean crop. Among the diseases, Cercospora leaf spot is the most important fungal disease occurring regularly in the mungbean growing areas. The disease is caused by Cercospora canescens Ellis and Martin. Cercospora leaf spot disease appears during warm and humid weather leading to Chlorosis, defoliation and low yield. Keeping in view of importance of disease, experiments were conducted to study the cultural characters of the pathogen and to find out the efficient management strategies for this disease. The pathogen isolated onto potato dextrose agar medium was slow growing; white in colour and puffy growth was observed which was slightly raised on the upper side. Mycelium was hyaline to light brown in color and septate. Conidiophores were straight or flexuous, light brown to brown in color and multi-septate. Conidia were hyaline to light brown, straight to curved with 5-10 septate measuring 3-5 x 40-130 um with delicate tip. The inoculated leaves showed small brown spots in the initial stage which were turned into dark brown and enlarged spots. Closely located spots coalesced and formed large necrotic patches. Developed spots had grey colored center and brown margin. The size of the spots varied from 3- 10mm in diameter. Out of 5 media viz., potato dextrose agar, potato sucrose agar, oat meal agar, mungbean decoction agar and v-8 juice agar medium tested for growth of the C. canescens, the highest radial growth of mycelia (87.67mm) recorded in v-8 juice agar medium which was almost equal to growth of mycelia observed on potato dextrose agar (86mm), potato sucrose agar (86.50mm) and mungbean decoction agar (86.50mm). The least radial growth (41.17) of mycelia exhibited in oat meal agar medium. White color colony of C. canescens was seen in three media viz., potato dextrose agar, mungbean decoction agar and v-8 juice, while, creamy white and light yellow colored colony were observed in potato sucrose agar and oat meal agar medium, respectively. During both of the crop seasons i.e. Kharif 2019 and 2020, twice sprays of Carbendazim at 1" appearance of symptoms and 15 days' interval gave the maximum reduction in incidence and severity i.e. 45.57% and 58.45%, respectively; of Cercospora leaf spot disease along with significant enhancement (53.39%) in seed yield (quintal/ha) as well as in yield components (except number of primary branches per plant and number of seed per pod) over the unprotected crop. It was followed by the twice sprays of Carbendazim + Mancozeb with respective parameters. Sprays of Captan + Hexaconazole were found to be least effective to reduce the disease incidence/ severity as well as to increase the yield and its components. Out of 190 mungbean genotypes evaluated against Cercospora leaf spot during two consecutive crop seasons, four genotypes viz., PDM 04-123, PDM 54, EC520034and EC 520022 were found to be resistant against Cercospora leaf spot disease.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Cultural Characteristics and Management of Cercospora Leaf Spot of Mungbean [ Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek](Banda University of Agriculture & Technology, Banda-210001, Uttar Pradesh, India, 2020-12-01) Gupta, Kshitij; Prasad, DurgaThe pulses, mainly mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] is an important crop grown extensively in Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh. Despite the multifaceted importance of this crop, its production could not be stabilized in the Uttar Pradesh as well as in the country. There are several biotic constraints like diseases and insect-pests hampering the production of mungbean crop. Among the diseases, Cercospora leaf spot is the most important fungal disease occurring regularly in the mungbean growing areas. The disease is caused by Cercospora canescens Ellis and Martin. Cercospora leaf spot disease appears during warm and humid weather leading to Chlorosis, defoliation and low yield. Keeping in view of importance of disease, experiments were conducted to study the cultural characters of the pathogen and to find out the efficient management strategies for this disease. The pathogen isolated onto potato dextrose agar medium was slow growing; white in colour and puffy growth was observed which was slightly raised on the upper side. Mycelium was hyaline to light brown in color and septate. Conidiophores were straight or flexuous, light brown to brown in color and multi-septate. Conidia were hyaline to light brown, straight to curved with 5-10 septate measuring 3-5 x 40-130 um with delicate tip. The inoculated leaves showed small brown spots in the initial stage which were turned into dark brown and enlarged spots. Closely located spots coalesced and formed large necrotic patches. Developed spots had grey colored center and brown margin. The size of the spots varied from 3- 10mm in diameter. Out of 5 media viz., potato dextrose agar, potato sucrose agar, oat meal agar, mungbean decoction agar and v-8 juice agar medium tested for growth of the C. canescens, the highest radial growth of mycelia (87.67mm) recorded in v-8 juice agar medium which was almost equal to growth of mycelia observed on potato dextrose agar (86mm), potato sucrose agar (86.50mm) and mungbean decoction agar (86.50mm). The least radial growth (41.17) of mycelia exhibited in oat meal agar medium. White color colony of C. canescens was seen in three media viz., potato dextrose agar, mungbean decoction agar and v-8 juice, while, creamy white and light yellow colored colony were observed in potato sucrose agar and oat meal agar medium, respectively. During both of the crop seasons i.e. Kharif 2019 and 2020, twice sprays of Carbendazim at 1" appearance of symptoms and 15 days' interval gave the maximum reduction in incidence and severity i.e. 45.57% and 58.45%, respectively; of Cercospora leaf spot disease along with significant enhancement (53.39%) in seed yield (quintal/ha) as well as in yield components (except number of primary branches per plant and number of seed per pod) over the unprotected crop. It was followed by the twice sprays of Carbendazim + Mancozeb with respective parameters. Sprays of Captan + Hexaconazole were found to be least effective to reduce the disease incidence/ severity as well as to increase the yield and its components. Out of 190 mungbean genotypes evaluated against Cercospora leaf spot during two consecutive crop seasons, four genotypes viz., PDM 04-123, PDM 54, EC520034and EC 520022 were found to be resistant against Cercospora leaf spot disease.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS OF MAJOR FOLIAR PATHOGENS OF SOME PULSES AND OILSEED CROPS IN BANDA DISTRICT OF UTTAR PRADESH(Banda University of Agriculture & Technology, Banda-210001, Uttar Pradesh, India, 2020-11-13) Singh, Ajeet; Kumar, DharmendraThe present investigation was carried out at farmer‘s field of Banda district to find out the major foliar diseases of pulses and oilseeds crops in Banda. During the year 2018-19 and 2019-20, various type of fungal, bacterial, viral, and phytoplasmal diseases were noticed in pulses and oilseeds crops. Cercospora leaf spot of mungbean caused by Cercospora canescens, powdery mildew of mungbean and urdbean caused by Erysiphe polygoni, powdery mildew of pea caused by Erysiphe pisi, web blight of mungbean and urdbean caused by Rhizoctonia solani, anthracnose of mungbean and urdbean caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, yellow mosaic disease in mungbean, urdbean and pigeon pea were found most prevalent diseases in Banda. Sporadic occurrence of Alternaria leaf spot of pigeon pea caused by Alternaria alternata and Alternaria tenuissima and Sclerotinia stem rot of chick pea caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was also observed. Studies on major foliar diseases of oilseed crops revealed that Alternaria leaf spot of mustard caused by Alternaria brassicae and Alternaria brassicicola, white rust caused by Albugo candida, downy mildew caused by Hyaloperonospora parasitica, powdery mildew of mustard caused by Erysiphe cruciferarums, Alternaria leaf spot of linseed caused by Alternaria lini and Alternaria linicola, sesame phyllody caused by Phytoplasma, sesame leaf spot caused by Alternaria sesami and Cercospora sesami, tikka leaf spot caused by Cercospora arachidicola and Cercosporidium personataum were the prevalent diseases of oilseed crops of Banda. Sporadic occurrence of Sclerotinia stem rot of mustard caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and minor occurrence of black rot of mustard caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris at early growth stages of crop was also noted. Total 24 diseases of oilseeds and pulses crops incited by 22 pathogens were recorded during this study. Out of 22 pathogens, 17 plant pathogens belonging to fungi, two fungi like organism, 1 phytoplasma, 1 bacterium and 1 plant virus were also found associated with the foliar parts of oilseeds and pulses crops. It is evident from the results that mustard, mungbean and urdbean crops are most susceptible to 12 foliar plant pathogens in Banda.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF ALTERNARIA BLIGHT OF MUSTARD(Banda University of Agriculture & Technology, Banda-210001, Uttar Pradesh, India, 2020-12-04) Kumar, Pradip; Negi, H.S.The present investigation entitled “Studies on epidemiology and management of Alternaria blight of mustard” was carried out in the laboratory and farm of the Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda, UP during 2018-2020. After isolation and purification, the pathogenicity test of the pathogen (Alternaria brassicae) was conducted in pots. In screening of 32 oilseed brassicas varieties/lines of SBG-18 series, no germplasm was found to be immune or highly resistant, one germplasm was found as resistant, 5 germplasm were moderate resistant, 1 germplasm was moderate susceptible, 17 germplasm were susceptible and 8 germplasm were highly susceptible. Out of the 60 germplasm of the UDN-18 series, none was found as immune or highly resistant, whereas, 2 germplasm were found as resistant, 2 germplasm were moderately resistant, 8 germplasm were moderately susceptible, 47 germplasm were susceptible and 1 germplasm was found as highly susceptible. In epidemiological studies the first symptom of the disease in Varuna and Ganga varieties of Indian mustard appeared on 49th meteorological weak i.e. eight weeks after sowing during which the maximum average temperature recorded was 22.14ºC, minimum average temperature was 10.29ºC, average morning RH was 91.57%, average noon RH was 60.57%, average evening RH was 80.57% and total weekly rainfall of 19.2 mm was received. Per cent disease index of Alternaria blight of mustard was reported positively correlated with the average minimum temperature whereas, it was significantly negative correlated with all other parameters in both the varieties. Regression coefficient was significant at 5% level with Maximum Temp. and RH Noon whereas, it was significant with Minimum Temp. and RH Evening at 1% level for both Varuna and Ganga. Coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.812 and 0.818 was calculated in Varuna and Ganga, respectively. In Varuna and Ganga varieties of Indian mustard sown four times at seven days interval, lowest mean PDI of the disease (15.49 and 14.43%) was recorded from the 1st sown plots on 20th October, 2019 and the highest mean PDI of 28.57 and 26.71% was recorded from 4th sowing on 10th November, 2019 in variety Varuna and Ganga, respectively. Maximum mean yield of 19.18 q/ha was obtained from mustard crop sown on 1st date which significantly reduced with the delay in sowing and was minimum in 4th sowing (13.39 q/ha). Ganga variety resulted in more average yield (17.10 q/ha) as compared to Varuna (15.41 q/ha) which also differed significantly from each other. Minimum AUDPC of 1236.11 and 1146.28 was resulted in 1st sowing whereas, maximum AUDPC of 2007.72 and 1862.14 was resulted in 4th sowing of Varuna and Ganga, respectively. Among six different systemic and combination fungicides evaluated in vitro against Alternaria brassicae, propiconazole, hexaconazole and captan + hexaconazole were the most effective with 100 per cent mycelial growth inhibition in all the tested concentrations. Whereas, among three non-systemic fungicides, mancozeb was the most effective with 94.09 per cent average mycelial growth inhibition. During in vivo evaluation of nine fungicides, propiconazole resulted as most effective to reduce the disease severity of Alternaria blight to 17.84% followed by captan + hexaconazole (19.87%) and hexaconazole (20.20%) and these fungicides did not differ significantly with each other. Maximum yield was also obtained with propiconazole (21.56 q/ha) followed by captan + hexaconazole (20.26 q/ha) and hexaconazole (19.82 q/ha).ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON WILT INCIDENCE AND CULTURAL VARIABILITY OF Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. udum OF PIGEONPEA COLLECTED FROM DIFFERENT DISTRICTS OF BUNDELKHAND REGION OF U.P(Banda University of Agriculture & Technology, Banda-210001, Uttar Pradesh, India, 2020-12-21) Singh, Vivek; Singh, V. K.Pigeon pea Cajanus cajan (L.) is an important pulse crop grown throughout India. Fusarium udum is the most important disease of this crop. Survey was conducted of pigeonpea growing areas of 4 districts in Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh during 2019-20. The average disease incidence ranged between 3.25% to 49.00% from district to districts. The average incidence percentage of wilted plants in Chitrakoot district was 39.06% followed by Banda district 25.67%, Hamirpur district 15.99% and Mahoba district 14.64% respectively. Fusarium udum was found constantly associated with the root samples. This indicates that this fungus, a well known wilt pathogen, was primarily responsible for the wilt disease of pigeonpea. Pathogenicity of Fusarium udum was tested on pigeonpea variety ‘Bahar’ all isolates of F.udum showed the typical wilting symptoms and proved Koch’s postulates. The height and number of leaves was maximum in mahoba isolates followed by hamirpur, banda and chitrakoot isolates. The maximum wilting was recorded in chitrakoot isolate followed by banda, hamirpur, and mahoba isolates. Chitrakoot isolate of F.udum was found more pathogenic and caused higher wilt incidence than other isolate. All the isolates differed in their radial growth colony characters on both solid media. It was found that PDA was the best medium in compare to PSA. The chitrakoot isolate was fast growing followed by banda, hamirpur and mahoba isolates. Sporulation was moderate to excellent in different isolates. The highest radial growth was observed in chitrakoot isolate on PDA while minimum radial growth was observed on PDA in mahoba isolate. However, the maximum radial growth was a recorded on PSA in chitrakoot isolate and minimum radial growth in mahoba isolate. Micro conidia are single or bicelled, hyaline, mostly curved, ovoid to fusoid and scattered and measure 3.80-9.12 x 0.98-2.10μm. Macro conidia which are hyaline, thin walled, falcate with a distinct foot cell, and an apical cell that decreases in width towards the tip. The most distinguishing characteristic of the macro conidia are their strongly curved or hooked apices and measure 11-21.12 x 1.95 to 3.78μm.
