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Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat

Assam Agricultural University is the first institution of its kind in the whole of North-Eastern Region of India. The main goal of this institution is to produce globally competitive human resources in farm sectorand to carry out research in both conventional and frontier areas for production optimization as well as to disseminate the generated technologies as public good for benefitting the food growers/produces and traders involved in the sector while emphasizing on sustainability, equity and overall food security at household level. Genesis of AAU - The embryo of the agricultural research in the state of Assam was formed as early as 1897 with the establishment of the Upper Shillong Experimental Farm (now in Meghalaya) just after about a decade of creation of the agricultural department in 1882. However, the seeds of agricultural research in today’s Assam were sown in the dawn of the twentieth century with the establishment of two Rice Experimental Stations, one at Karimganj in Barak valley in 1913 and the other at Titabor in Brahmaputra valley in 1923. Subsequent to these research stations, a number of research stations were established to conduct research on important crops, more specifically, jute, pulses, oilseeds etc. The Assam Agricultural University was established on April 1, 1969 under The Assam Agricultural University Act, 1968’ with the mandate of imparting farm education, conduct research in agriculture and allied sciences and to effectively disseminate technologies so generated. Before establishment of the University, there were altogether 17 research schemes/projects in the state under the Department of Agriculture. By July 1973, all the research projects and 10 experimental farms were transferred by the Government of Assam to the AAU which already inherited the College of Agriculture and its farm at Barbheta, Jorhat and College of Veterinary Sciences at Khanapara, Guwahati. Subsequently, College of Community Science at Jorhat (1969), College of Fisheries at Raha (1988), Biswanath College of Agriculture at Biswanath Chariali (1988) and Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science at Joyhing, North Lakhimpur (1988) were established. Presently, the University has three more colleges under its jurisdiction, viz., Sarat Chandra Singha College of Agriculture, Chapar, College of Horticulture, Nalbari & College of Sericulture, Titabar. Similarly, few more regional research stations at Shillongani, Diphu, Gossaigaon, Lakhimpur; and commodity research stations at Kahikuchi, Buralikson, Tinsukia, Kharua, Burnihat and Mandira were added to generate location and crop specific agricultural production packages.

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201811
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Subject: Agricultural Economics × End date: 2018 × Start date: 2018 × Type: Thesis ×
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Now showing 1 - 9 of 11
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    FINANCING FARMERS FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN WEST TRIPURA DISTRICT OF TRIPURA
    (AAU, Jorhat, 2018) RAY, POULAMI; Hazarika, J P
    Finance is an important input of agriculture. Sufficient and timely credit to the farmer is vital and indispensable for the rehabilitation and progress of agriculture. The present study was conducted in west Tripura district of Tripura to analyse magnitude, utilization, repayment and constraints of farm finance availed by the borrowers in the district. 120 sample farmers and 20 lenders were selected using purposive random sampling technique for detailed analysis. Information on demographic and financial characteristics like age, sex, education level, land use, source of credit, amount of credit, utilization and repayment of crop and allied agricultural activities loans, problems faced by borrowers as well as lenders were collected by survey method using pretested schedules. The study revealed an increase trend in terms of branch expansion in the district, total deposits and advances over the years in the district as well as in the state. Moreover, the C-D ratio increased from 41 in 2012-13 to 45.77 in 2016-17. Sector wise advances of banks in West Tripura showed an increasing trend and percentage share to agricultural sector was 27.57% whereas it was 72.43 % in nonfarm sector in 2016-17. The amount of loans availed by sample borrowers from Regional Rural Bank (42.88%) was highest followed by public sector banks (34.48%), Cooperative banks (19.80%) and least in case of private sector banks (1.84%). Loans for both crop and allied activities were obtained by the beneficiaries from the selected bank branches of the district. Majority of the sample beneficiaries availed crop loan (82.50%) as compared to allied activities loan (17.50%) in the study area. However, it was observed that marginal (28.57%) and small (23.68%) farmers diverted a portion of the loan as compared to medium farmers (15.38%). Extent of repayment of loan by the medium farmers (93.29%) was higher than the small (88.60%) and marginal farmers (83.11%). Certain problems such as inadequacy of loans, lengthy lending procedure were identified by the borrower farmers in the study area. Majority of farmers (89.16%) opined that borrowed amount was not adequate for meeting their farm expenses. As per the bank officials, non availability of the land records (80%) with the borrower was a major problem. In order to improve borrowing and utilization of farm finance remedial measures such as post credit supervision by the Bank Field Officer and disbursement of major portion of the loan in kind form may be adopted.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SERICULTURE IN NORTH EAST INDIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ASSAM
    (AAU, Jorhat, 2018) Murali, N; Hazarika, J P
    The present study was conducted to examine the share of various North Eastern states in area and production of sericulture, district-wise share, growth and instability in area and production of sericulture in Assam using secondary data relating to area and production of cocoon and raw silk of eri, muga and mulberry for the period from 2001-02 to 2015-16. Compound growth rate, instability index and simple percentage analysis were carried out for obtaining results according to the objectives. The share of North East India in India‟s total area under mulberry and total raw silk production was increased significantly during the study period. Assam and Manipur were the leading states contributing to the increase in area under mulberry and raw silk production of NE India. Change in cocoon production of eri, muga and mulberry for the state of Assam was mainly contributed by yield compared to area under the three types of silk. Similar trend was also observed for the districts with few exceptions. The growth rates of area under eri (1.96%) and muga (1.64%) were positive but negative for mulberry (-0.43%) silk for the state as whole. In most of the districts of Assam, growth rates were positive and significant for area under eri and muga. However, negative growth of area under mulberry was observed for most of the districts of Assam. Although positive growth rates were observed in cocoon production of eri (17.77%), muga (3.06%) and mulberry (10.03%) at state level, the growth was found to be low for muga cocoon production. Growth in cocoon production of eri, muga and mulberry was also positive for most of the districts with few exceptions. Growth in raw silk production was higher in eri (14.77%) but low in muga (2.59%) and mulberry (7.81%) in the state. In majority of the districts growth was positive except for few districts. Co-efficient of Variation (CV) and Instability Index (IX) of area under eri, muga and mulberry in Assam and the districts showed that instability in area was lower for eri and muga silk but higher for mulberry silk at the state level. In majority of the district instability in area under eri, muga and mulberry was higher. Instability in cocoon production of eri and muga in the state was low but high for mulberry silk. Like cocoon production, instability in raw silk production of eri and muga was found to be low but high for mulberry in Assam. Classification of the state and its constituent districts on the basis of growth and instability revealed two most dominant categories covering the state and the districts for area, cocoon production and raw silk production such as high growth-high instability (HGHI) and low growth–high instability (LGHI). Few of the 7 districts were also found to fall under negative growth-low instability (NGLI) and negative growth-high instability (NGHI) categories. Thus, area expansion, adoption of modern technology, creation of market etc need to be under taken to bring the districts falling under other less favourable categories to the most favourable category i.e. high growth-low instability (HGLI) category.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ASSAM GRAMIN VIKASH BANK IN BARPETA DISTRICT OF ASSAM
    (AAU, Jorhat, 2018-07) Thakuria, Nayan Jyoti; Borthakur, Nilotpal
    The Assam Gramin Vikash Bank was established in Assam in the year 2006 by amalgamating four Regional Rural Banks operating in the Brahmaputra valley of Assam. The present study was conducted in Barpeta district to study the performance of Assam Gramin Vikash Bank. The present study tried to evaluate the performance of Assam Gramin Vikash Bank in the state of Assam on the basis of secondary data published by the bank. Moreover, primary data were also collected to analyze utilization and repayment of crop loan and impact of crop loan on production and income of the beneficiary farmers. Accordingly, 90 beneficiary and 30 non-beneficiary farmers were selected through random sampling from the Barpeta district. The present study revealed that Assam Gamin Vikash Bank after amalgamation showed an increasing trend in terms of branch expansion, total business, deposits mobilization, total deposit accounts and credit disbursement over the years. Credit-Deposit increased from 49.93 per cent in the year 2006 to 55.98 per cent in 2016. Recovery percentage of farm sector increased from 42.60 per cent in 2006 to 65.00 per cent in 2016. However, recovery percentage was found to be lower in the farm sector than the non-farm sector during the entire study period. Branch productivity and employee productivity of the bank increased over the year. The overall profitability of the bank was found to be sound during the study period except in the year 2007. Performance of the bank in terms of non-performing assets reduction was not found to be satisfactory as it percentage was highest in 2016 (20.44 per cent). The practice of diversion of crop loan towards unproductive purpose had been noticed in all size groups of farmers. On an average, 76.48 per cent of the total crop loan was used for productive purposes and 23.52 per cent was diverted to unproductive purposes. Out of total loan, 71.80 per cent repaid and 28.20 per cent remained as outstanding balance. Both utilization and repayment of crop loan were highest in case of large farmers lowest in case of marginal farmers. Utilization and repayment of crop loan decreased with the decrease in the size of holding. Income was found to be the most favourable factors in terms of the repayment of crop loans. Crop loan of Assam Gramin Vikash Bank had a significant impact on the beneficiary farmers as productivity and income of sample beneficiary farmers were found to be higher than the non-beneficiary farmers in the study area. Highest percentage increase in the productivity was observed in case of rice crop (15.04 per cent).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDY ON FARM SIZE AND TENURIAL STATUS OF PADDY CULTIVATION IN JORHAT DISTRICT OF ASSAM
    (AAU, Jorhat, 2018-07) Baruah, Gargee; Saikia, Rabi Sankar
    The present study on farm size and tenurial status in paddy cultivation was carried out in the Titabar Development Block of Titabar Subdivision of Jorhat District of Assam with the objectives to study the nature and extent of resource use with respect to farm size and tenancy, to examine the productivity and income according to farm size and tenancy and to examine the problems faced by the farmers on resource use by the different farm size groups of tenant farmers. Two categories of the sample, 75 pure owner operator from 3 different size groups and 75 tenant farmers from 3 tenancy groups based on the degree of tenancy were selected using multistage purposive random sampling. Further, the sample tenants were classified into 4 different rental systems to fulfill the objectives of the study. Mostly tabular analysis was done to assess the size tenancy relationship with the resource use while productivity measures were used to examine the size tenancy productivity relationship. The significance of the differences was tested using ‘t’ statistic. The results of the study revealed that there is no significant difference in resource use in size tenancy relationship except for labour use. It was observed that there exist a significant difference in labour use (both family and hired) in between pure owner operators and tenant farmers. No significant difference was seen in resource use in owned as well as leased in land among the rental systems of tenant farmers. Productivity was not found adversely affected by tenancy when comparison was made between the farm size and degree of tenancy. However, the benefit cost ratio (based on cash cost) for pure owner operator was found to be 2.19, which was significantly lower than the benefit cost ratio (based on cash cost), which was found to be 2.67 for tenant farmers. This may be due to the difference of cash cost between the two primary sample groups. Unavailability of labour was the main constraint prevailed in the study area followed by high cost of labour and machinery. Credit facilities with minimum collateral security as well as improving socio-economic facilities would encourage the farmers to continue their farming operation. As for owner-tenant relationship, there should be a coordinated atmosphere between the landowners and the tenant farmers.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EXTENT OF FARM MECHANIZATION AND ITS IMPACT ON CROP PRODUCTION IN JORHAT DISTRICT OF ASSAM
    (AAU, Jorhat, 2018-07) Shyam, Dibyajyoti; Gogoi, Pradyut B.
    The present study was undertaken in the Titabar Developmental Block and North West Developmental Block (Dhekorgarah) of Jorhat District of Assam to identify the different levels of farm mechanization, comparative economics and constraints faced by the farmers at different levels of farm mechanization. Primary data of 120 sample farms were collected, by personal interview method with the help of schedules and questionnaires specially designed for the purpose. The data collected from the sample farms pertains to the year 2017-2018, except that the financing of various forms of mechanization which relates to actual years of acquisition. Primary operations like ploughing was mechanically done by 91.66 per cent of the households while 8.3 per cent of the household used drought animal. For sowing all households used human labour, intercultural operations like weeding and plant protection were done manually by all the respondent farmers, while in irrigation 8.3 per cent of the household used mechanical means for irrigation and 11.66 per cent household used manual labour for irrigation and for post-harvest operation like harvesting, threshing, transportation and marketing, all household used manual labour for harvesting, while for threshing 75 per cent used mechanical means and 25 per cent use draught animals. For transportation and marketing, 84.16 per cent used mechanical means and 15.83 per cent used manual labour. In case of Tractor Ownership Farm, Tractor Hired Farm, Power Tiller Owning Farm, Power Tiller Hiring Farm and Bullock Operated Farm gross income per hectare for crops were Rs. 151301.06, Rs. 123345.24, Rs. 125720.43, Rs. 120758.83 and Rs. 88555.37, respectively and Net income was observed to be Rs. 51260.5, Rs. 54656.70, Rs. 43975.66, Rs. 50564.39 and Rs. 22604.79 respectively. It was observed from the findings that the proportion of farmers reported almost all the problems were higher in Bullock Operated Farm than Power Tiller Hiring Farm and Tractor Hired Farm. It was observed that lack of adequate repairing services, lack of adequate irrigation facilities, lack of adequate custom hiring services and small and scattered farm holdings were the common problems in order of their importance in both the categories of Tractor Ownership Farm and Power Tiller Owning Farm. The present study concludes that Operation wise level of mechanization within various categories of mechanization was more in of ploughing, irrigation, threshing, transportation and marketing. Intercultural operations mainly performed by spades, hoe, khurpi etc. Operations like weeding were carried out by human labourers using small hand tools but lack of adequate availability of farm labours during the period resulted into the reduction in yield due to higher crop-weed competition for soil moisture and nutrients. Both gross return per hectare and total cost per hectare were higher in the mechanized farm but efficient over bullock farms resulting in higher net returns in the mechanized farms than bullock farms in the area. The highest net return was observed in Tractor Hired Farm followed by Tractor Ownership Farm, Power Tiller Hiring Farm, Power Tiller Owning Farm and Bullock Operated Farm. Lack of sufficient funds for meeting high cost of farm machinery and lack of credit facilities were the two major problems for the farmers in Tractor Hired Farm, Power Tiller Owning Farm and Bullock Operated Farm in acquiring machinery from their own. Lack of adequate repairing services, lack of adequate irrigation facilities, lack of adequate custom hiring services and small and scattered farm holdings were the common problems in order of their importance in both the categories of Tractor Ownership Farm and Power Tiller Owning Farm.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES ON CROP PRODUCTION: A STUDY IN THE CENTRAL BRAHMAPUTRA VALLEY ZONE OF ASSAM
    (2018-07) Bharali, Dipjyoti; Barman, R.N.
    Industrialization is considered as a main thrust for development due to which the scope for exploring and exploiting the natural resources and surrounding environment has gained importance. However, there also have been many negative consequences of rapid industrialization, particularly on agriculture ecosystem and human health, because of the exploitation of natural resources and pollution. The present study was conducted in Central Brahmaputra Valley Zone of Assam, comprising of two districts namely Nagaon and Morigaon to study the impact of industrial effluents and industrial production activities on crop production. From Morigaon district, the Nagaon Paper Mill (NPM) under Mayong block was selected, whereas, from Nagaon district, the Brick Kilns Industry (BKI) located in Darigaji development block was purposively selected for carrying out the present study. Two situations were considered for detailed investigation considering their distance from the industrial units. Situation-I included villages in the vicinity of the industrial unit and Situation-II included villages over 10 km away from the industrial units. Multistage random sampling was adopted for collecting 100 numbers of samples. The present study was undertaken to identify the changes in the cropping pattern and crop productivity in the two situations and the consequences of industrial effluents and other industrial production activities on crop production. The findings of the study revealed that as the distance from both of the industrial units increased, the net sown area increased from 37.65 ha in Situation-I to 53.77 ha in Situation-II from NPM. Similarly, as the distances increased from the BKI, the net sown area was more i.e. in Situation-II it was 44.26 ha as compared to Situation-I with 37.23 ha. The cropping intensity in case of Situation-I and II from NPM was 145.18 per cent and 154.51 per cent respectively. Similarly, the cropping intensity in case of Situation-I and II from BKI was 119.98 per cent and 136.74 per cent respectively. Thus, the cropping intensity was found to be higher in Situation-II. The productivity of sali rice was also lower in case of Situation-I from NPM and BKI with 19.56 q/ha and 17.30 q/ha respectively. While, in case of Situation-II, it was highest with 21.68 q/ha and 22.93 q/ha from NPM and BKI respectively. Therefore, it was revealed that as the distance increased from the industrial units both the cropping intensity and crop productivity increases. The costs and returns were examined to study the expenses incurred and returns obtained by the sample farmers from sali rice cultivation. It was found that the net return obtained by the sample farmers in Situation-II from NPM was ₹ 34068.78, while, the net return obtained in Situation-II from BKI was ₹ 28716.15. The farmers in the vicinity of NPM and BKI (Situation-I), obtained lower net return of ₹ 15187.43 and ₹ 10249.06 respectively. This means that, the net return obtained by the farmers were more as the distance increased from the industrial units. The multiple linear regression analysis was done to see the significant difference in resource use efficiency and production across different situations. For Situation-I and Situation-II from NPM, the R2 values were found to be 0.938 and 0.956 respectively. Therefore, it could be concluded that 93.8 per cent and 95.6 per cent variation in the dependent variable (production) was explained by the independent variables (Seed, FYM, Fertilizer, Irrigation, Plant protection chemicals, Human labour, Bullock labour, Tractor labour) respectively for Situation-I and II. While, in case of Situation-I and Situation-II from BKI, the value of R2 were found as 0.934 and 0.947 respectively. To test whether there was significant difference in productivity, gross return and cost of cultivation across different situations t-test was done and observed that productivity of sali rice across different situations from NPM and BKI was statistically significant with t-values of 2.74 and 4.53 respectively. Also, the cost of cultivation and gross return obtained by the sample households across different situations from NPM was found to be significant with t-value 2.83 and 2.99 respectively. While, for BKI the t-value was found as 2.17 and 3.46 respectively. The problems faced by the majority of farmers across different situations were pollution emitted from the industrial unit, incidence of pest and plant diseases, high labour cost, low crop yield and health related problems which were more severe in Situation-I as compared to Situation-II from both of the industrial units. The study suggested that the industries should be compelled to follow the pollution control measures as notified from time to time by the pollution control boards as well as district administrations and the effluents should be properly treated before disposal to nearby water bodies, land and environment. The Agricultural land should not be allotted for constructing brick factories. The norms for establishing BKI’s should be strictly monitored as many unregistered BKI’s are coming up in different parts of Assam. Farmers should be made aware of regarding harmful effects of industrial effluents and also about the remedial measures to reduce the effect of industrial wastage.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF SILK AND SILK PRODUCTS IN MANIPUR
    (AAU, Jorhat, 2018-07) Chongtham, Panthoi; Kashyap, Dipanjan
    Silk is a highly priced agricultural commodity which accounts for about 0.2 per cent of the total world quantity of textile fiber. Among all the textile fibers silk occupies the top place for the qualities of softness, luster, dye-ability, durability and elegance. In India, Manipur is ranked among top ten silk producing states with a contribution of nearly 2 per cent of the total raw silk production. Manipur is proud for being a land where all the four varieties of silk i.e. Tasar, Muga, Eri and Mulberry are produced. The study was conducted in Senapati and Imphal East districts of Manipur, where highest silk production has recorded in recent few years. A total of 80 respondents covering 32 rearers, 18 reelers and 30 weavers were selected randomly for the study. Data collected from the respondents during the study were edited, scored, systematically tabulated and analyzed by using various statistical tools and techniques such as compound ground rate (CGR), producer’s share in consumer’s rupee, marketing efficiency, Garrett ranking etc. Average per farm cocoon production for the silkworm rearers was 114.50 kg/year in the study areas. On an average 7 kg mulberry and 18 kg tasar cocoons were required to produce 1 kg yarn. Price of mulberry cocoons (Rs. 450-500/kg) was found to be higher than tasar cocoons (Rs. 300/kg). In case of reelers, average per farm yarn production was recorded as 28.61 kg/year. Nine main silk items were prepared by the weavers either from mulberry or tasar or from both the silks. Among all the products phanek, dupatta, shirting piece, pheijom etc. had good demand in the markets of Manipur. Three marketing channels were identified for marketing of cocoons, out of which channel I (Silkworm rearer – Customer i.e. reeler) was emerged as the most efficient channel. Similarly three marketing channels each were identified for yarn and silk product marketing. Bird attack was found to be the main problem for the silkworm rearers. Unavailability of proper market structure to get good quality cocoon and financial problem were the main identified problems for the reelers. A total of six problems were also identified with the weavers, out of which financial problem, loom problem and unavailability of equipments and their parts were found as the main problems. The probable measures to overcome the different problems were suggested in the study for the benefit of the sample groups.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    AN APPRAISAL OF GODREJ AGROVET LIMITED: A LEADING OIL PALM INDUSTRY IN MIZORAM
    (AAU, Jorhat, 2018-07) Lalkroschhuangi, C.; Das, Anup .K.
    Palm oil is one of the most important vegetable oils in the world and each year millions of tonnes of palm oil are traded globally to be consumed by millions of people around the world. Indonesia is the largest oil palm producer contributing to over 40 per cent of the world production (FAO). In India, Mizoram is among the 12 states, and the only state in the Northeast, identified for oil palm cultivation .Godrej Oil Palm mill in the district of Kolasib was selected purposively. The study was undertaken to see the organizational patterns of M/s Godrej Agrovet Ltd and also to have an insight into the challenges and prospects confronted by the Company. Both primary and secondary data were collected for this study. All secondary data were collected from the reports of the Dept. of Agriculture, Govt. of Mizoram and from the related journals, internet etc. First hand information was collected from the Company by paying personal visit to the Oil Mill located in Kolasib district of Mizoram. Further, to add value to the study, primary data were also collected from 50 beneficiary Palm growers selected randomly with the help of a set of schedule and questionnaire through personal interview and telephonic conversation. The collected information were analysed by applying simple statistical tools like tabular methods, averages, and percentages. It was found that the mill provides permanent employment to 37 people: 17 as station staff at the factory and another 20 as field staff. Further, the Company employs 10 daily labourers in the factory and 60 for the field work. Additionally, about 60 trucks are employed to transport the oil palm fruits from the farm to the mill. The mill can process five metric tonnes of oil palm fruits per hour. The MOU signed between the farmers, Government and the Company governs the relationship/activities of different stakeholders. After processing of oil palm, the Company sells Crude Palm Oil (CPO) to Kolkata at the rate of Rs 40,000/ MT. Normally, 1 MT CPO can produce around 15 kg of palm oil. The study has also revealed that the income level of the oil palm growers has increased substantially with oil palm plantation. However, it was reported that the supply of raw materials, i.e. Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) was not sufficient enough as compared to the capacity utilization of the Oil Mill. As such, there is a need to increase the production of FFB within the framework of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO). Minute observations on the state of affairs further suggest that the small farmers may come forward to pool their land and other resources to grow oil palm in order to reap higher benefits.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PERFORMANCE OF HORTICULTURAL NURSERIES IN UNDIVIDED KAMRUP DISTRICT OF ASSAM
    (AAU, Jorhat, 2018-07) Konwar, Shyam Cheng; Gogoi, P.B
    The project work was carried out for a period of two months from February – March 2018 to study about the performance of horticultural nurseries of undivided Kamrup district of Assam. A nursery is a place where plants are propagated and grown to usable size. They may supply plants for gardens, for agriculture, for forestry, and for conservation biology. Some of them specialize in one phase of the process: propagation, growing out, or retail sale; or in one type of plant: e.g., groundcovers, shade plants, or rock garden plants. For this study, a total of 30 plant nursery owners were taken and then it is divided into three groups based on the size of the nurseries for the proposed study. Primary data were collected from the nursery owner with the help of a structured pre-tested schedule and questionnaire through personal interview. A nursery is a very profitable business in which the nursery have maintained 2 or above BC ratio. A nursery is helping in generating employment also. There were lots of plants found in the nurseries of diverse varieties which are cultivated or imported from different countries and states. Most of the nursery owners are literate and are well established. They have knowledge regarding the propagation, market and favourable conditions for the plants. There were different problems as well which were faced by the nursery business related to weather change, market competition, insufficiency of trained labour, transportation and other infrastructural problems