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Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola
Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola was established on 20th October, 1969 with its head-quarter at Akola. This Agricultural University was named after the illustrious son of Vidarbha Dr. Panjabrao (alias Bhausaheb) Deshmukh, who was the Minister for Agriculture,Govt. of India. The jurisdiction of this university is spread over the eleven districts of Vidarbha. According to the University Act 1983 (of the Government of Maharashtra), the University is entrusted with the responsibility of agricultural education, research and extension education alongwith breeder and foundation seed programme.
The University has its main campus at Akola. The instructional programmes at main campus are spread over in 5 Colleges namely, College of Agriculture, College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, College of Forestry, College of Horticulture and Post Graduate Institute. At this campus 4 degree programmes namely B.Sc.(Agri.) B.Sc. (Hort.), B.Sc. (Forestry) and B.Tech. (Ag. Engg.) , two Master’s Degree Programmes viz. M.Sc.(Agri.) and M.Tech. (Agri.Engg.) and Doctoral Degree Programmes in the faculties of Agriculture and Agril. Engineering are offered.
The University has its sub-campus at Nagpur with constituent College, College of Agriculture which offers B.Sc.(Agri.) and M.Sc.(Agri.) degree programmes. The Nagpur Campus is accomplished with a garden, surrounded by its natural beauty and a well established Zoo which attract the general public and visitors to the city. A separate botanic Garden is being maintained on 22 hectares with a green house for the benefit of research workers.
In addition there are 2 affiliated grant-in-aid colleges and 14 private non-grant-in-aid colleges under the umbrella of this University
A Central Research Station is situated at the main Campus which caters to the need of research projects undertaken by Crop Scientists of the principle crops of the region are Cotton, Sorghum, Oilseeds and Pulses.
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ThesisItem Open Access Title: STUDIES ON WEAR BEHAVIOUR OF STEELS USED FOR CROP CUTTING BLADES IN AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY(Publisher : Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2020-01-02) Authors: BASTEWAD, TULSHIDAS BALIRAM.; Advisor: Thakare, Dr. S. H.Abstract: Steel is a widely used material for most of the engineering applications not only because of its availability in market but also because of its attaining a wide range of properties, such as hardness, strength, toughness, wear resistance etc., which is not found in any other family of materials ( Agrawal, 1988). Steel is used basically in two ways (i.e. un-treated and treated) for various applications. Untreated steels have low level of mechanical and tribological properties whereas treated steels with proper combinations of soaking time, austenitizing temperature and transformation rate provide desired properties as per applications/use. The treated steels are single, dual and multiple phasic. Properties of dual phase steels, such as ferrite – martensite, suit the requirement of agricultural implements as it possess good combination of ductility, strength, toughness and better deformability than other high strength steels (Jha,et al. 2003). These steels exhibit other inherent specific material properties like, corrosion, wear resistance and machinability. Therefore, high strength low alloy dual phase steels are typically used in different engineering applications like power generation equipments, railways, pressure vessels, automobiles, reinforcing rods and bars, welded structure and agricultural applications particularly fast wearing components, like the brake and clutch linings, gears, bearings and crop cutting blades etc. Generally, carbon is the most important element profoundly affecting the mechanical properties of the steels. Increasing the carbon content of steels increases the hardness and strength. More -over, plain carbon steels have moderate strengths and can resist satisfactorily ordinary temperatures range 20º to 60ºC and atmospheres RH 90% and also are available in large quantities, in quite large variations of shapes and sizes with much lower cost. In their service periods, steels parts undergo heavy working due to crop residue stresses. As a result wearing and tearing or breakage take place due to gradual loss of material during working of the component. The quality of the steel products depends on the condition of their surfaces and on surface deterioration due to use. Surface deterioration is also important in engineering practice, it is often the major factor limiting the life and performance of machine components. Various types of steels are used in agricultural applications. In most of farm tools and implement machinery steel is about of 80 to 90 per cent of the entire body weight. Presently, low carbon steels especially mild steels are being used for making many farm tools and implements. Medium carbon steels, high carbon steels and some low alloy steels are also being used for fast wearing components of farm implements/machines to provide high strength, toughness and wear resistance. Based on survey of manufacturers of fast wearing components of agricultural implements, it is revealed that majority of manufacturers were using medium carbon steel (55%) followed by high carbon steel (27%), mild steel (12%) and high carbon tool steel (6%) (Singh and Saxena, 2005). Experimental procedure adopted for estimating the quantity of wear loss and wear rate of power operated chaff cutter blade. The experimental procedure followed for conducting the different experiments has also been discussed. Experiments were conducted in three different phases to achieve the objectives of the proposed research work. In first phase market survey was done for collection of different materials used for manufacture of crop cutting blades and chemical analysis for identification of selected steel materials. In second phase, three surface hardening processes were selected and third phase, fabricated blade was done for power operated chaff cutter using best material found in phase second. On the basis of survey, crop cutting blades of medium carbon steels (EN 8), medium carbon low alloy steels (EN 19), spring steel (EN 45) and bearing steel (EN 31) were selected as these are cost effective and readily available in all shapes and dimensions. These are heat treatable, weldable, machinable and forgeable steel. The available automobile leaf spring steels and high carbon steel strips are manufactured by blacksmith industries in India. These types of crop cutting blades are generally used for various agro-implements. Therefore, in present study these four types of steel were selected for assessment of the wear loss or wear rate of crop cutting blades. Crop cutting blades were surface hardened with different process to find out the most effective process for wear resistance. In present study, hardened and tempered, CrN coating and cryogenic treatments were selected as a surface hardening treatment. On the basis of survey, crop cutting blades of medium carbon steels (EN 8), medium carbon low alloy steels (EN 19), spring steel (EN 45) and bearing steel (EN 31) were selected as these are cost effective and readily available in all shapes and dimensions. These are heat treatable, weldable, machinable and forgeable steel. Wear loss was increased with increased load. All heat treatments behaved in similar manner but control sample wear loss was rapidly increased after 60 N load in EN 45. In EN 8, control and hardening and tempering wear was decreased up to 60 N load, then constant up to 65 N and after 65 N, wear loss rapidly increased with increased load. Among the steels that were studied in the research, EN 45 spring steel with CrN coating was selected to observe performance of the power operated chaff blade in field for cutting agricultural crops. It was observed that the lowest wear loss was exhibited by chaff cutter blade while cutting maize whereas highest wear loss was seen in sugarcane after 45 h. This clearly noted that, life of blade can be well decided by the type of steel selected and type agricultural feedstock.ThesisItem Open Access Description : The present investigation was conducted at Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, College of Agriculture Engineering and Technology, Akola, Dr. PDKV, Akola during the year 2020-2021 for calibration and validation of AquaCrop model for irrigated okra crop.(Publisher : Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2022-10-04) Authors : SIRSAT, LAXMAN GOVINDRAO.; Advisor : Wadatkar, S. B.Abstract : The present study entitled “calibration and validation of AquaCrop model for irrigated okra crop” was conducted at Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Dr. PDKV, Akola. Predicting attainable yield under water limiting condition is an important goal in rainfed agriculture. Proper irrigation planning is not only essential for water saving, but also for yield enhancement and it is only possible when an accurate and reliable decision-making tool has been adopted. AquaCrop is one of the model extensively used for irrigation plaining purposes. To evaluate the performance of the model, entitled study “Calibration and Validation of AquaCrop model for irrigated okra crop” was undertaken, with objective to calibrate and validate this AquaCrop model. AquaCrop model was calibrated using okra production data for the period 3rd December 2016 to 14th March 2017. The harvest index was observed as 86% for the okra. Thus, validation was carried out without any further adjustment to the calibrated parameters. The model validated for the period 20th November 2017 to 1st March 2018. Using irrigation treatment T1 and T2. Two statistical parameters i.e. root mean square error (RMSE) and Nash Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency (R2Ns) were used as performance indicator. Results indicated that both statical parameters were in acceptable limit for both calibration and validation period. Testing of two formulated Irrigation Schedules was carried out for period of 3rd November 2018 to 12th February 2019. AquaCrop model was tested for two different irrigation schedules formulated during 2018-19 and it was observed that Iirrigation schedule S0 (80 % ETc with PM) was best fitted in terms of water saving and yield obtained as compared to S1 (60 % ETc with PM) irrigation schedules.ThesisItem Open Access Title : VEGETATION INDICES BASED CROP COEFFICIENTS TO ESTIMATE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF WHEAT.(Publisher : Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2022-10-12) Authors : KOSLE, ABHA ANIE.; Advisor : Pimpale, A. R.Abstract : Water is regarded as "Blue Gold," and is considered to be the most critical issue of the current century. Water scarcity is continuously becoming the most prominent environmental constraint limiting plant growth in many arid and semi-arid regions and can adversely affect food security worldwide Precise irrigation water management is needed in order to utilize scare water resources effectively. The water requirements of crops are generally estimated by guidelines provided in FAO-56 bulletin in which tabulated values of crop coefficients (Kc) are used. These crop coefficients are point based and actual crop evapotranspiration (ETc) is crucially dependent on crop coefficient curves. Remote Sensing derived multispectral vegetation indices (VIs) have similar pattern as that of crop coefficients (Kc). Therefore, VIs can be used to model crop coefficients and utilized as proxy Kc. The use of VI can give spatial dimension to Kc and thus spatial variability of water requirement can be well captured. Therefore, the present investigation entitled ‘Multispectral Vegetation Indices-based Crop coefficients for Irrigation Water Management’ was undertaken with major objective of finding the most appropriate VI showing close relationship with crop coefficients of rabi sorghum and wheat crops. The study was carried out in Pratapgarh district situated in Uttar Pradesh. Images of Sentinel 2 A, MSI sensor were used to generate multi temporal commonly used vegetation indices RVI, NDVI, NDWI and SAVI. Spectral behavior of wheat crop indicated that the VIs follows the similar pattern as that of crop coefficients. The crop acreages were computed by utilizing two stage hybrid classification of remote sensing. These estimates showed deviation of 4.43 % from the estimates of Department of Agriculture, for wheat crop. The values of multi-date vegetation indices RVI, NDVI, NDWI and SAVI were arranged according to the age in terms of weeks. The week-wise crop coefficients (Kc) recommended by MPKV Rahuri were used to form the relationship with VIs. Linear regression analysis was applied and the relationships were established in the form of prediction models. It was found that all the vegetation indices (VIs) have reasonably good correlation with crop coefficients (Kc) with higher R² values. However, NDWI-Kc model and showed best performance in case of wheat crop. For wheat crop, NDWI-Kc model showed highest R² and D values of 0.9485 and 0.991, respectively with lowest values of SE, RMSE and PD of 0.0841, 0.079 and 2.08, respectively. Therefore, NDWI was found most preferred remote sensing indicators for estimation of wheat crop coefficients. These best performing models were utilized to estimate week-wise crop coefficients. The crop water requirements were estimated and found 405.74 mm for wheat crop. Water demands for wheat crop were estimated. For wheat crop Water demand of Pratapgarh district was found 63.21 Mm3. Results of this study demonstrate the potential of multispectral vegetation indices for estimating spatial crop coefficients leading to correct site-specific crop water demand resulting in precise irrigation waterThesisItem Open Access Title : PROTECTIVE IRRIGATION PLANNING FOR RAINFED CROPPING AT AKOLA STATION FOR CLIMATE RESILIENT AGRICULTURE(Publisher : Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2022-10-04) Authors : TALOLE, RUSHIKESH SURESH; Advisor : Kale, M. U.Abstract : The present study entitled “Protective Irrigation Planning for Rainfed Cropping at Akola Station for Climate Resilient Agriculture” was conducted at Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Dr. PDKV, Akola. Annual and weekly climate variability in terms of rainfall, minimum and maximum temperature were analysed for the period from 1998 to 2019. The increase in average annual maximum and minimum temperature for all stations in Akola was found as 0.8% and 1.5%, respectively. The average reduction in annual rainfall for Akola district was 99.02 mm (11.76%). The variation in average weekly rainfall, average weekly maximum temperature and average weekly minimum temperature was accessed for SMW 23 to SMW 39 in Akola district. The maximum and minimum weekly reference evapotranspiration during monsoon season was observed in SMW-23 (June) and SMW-31 (August), respectively. The high values were may be due to high and low temperature during June and August. The reference evapotranspiration varies from 6.39 mm day-1 to 3.75 mm day-1. The maximum monthly rainfall and effective rainfall was observed during the month of July, followed by August, June and September. The highest effective rainfall was found in Patur taluka followed by Barshitakali, Murtizapur, Akola, Akot, Telhara and Balapur. Crop water requirement for Cotton, Pigeon Pea and Soybean was estimated using CropWat 8.0 using crop coefficient approach for all stations of Akola. The Cotton and Pigeon pea crop requires at least 37.3 mm/month, 120.9 mm/month, 121.4 mm/month, 114.7 mm/month, and 18.9 mm/month irrigation water during September, October, November, December and January respectively. Peak irrigation requirement of cotton and pigeon pea was found in the month of November. The protective irrigation schedule was generated using CropWat 8.0 for Cotton, Pigeon Pea and Soybean for all stations of Akola. There is no need of protective irrigation for soybean crop due to low irrigation requirement during Kharif season. The amount of protective irrigation for Cotton and pigeon pea requires protective irrigation in the month of October (>130mm) followed by December (>128mm), November (>65mm). The protective irrigation planned for the study area will help to increase the crop production.ThesisItem Open Access Title of thesis DEVELOPMENT OF JAMUN (Syzygium cumini (L.)) PULP EXTRACTOR(Publisher : Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2022-09-29) Name of Author GAWANDE, ASHWINI BABURAO.; Name of Advisor Bakane, Dr. P. H.Abstract Jamun is a potentially important indigenous minor commercial fruit as well as have high medicinal uses and excellent processing qualities for pulp and seed. The main problem in Jamun processing is to extract pulp from the fruit. Manual extraction of pulp from its seeds is very difficult. It is a very tedious, time consuming and unhygienic process. To overcome these problems of extraction of Jamun pulp from its seed, it was necessary to develop a machine, which produces good quality pulp with minimum pulp losses. Keeping in view the above facts, economically feasible Jamun pulp extractor was developed for effective extraction of pulp from Jamun fruit. The developed Jamun pulp extractor consisted of mainframe, feeding hopper, brush roller, cylindrical sieve, pulley and belt and electric motor as a power source. The operational parameters of Jamun pulp extractor namely, speed of brush roller (1.8, 2.8 and 3.7 m/s), clearance between cylindrical sieve and brush roller (8, 10 and 10 mm) and feed rate (120, 180 and 240 kg/h) were optimized for maximum pulp extraction efficiency and minimum pulp loss with coarse Jamun pulp using a completely randomized design. The quality of Jamun pulp extracted by machine was compared with pulp extracted by manual in terms of biochemical, microbial and sensory properties during the storage period of 180 days stored at -18°C to -20°C. The Jamun fruits were classified into small ( 25 mm) categories, based on the major diameter of the Jamun fruit. The average values of weight, size, arithmetic mean diameter, square mean diameter, equivalent diameter, surface area, projected area and volume were found to be increased with increase in the size of the Jamun fruit except the sphericity and aspect ratio of the Jamun fruit which was decreased with increase in the size of the fruit. The average values of true density, bulk density and porosity for the small size of Jamun fruits were found to be 0.79 g/cm3, 0.56 g/cm3, 28.56%, respectively, for medium size Jamun fruits the values were found to be 1.19 g/cm3, 0.57 g/cm3 and 52.38%, respectively and 1 g/cm3, 0.57 g/cm3 and 43.20%, respectively for large size of the Jamun fruit. The average pulp content was found to be increased with an increase in the size of the fruit whereas the seed content was decreased with increase in the size of the fruit. For small, medium and large size of the Jamun seeds the average weight, size, arithmetic mean diameter, square mean diameter, equivalent diameter, aspect ratio, sphericity, surface area, projected area, volume and hardness were determined as in case of small, medium and large size of Jamun fruits. The optimized operational parameters of Jamun pulp extractor namely, speed of brush roller, clearance between cylindrical sieve and brush roller and feed rate were found to be 2.8 m/s, 10 mm and 180 kg/h, respectively for maximum pulp extraction efficiency of 95.31% and minimum pulp loss of 4.66%, respectively with maximum coarseness of Jamun pulp as 23. The cost of the developed Jamun pulp extractor was found to be Rs. 41, 600/- with expected annual profit of Rs. 51,399.33 per year. The payback period and benefit cost ratio were found to be 48 days and 2.6, respectively indicating a good venture for entrepreneurship. The average values of manual pulp extraction efficiency, pulp loss and capacity were found to be 92.63%, 7.36% and 1.38 kg/man-h, respectively. At optimized parameters of developed Jamun pulp extractor the pulp extraction efficiency, pulp loss and capacity were found to be 95.31%, 4.66% and 180 kg/h, respectively. The cost of manual pulp extraction and by developed Jamun pulp extractor were found to be Rs. 18.11 per kg and Rs. 0.45 per kg, respectively indicating the pulp extraction by developed Jamun pulp extractor was economically feasible. The TSS, pH of Jamun pulp was found to be increased with increase in storage period whereas, titrable acidity, ascorbic acid was decreased. The microbial load was found to be less in Jamun pulp extracted by machine than that of pulp extracted by manually. The sensory score of Jamun pulp extracted by machine and manual stored at -18 to 20oC for 180 days was above 6 for all attributes indicated the extracted pulp has good acceptability. Jamun pulp extracted by developed Jamun pulp extractor could be stored at -18 to -20oC with no preservative, in an acceptable range of sensory (sensory score above 6) and microbial quality (13.33 × 103 CFU/g) for 180 days.ThesisItem Open Access Title : MODIFICATION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF MANUALLY OPERATED PADDY TRANSPLANTER.(Publisher : Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2022-10-08) Authors : DANESHWAR KUMAR.; Advisor : THAKARE, Dr. S. K.Abstract : Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most widely consumed staple food in the world. India is the world's second largest rice producer and the world's largest rice exporter. Transplanting of rice is the most common method in India. In most of the region transplanting is done manually. Manual rice transplanting is a tedious, labour intensive and very times consuming job requiring (250-300 man-h ha-1). Nowadays lot of efforts are made to introduce the mechanical transplanter in the country, but they are not popularized in Indian conditions due to small farm size, undulating topography of soil and climatic conditions, cost of the machine etc. In order to develop new transplanter, initially the study of existing CRRI paddy transplanter was done. The limitations and drawbacks have been highlighted. It was found that the existing transplanter needed some modification in order to reduce draft or drudgery, proper movement of tray index, increase field capacity, planting efficiency and reduce the unproductive hills. Therefore, a project on “modification and performance evaluation of manually operated paddy transplanter” was undertaken. Results of machine performance tests showed the sedimentation period of 36 hours was found to be most suitable for transplanting as float sinkage was minimum of 1.9 cm and required depth of planting of 4.5 cm was observed. The missing hills, floating hills, buried hills and damaged hills were found to be 10.34, 4.5, 2.29 and 1.13 per cent respectively. The total unproductive hills 18.37 per cent which was 10.72 per cent lower than the existing transplanter. The planting efficiency were found to be 81.61 per cent. The planting efficiency of the modified transplanter was increased by 11.52 per cent and found to be more effective than the existing transplanter. The actual field capacity and field efficiency were found to be 0.040 ha/h and 71.32 per cent respectively and increased by 37.5 % and 0.30 % as compared to existing manually operated paddy transplanter.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF TRACTOR OPERATED COTTON STALK UPROOTER ATTACHMENT FOR SHREDDER(Dr. Punjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2020-11-07) JAGATAP, ANIKET RAMAKANT; Kamble, Dr. A. K.Cotton (Gossypium) being a fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll is one of the major crop produced in India accounting 22 percent of world total production. In India 500 million tons of crop residue are prouduced annually out of which 90-150 million (Bhuneshwari et al ., 2019) are burned in the field and after harvesting of cotton, the leftover cotton stalk (crop residue) are generally burned in the field causing pollution or slashed to certain depth without uprooting which require considerable amount of labour and drudgery. Therefore, a cotton stalk up-rooter attachment for shredder was developed to solve the issue of cotton crop residue management problem in the field. The field evaluation of the machine was conducted at stalk uprooting depth of 150 mm, 200 mm and 250 mm and forward speed of tractor of 1.5 km/h, 2.5 km/h and 3.5 km/h as independent parameter and were evaluated for field capacity, field efficiency, power requirement, draft requirement, wheel slippage, fuel consumption, stalk uprooting width and uprooting efficiency as dependent parameters. The depth of operation of 200 mm and forward speed of 2.5 km/h was found suitable for uprooting cotton stalk. The field efficiency, power requirement, draft requirement, wheel slippage, fuel consumption, stalk uprooting width and uprooting efficiency were found to be 0.22 ha/h, 76.58 per cent, 4.514 kW, 653.5 kgf, 12.81 per cent, 6.49 lit/h, 360 mm and 98.08 per cent, respectively. Cost of operation per hectare of cotton stalk shredder without stalk up-rooter attachment was found to be Rs. 1867.5 and for cotton stalk shredder with stalk up-rooter attachment was found to be Rs. 2670.26. The cotton stalk up-rooter attachment machine uprooted the cotton stalks from the soil and worked satisfactorily in the field.ThesisItem Open Access RESPONSE OF WHEAT TO SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEMS UNDER DIFFERENT LATERAL AND EMITTER SPACINGS(Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2020-02-18) LOKHANDE, JAYA NARENDRA; Deshmukh, Dr. M. M.A field experiment was conducted in clay loam soil at Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd., Jalgaon during rabi seasons of 2016-17 and 2017-18. Experiment was consist of eighteen treatments with three replications. The experiment comprised of three factors; (i) Irrigation methods – Surface (S1) and subsurface (S2) drip irrigation, (ii) Lateral spacings - 60 cm (L1), 80 cm (L2) and 100 cm (L3), and (iii) Emitter spacings - 20 cm (E1), 30 cm (E2) and 40 cm (E3). In subsurface drip irrigation lateral was placed at 20 cm depth in soil. 100 days wheat variety AKAW-4210-6. (PDKV Sardar) was sown at 20 cm crop spacing. The experiment was framed in Split-split plot design. Control was check basin irrigation method in which irrigation’s were given at six critical growth stages of wheat crop. Total water requirement of wheat was found to be 404.5 mm (40.45 ha-cm) under surface and subsurface drip irrigation method; whereas it was found 603.4 mm (60.34 ha-cm) in check basin method of irrigation; which results in 32.96 per cent saving of water through drip irrigation methods. Soil moisture content in 0-45 cm depth of soil gradually decreases with increase of both lateral spacings and emitter spacings. The soil moisture content in subsurface drip irrigation for different lateral and emitter spacings was found maximum between 15-30 cm soil depths; whereas in surface drip irrigation it was found maximum up to 20 cm soil depth only. The soil moisture content under L1 (60 cm) with all three emitter spacing was found more uniform in comparison with L2 (80 cm) and L3 (100 cm). The study indicated that maximum plant growth, flag leaf area, number of effective tillers per square metre, number of grains per earhead, test weight, grain yield and straw yield were recorded in L1 and E1. However growth and yield parameters were found to be statistically at par in surface and subsurface drip irrigation methods. The combination of L1E1 recorded desirable growth and yield parameters as compared other treatment combinations. Similarly surface and subsurface drip irrigation methods recorded higher growth and yield parameter as compared to check basin irrigation method. L1 recorded significantly highest yield of wheat compared to L2 and L3. E1 recorded significantly highest yield of wheat as compared to E2 and E3. As regards the water use efficiency (WUE) in wheat crop, treatment combination S1L1E1 recorded higher irrigation WUE (1.58). Whereas check basin irrigation method exhibited lower irrigation WUE (0.52). Economic analysis revealed that, maximum gross monetary returns (GMR) (114242 Rs ha-1) and net monetary returns (NMR) (72662 Rs ha-1) were observed in the treatment S1L1E1. While, minimum GMR (53120 Rs ha-1) and NMR (23813 Rs ha-1) were recorded in the control treatment T19 i.e. check basin irrigation method. The highest benefit cost ratio of 2.75 was recorded by the treatment combination S1L1E1 and lowest benefit cost ratio (1.71) was recorded by the treatment combination S2L3E3.ThesisItem Open Access HERMATICALLY SEALED STORAGE METHODS FOR GREENGRAM.(Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 25-05-17) YEWLE, Ku. NILESHWARI RAJU.; Gupta, Dr. S. V.Although, considerable emphasis has been given to increases production of pluses produces, but post harvesting and storage losses cause the serious concern in our country. The development of new storage technic is the important consideration to reduces the storage losses. Green gram or mung bean is the third most important pulse crop in the Indian subcontinent. These were stored in the various bags was done for a 6 month storage period. The parameter like relative humidity ,water activity, damage of green gram,1000 grain weight loss and moisture, protein, carbohydrate ,gas composition in the different type bags, colour values, were determined. Mean insect infestation and 1000 weight loss were significantly different (p<0.005) in the different storage bags. This study concluded that the deterioration of green gram stored in hermetic bag was lowest as compared to gunny bag and others losses and also in hermetic bag the quality of green gram was superior throughout the storage period . During the storage period of 180 days, In all treatment, Hermetic bag, 300 PP bag ,200 PP bag , HDPE white bag and Gunny bags was evaluated for 1000 grain Wight, insect infestation, proximate composition and Gas composition were estimate. The increase in storage period, significant decreases in nutritional quality were observed due to insect infestation, they further noted that changes were maximum in green gram stored in gunny bag and minimum in hermetic bag. The crude Fat and crude Ash decreased with storage period. The moisture content were found (m.c) in T1 (13.5% m.c.), T2 (12.6% m.c.),T3 (11% m.c.) T5 (9% m.c.) and T6 (8.2% m.c.) respectively. Changes in ash and fat were non significant during the study. Insect infestation and mould growth were also higher found in gunny bag. The ratio of O2 was reducing and increasing CO2 concentration in hermetic bag significantly as compared to other bag. Use of hermetic bag can reduce grain deterioration due to changes in grain quality as a result of insect infestation and growth of fungi. By preventing storage losses, the hermetic storage also becomes an essential technology for enhancing food security.
