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Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur

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End date: 2015 × Start date: 2015 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Wilt of chickpea with special reference to characterization of races and variant of fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris and parameters associated with resistance
    (JNKVV, 2015) Patil, Minakshi Ganeshrao; Gupta, Om
    Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the most important pulse crop among the major Rabi pulses of India. Fusarium wilt which is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris is considered to be the most devastating disease of this crop. Among the different seven isolates used in this study, Isolates I-19 and I-28 resulted 100 per cent mortality within 11 days whereas, isolates I-13 and I-80 resulted 100 per cent mortality within 16 and 17 days respectively on highly susceptible cultivar JG 62. Whereas, in highly resistant cultivar JG 315 isolates I-19 and I-28 showed resistant reaction, I-20, I-13 and I-1 showed moderately resistant whereas, I-4 and I-80 showed susceptible reaction within 25 days after transplanting. In case of cultural and morphological characters, growth pattern among the isolates varied as fluffy, partial fluffy, cottony growth, partial submerged and submerged. Studies on growth rate i.e. colony diameter and time required for maximum spore production exhibited the maximum and fast growth was obtained by Isolates I – 20 and I – 13 within seven days of incubation whereas, the isolates I-4 showed slow growth on 9th day. Macro conidia varies from 1.7 to 9.1x105on 5th and on 7th DAI whereas, microconidia possessed 2.0 to 9.1x105 after 5th and 7th DAI. Isolates I-1 showed minimum and I-13 showed maximum dry weight of mycelial mat on liquid media respectively. The highest growth was observed in Czapek’s Dox agar and on PDA among the all tested medium. While, Ashby’s agar was less favorable for the growth of many isolates. Temperature ranged from 25-30OC and pH ranged from 6.0-6.5 exhibited best for the growth and sporulation of F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris. Seedling reaction of ten chickpea differential genotypes against races and variants of F.oxysporum f. sp. ciceris revealed the existence of pathogenic variability among these isolates. The cultivar JG 74 and JG 315 showed resistant reaction to almost all isolates and cultivar JG 74 showed susceptible reaction to isolate I-19 whereas, cultivar JG 62 exhibited susceptible reaction to all isolates. Pathogenic variation by in-vitro screening through root feeding of pathotoxin revealed that the genotypes JG 74, JG 11 and JG 322 took 12 days for wilting, while the three genotypes JG 63, JG 14 and JG 24 took 10 days. The remaining two genotypes JG 16 and JG 130 survived for 4 and 6 days whereas, JG 62 died on the 6th day after transplanting. On the other hand, all seedlings of JG 315 survived for 14 days, without showing any symptoms of wilting. Co-efficients of the seven isolates of F. oxysporum based on SSR markers ranged from 0.7 to 0.3 among all the genotypes. Accessions of isolates I-20 and I-13 showed the highest similarity index (0.7), while the lowest similarity index (0.3) was found in between isolates I-80 and I-1. The root exudates of the susceptible cultivar JG 62 and late wilting cultivar K 850 did not inhibit colony growth and spore germination of all isolates of FOC whereas, it was strongly inhibited by root exudates of JG 315. On the contrary, the root exudates of JG 74 resulted higher colony growth and spore germination percent. In the histopathological study distinct browning of the vascular cylinder in the infected JG 62 showing the advance of disease progression from root to shoot while the infected JG 315 plant did not show any prominent browning in the vascular cylinder. Studies on host resistance under multiple disease sick field led to conclusion that among 285 entries two entries showed less than 10 percent mortality and may be considered as resistant, 11 entries exhibited 10.1 to 20 percent mortality and regarded as moderately resistant during 2013-14 however, during 2014-15, six entries showed less than 10 percent mortality and considered as resistant, 14 entries exhibited 10.1 to 20 percent mortality and regarded as moderately resistant. The cultural, morphological and molecular study of New variant showed the similar virulence, pathogenicity and growth pattern on PDA with Race 4. The effect of temperature and pH on growth and sporulation of new variant was similar as on Race 1. However, t he root exudates and molecular study grouped this variant in Race 2. Hence it can be concluded that conformity of any pathogen needs to addresses the both conventional (cultural and morphological) and molecular approach to come out with its appropriate ide ntifications and for further emulation of its management.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Authentication of F1 wheat crosses and genetic analyses for yield and quality attributes under different environments
    (JNKVV, 2015) Avinashe, Harshal A; Shukla, R.S.
    The present investigation entitled ″Authentication of F1 Wheat Crosses and Genetic Analyses for Yield and Quality Attributes under Different Environments″ was carried out under Wheat Improvement Project, Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics at Seed Breeding Farm, College of Agriculture, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur (M.P) during rabi season 2013-14 and rabi 2014-15. The experimental material consisted of 40 F1 hybrids, 10 lines (female), 4 testers (male). The 40 hybrids involved lines and testers were produced by hybridization during rabi 2013-14. The experimental design comprised 54 different genotypes of wheat (including 40 F1s, 10 lines and 4 testers) were grown in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replication during rabi 2014-15. Each plot consists of two rows of 2.0 m length and 20 cm apart in among normal sown [E1], late sown [E2] and very late sown [E3] conditions. Five competitive plants were selected from each replication for 20 quantitative traits viz; days to 50% heading, days to maturity, plant height, number of productive tillers per plant, number of spikelets per ear, ear length, ear weight, number of ears per plant, number of grains per ear, 1000-grain weight, biological yield per plant, grain yield per plant, harvest index, canopy temperature, chlorophyll content, sedimentation value, hectoliter weight, protein content, wet gluten content, starch content Data were subject to analysis to find out estimate the genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlation coefficient, path coefficient analysis, magnitude of heterosis (over mid parent and better parent), combining ability of parents and crosses, nature and magnitude of gene action, stability analysis and to conduct the purity testing of developed hybrids through SSR markers. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences between parents, hybrids and parents v/s hybrids for almost all the characters in all the environments. In pooled analysis of variance mean square do to genotypes, parents, hybrids and parents v/s hybrids were significant for all the characters. Genotypes x environment, parents x environments and hybrids x environments interactions were also significant for all the characters, (except number of spikelets per ear). Parents v/s hybrid x environment interaction was significant for all the characters except number of productive tillers per plant, number of spikelets per and canopy temperature. The mean value of days to heading, days to maturity, plant height, number of productive tillers per plant, ear weight, 1000-grain weight and biological yield per plant reduced drastically in late and very late environment. In environment E3 yield reduction was up to 40 per cent. Such drastic reduction was not observed for ear length, number of spikelets per ear and number of grains per ear. Canopy temperature increased in late and very late sown environments. The per se performance of parents GW-273, JW-1202, JW-3211 and MP-3269 were found promising for over the environment. However parents GW-322 and GW-366 were found promising for normal and late sown and parent JW-1201 were suitable for late and very late date of sowing while parents JW-1203, LOK-1 and HD-2932 were found promising for normal and very late sown condition. The performance of hybrids GW-273 X JW-3211 and JW-1201 X JW-3336 were found promising for late and very late sown condition of wheat respectively. In the present study, the phenotypic coefficient of variability was greater than genotypic coefficient of variability for all the traits in all environments. The high magnitude of both coefficients were recorded for traits viz., grain yield per plant, biological yield per plant and number of productive tillers per plant in all environments. The high magnitude of both coefficients were recorded for harvest index in second and third date of sowing, sedimentation value in first and third date of sowing and number of ears per plant in second date of sowing showed high magnitude of PCV. High heritability with high genetic advance was recorded for number of ears per plant, biological yield per plant, grain yield per plant, harvest index, canopy temperature, chlorophyll content, sedimentation value, protein content and wet gluten content in first date of sowing whereas, number of productive tillers per plant, grain yield per plant, sedimentation value and wet gluten content in second date of sowing while, number of productive tillers per plant, ear weight, number of ears per plant, 1000-grain weight and biological yield per plant in third date of sowing. High heritability with moderate genetic advance was recorded for days to 50% heading, number of spikelets per ear, number of grains per ear, 1000 grain weight in timely sown condition while, 1000 grain weight in late sown condition whereas, number of spikelets per ear, ear length, number of grains per ear, sedimentation value in very late sown condition. This might be attributed to additive gene action conditioning their expression and phenotypic selection for their amenability, can be brought about. In the present findings the significant phenotypic and genotypic correlation of grain yield per plant were found positive for the characters biological yield per plant, harvest index, ear weight, ear length, number of spikelets per ear, number of productive tillers per plant, number of ears per plant and number of grains per ear in all the environments including pooled. Whereas, 1000 grain weight showed positive significant correlation with grain yield per plant only in pooled environment. Canopy temperature showed positive significant association with grain yield per plant in third date of sowing. However, wet gluten content showed negative correlation with grain yield per plant in third date of sowing. The path coefficient analysis of different characters revealed that highest positive direct effect on grain yield per plant was exerted by biological yield per plant followed by number of grains per ear, days to maturity, plant height, ear length, 1000 grain weight, harvest index, starch content in all the environments. Number of productive tillers per plant and number of spikelets per ear exhibited substantial positive direct effect on grain yield in first date of sowing. Wet gluten content exhibited substantial positive direct effect on grain yield in second and third date of sowing. Hectoliter weight in first and third date of sowing. Negative direct effect on grain yield per plant was exerted by ear weight, number of ears per plant, chlorophyll content and protein content. Days to 50% heading in first and second date of sowing. Significant heterosis over mid parent was observed for all the characters in all the environments. Among forty crosses 23, 15, 20 and 28 crosses in E1, E2, E3 and pool respectively, exhibited significant positive relative heterosis for grain yield per plant. Crosses GW-273 X JW-3288, GW-273 X JW-3211 and GW-322 X JW-3288 exhibited significant heterobeltiosis for grain yield per plant in late, very late environments and pool whereas, three crosses viz.,GW-322 X JW-3211, JW-1201 X JW-3336 and JW-1202 X JW-3336 exhibited significant heterobeltiosis in normal, very late environments and pool. Whereas, two crosses GW-322 X JW-3336 and JW-1202 X JW-3288 showed the significant positive heterobeltiosis for grain yield per plant in normal and late environments i.e. E1 and E2 and pool. For very late environment (E3), where high temperature had adverse effects, crosses GW-273 X JW-3288, JW-1202 X JW-3336 and GW-273 X MP-3269 showed high heterobeltiosis for grain yield per plant. Most of these crosses also depicted high heterobeltiosis for one or more yield components and quality traits. The analysis of variance for combining ability indicated significant mean squares for line x tester comparisons for almost all the traits under study in all the three environments. The lower estimates of potence ratio for almost all characters in all three environments and pool suggested the predominant role of non-additive gene action. whereas, some characters viz., days to 50% heading in E1, plant height in E2 and plant height, number of spikelets per ear, ear length and number of grains per ear in E3 and plant height, number of spikelets per ear, ear weight and number of grains per ear, grain yield per plant in pool had additive gene action. Parent GW-273, GW-322, JW-1201, HD-2864, JW-1202, JW-3288 and JW-3211 were good general combiners for grain yield, yield components and some of quality traits and may be extensively used in the crossing programme to accumulate all the desirable characters in limited genotypes which may immense value for heterosis breeding as well as development of composites and inbred lines. The estimates of specific combining ability effects revealed that out of forty crosses, SCA effects for grain yield per plant were significant positive for 6 crosses in E1, 4 crosses in E2, 3 crosses in E3 and 4 crosses in pool respectively. Crosses GW-273 X JW-3211 and JW-1201 X JW-3336 in E2 and pool, HD-2864 X MP-3269 and HI-1544 X JW-3211 E1 and pool recorded significant SCA effects for grain yield per plant along with one or more components and quality traits. The crosses GW-273 X JW-3211, JW-1201 X JW-3336, HD-2864 X MP- 3269 and HI-1544 X JW-3211 depicted high heterobeltiosis along with at least one good general combiner parent and high SCA effects in pool whereas, crosses GW-322 X JW-3211, JW-1201 X JW-3336, JW-1201 X MP-3269, JW- 1202 X JW-3336, JW-1202 X JW-3288, JW-1202 X MP-3269, JW-1202 X JW- 3211, JW-1203 X JW-3211, LOK-1 X JW-3211, HD-2864 X JW-3336 and HD- 2864 X JW-3211 in E1 exhibited significant heterobeltiosis involved at least one good general combiner parent and non-significant SCA effects. The analysis of variance for phenotypic stability revealed that the mean differences due to genotypes were statistically significant for days to maturity, plant height, number of spikelets per ear, ear length, ear weight, number of grains per ear, 1000-grain weight, sedimentation value, hectolitre, protein content, wet gluten content and starch content. The significance of G X E interaction was detected for hectoliter weight only, which suggested differential responses of genotypes in different environments. Stability analysis revealed that genotypes GW-273 X JW-3211, GW-322 X JW-3288, JW-1201 X JW-3336, JW-1201 X MP-3269, JW-1202 X JW-3336, HI-1544 X MP-3269 and HI-1544 X JW-3211 were found as stable genotypes which exhibited stable performance for more than four characters including most important yield and yield contributing traits. Genotypes GW-273 X MP-3269, GW-366 X MP-3269, HD-2864 X JW- 3211, GW-322 X JW-3211 and JW-1201 X JW-3288 exhibited above average stability for yield and other yield contributing traits and therefore these genotypes specifically adapted to unfavorable environmental conditions. Out of 15, 3 SSR markers viz., Xgwm169, Xgwm437 and Xgwm427 can be used for hybrid purity testing in wheat, and these specific markers exhibited good parental polymorphism and can be used easily to judge the hybridity in wheat.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Genetic divergence and stability analysis in advanced breeding lines of soybean
    (JNKVV, 2015) Dubey, Nidhi; Shrivastava, A.N.
    ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Genetic Divergence and Stability Analyses in Advanced Breeding Lines of Soybean” was carried out under AICRP Project on Soybean, Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics at Seed Breeding Farm, College of Agriculture, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur (M.P) during the rabi 2013-14 (E1), kharif 2014 (E2) and rabi 2014-2015 (E3). The experimental design comprised 50 different genotypes of soybean (6 popular varieties and 44 advanced breeding lines) were grown in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replication during rabi 2013-14 (E1), kharif 2014 (E2) and rabi 2014-2015 (E3). Each plot consists of two rows of 2.0 m length and 40 cm apart in among rabi 2013-14 [E1], kharif 2014 [E2] and rabi 2014-2015 [E3]. Five competitive plants were selected from each replication for 18 quantitative traits viz; days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of nodes per plant, number of pods per plant, number of pods per node, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight, biological yield per plant, harvest index, seed yield per plant, protein content, oil content, carbohydrate, ash content and fibre. Characterization was done on the basis of following characters such as hypocotyl colour, growth type, growth habit, pubescent, pubescent colour, leaf shape, flower colour, pod colour, seed coat colour, seed size, seed shape and hilum colour. Data were subject to analysis to find out estimate the genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlation coefficient, path coefficient analysis, genetic diversity, principal component analysis, stability analysis and molecular diversity using RAPD and SSR markers. The analysis of variance indicated that the mean sum of squares due to genotypes were highly significant for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of pods per node, number of seeds per pod, biological yield per plant, harvest index, seed yield per plant and fibre in all the environmental conditions. Number of nodes per plant, number of seeds per plant, 100 seed weight, protein, oil, carbohydrate and ash were highly significant in E1, E2 and pooled environment while significant at 1% level in E3 environment. The phenotypic coefficient of variability was greater than genotypic coefficient of variability for all the traits in all environments. The high magnitude of both coefficients were recorded for traits viz., seed yield per plant, biological yield per plant, number of seeds per plant and number of seeds per pod in all environments. The high magnitude of both coefficients were recorded for number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant in E1, E2 and E3 environment, harvest index in E1 and E3 environment, number of pods per node in E1 and E2 environment, 100 seed weight in E2 environment. The moderate magnitudes of both coefficients were recorded for plant height in all environments. The moderate magnitudes of both coefficients were recorded for number of nodes per plant, fibre in E1, E2 and E3 environment while harvest index showed moderate magnitude for both coefficients in E1 environment. High heritability with high genetic advance was recorded for biological yield per plant, plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant and seed yield per plant in E1, E2, and E3 (Table 5.1). Whereas, high estimate of heritability along with high genetic advance was recorded for harvest index in E1 and E3, number of pods per node and 100 seed weight in E2 and number of branches per plant in E3, days to 50% flowering in pooled. High heritability with moderate genetic advance was recorded for fibre content in E1, E2, and E3, number of nodes per plant in E1 and E3 and days to maturity in pooled. Moderate heritability with moderate genetic advance was recorded for number of nodes per plant in E1, E2 and E3, number of pods per node in E1 and E3. High heritability with low genetic advance was recorded for protein content, oil content in E1, E2 and E3. Plant height, number of pods per plant, number of pods per node and fibre content in pooled analysis recorded high heritability with low genetic advance indicating that they may be governed by non-additive gene action. In the present findings the significant phenotypic correlation of seed yield per plant were found positive for the characters number of branches per plant, number of nodes per plant, number of pods per plant, number of pods per node, number of seeds per plant, biological yield per plant and harvest index in all the environments. Whereas, 100 seed weight showed positive significant correlation with seed yield per plant in E1 and E2. Number of seeds per pod showed positive significant association with seed yield per plant in E1 and E3. This suggests that these characters should be considered while selecting for improvement in seed yield per plant provided the character should show high variability, which is the basis for selection. However, 100 seed weight showed negative correlation with seed yield per plant in E2 environment. The path coefficient analysis of different characters revealed that highest positive direct effect on seed yield per plant per plant was exerted by number of pods per plant followed by number of seeds per plant, number of pods per node, number of nodes per plant, biological yield per plant, harvest index and 100 seed weight in all the environments. Number of seeds per pod and protein content exhibited substantial positive direct effect on seed yield per plant in E1 and E3 environment. Carbohydrate exhibited low positive direct effect on seed yield per plant in E2 and E3 environment. Fibre exhibited low positive direct effect on seed yield per plant in E1 and E2 environment. We can conclude on the basis of present finding that number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, number of pods per node, number of nodes per plant, biological yield per plant, harvest index and 100 seed weight are universal traits for overall improvement, whereas, Number of seeds per pod and protein content are important for E1 and E3 environment. Carbohydrate E2 and E3 environment, fibre in E1 and E2 environment should be given specific importance in addition to number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, number of pods per node, number of nodes per plant, biological yield per plant, harvest index and 100 seed weight while mounting selection for specific conditions. Negative direct effect on seed yield per plant per plant was exerted by plant height, oil and ash content in E1, E2 and E3 environment. Days to maturity imposed negative direct effect on seed yield per plant in E1 and E2 environment. Genetic divergence analysis based on Mahalanobis D2 statistics, fifty genotypes were grouped into ten clusters in rabi 2013-14 (E1), six clusters in kharif 2014 (E2), thirteen clusters in rabi 2014-2015 (E3) and twelve clusters in pooled revealing the presence of wide genetic diversity. Cluster VI in rabi 2013-14 (E1), cluster III in kharif 2014 (E2), cluster XIII in rabi 2014-15 (E3) and cluster V in pooled recorded the highest mean values for seed yield per plant, biological yield per plant, protein content, days to maturity, oil content, days to 50% flowering and plant height (characters which contributed to genetic diversity) and are the superior clusters. The genotypes in these clusters could be widely used in crossing programme for generation of wide spectrum of variability in yield. The characters viz., days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of nodes per plant, number of pods per plant, number of pods per node, number of seeds per plant, biological yield per plant, harvest index and number of seeds per pod are more important yield contributing traits based on principal component analysis. Genotypes namely 20-89, JS 20-115, JS 20-108, JS 20-122, JS 20-79 and JS 20-121 were found promising, which can be further promoted as variety or may be utilized as further breeding program. The analysis of variance for phenotypic stability revealed that the mean differences due to genotypes were statistically significant for all the traits. The significance of G X E interaction was detected for most of the traits except quality traits, which suggested differential responses of genotypes in different environments. The magnitudes of linear components were more than non- linear components for all the characters. Stability analysis revealed that genotypes JS 20-113, JS 20-41 and JS 20-96 were found as stable genotypes which exhibited stable performance for more than four characters including most important yield and yield contributing traits. Genotypes JS 20-65, JS 20-87, JS 20-102 and JS 20-109 exhibited above average stability for yield and other yield contributing traits and therefore these genotypes specifically adapted to unfavorable environmental conditions. Five randomly selected decamer primers amplified 43 RAPD marker loci, with amplified fragments ranging in size from 100-3000bp. Out of these 43 bands, 23 bands (54.88 %) were polymorphic, revealing the presence of diversity among the genotypes under investigation. The number of bands amplified from each primer varied from 5 for OPF- 09 to 9 for OPA-13. The average number of bands amplified per primer was 8.63. The average number of polymorphic RAPD bands was 3.28 per primer. Primer OPAG-09 produced the lowest level of polymorphism (0.00%). Other primers produced 71.4, 80.0 and 87.5% polymorphism. The range of genetic similarity was 0.161-0.960 indicating that there is significant variability among the soybean cultivars. A total of 10 SSR primers amplified 15 SSR markers loci. The size of the amplified markers ranged from100-400 bp. Maximum numbers of bands i.e. 2 were amplified by all polymorphic primers Soy satt 005, Soy satt 173 and Soy satt 185, Satt168 and Satt173 while minimum number of bands i.e. 1 was obtained with all monomorphic primers. Out of these 15 loci, 10 loci were found polymorphic (66.66%) across all the soybean cultivars. Percentage polymorphism ranged from 0 to as high as 100 (primer Soy satt 005, Soy satt 173 and Soy satt 185, Satt168 and Satt173). Average number of total bands per primer was 1.5, while average number of polymorphic bands per primer was 1.0. Characterization of several agro-morphological traits is helpful in tracing correlation and linkages between different traits. Genotypes are characterized on the basis of morphological traits viz., hypocotyl colour, growth type, growth habit, pubescence, pubescence colour, leaf shape, flower colour, pod colour, seed coat colour, seed size, seed shape and hilum colour. From the study of these characters we can easily identify different genotypes of soybean. So, we can use these characters as an identification keys.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Assesement of wheat productivity using CERES- wheat modelas influencedby varieties, planting dates and irrigation schedules in vertisols
    (JNKVV, 2015) Thorat, Tushar Narayan; Agrawal, K.K.
    ABSTRACT Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important widely grown cereal grain crop occupying 17 % of the total cultivated land in the world. It is a major staple food for 35% of the world population and provides more calories and protein in the world’s diet than any other crop. Globally, it occupies an area of 221.1 m ha with an annual production of 697.8 mt and the average productivity of 3.1 t ha-1. In India, wheat is grown over 30 million ha with a production of 94 million tons and contributing about 43% to the country’s granary. In Madhya Pradesh, it is cultivated in 5.3 m ha of land with an annual production of 13.13 mt and productivity of 2.48 t ha-1. The major constraints to wheat yield in Madhya Pradesh are late sowing, poor varietal replacement and heat and moisture stress during grain filling stage of the crop. Sowing of wheat in Madhya Pradesh generally starts from mid November and ends in late December. Late sown wheat face low temperature in the earlier part and high temperature stress in the later part of the growing season. The delay in sowing date not only affects yield, but it also affects the yield components and other aspects of the growth and development. Hence, accurate knowledge of the sowing window of any particular variety at a particular location is critical to achieve an optimum grain yield. During recent years, area under irrigated wheat in Madhya Pradesh is increasing to a considerable extent. Farmers of this region apply irrigation in wheat 4 or 5 times, in addition to a pre-sowing irrigation. Considering upcoming scarcity of water, proper management of irrigation water is the most important parameter to sustain productivity of wheat crop. In current climatic change scenario with more number of extreme weather events like unpredictable rains during winter season, extreme temperatures, frost and hail storms etc. affect growth and productivity of wheat crop in this region. To combat with these situations, a crop simulated model will be useful tool to evaluate projected yield levels of wheat crop of this region that will help to the farmers, policy makers and stakeholders to cope up with the changing climate by making advance planning. Keeping above facts in view, a field experiment was conducted during the rabi seasons of 2013-14 and 2014-15 to assess the wheat productivity using CERES-Wheat model as influenced by varieties, planting dates and irrigation schedules in Vertisols at Research Farm, Department of Physics and Agro-meteorology, College of Agricultural Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur (MP) with the major objectives i) Calibration of genetic coefficients of wheat varieties for projecting yield levels using CERES-Wheat model. ii) Assessment of effect of planting dates and irrigation schedules on growth and yield of wheat varieties. iii) Evaluation of weed infestation in wheat varieties sown at different planting dates and irrigation schedules and iv) Determination of the phenology and heat unit requirements of wheat varieties sown at different planting dates and irrigation schedules. The experiment was conducted in split plot design comprising six main plot treatments and three subplot treatments with three replications. Main plot consist of three sowing dates (27th Nov., 12th Dec. and 27th Dec.) and two varieties (GW 366 and MP 1202) while sub-plot consist of three irrigation schedules (Irrigation at CRI and flowering, Irrigation at CRI, flowering and milking, Irrigation at CRI, late jointing, flowering and milking). The soil of the experimental plot was clay loam in texture with neutral soil pH (7.3), medium in organic carbon (0.59%), and medium in available N (276.11 kg ha-1), P (17.47 kg ha-1) and K (311.14 kg ha-1). The results revealed that the genetic coefficients derived from the calibration of the CERES-Wheat model for both the varieties under different thermal regimes and four irrigations schedule showed reasonably very good agreement between simulated crop phenology, biomass accumulation and grain yield with measured data. The RMSE and d-values showed the accuracy of genetic coefficient better fit to project future wheat yield levels. Simulations of grain yield indicated fairly good predictions under different thermal regimes and three irrigations schedule with a clear tendency to overestimate phenology and biomass accumulation for both the varieties. The growth parameters of wheat like plant height, number of tillers, LAI, dry weight and chlorophyll content (%) decreased with delay in sowing on 12th and 27th Dec while significantly superior under 27th Nov. sown crop at all the intervals during both the years of experimentation. Wheat variety MP 1202 produced significantly taller plants and maximum number of tillers during later stages of the crop growth while variety GW 366 recorded significantly highest dry matter and chlorophyll content. The treatment receiving four irrigations at all the critical stages recorded significantly highest plant height, number of tillers, LAI, dry weight and chlorophyll content (%) than two and three irrigations at different periodical intervals. Yield attributes and yield were found higher under 27th November sown crop than the 12th and 27th December sown crops. The grain (5033 and 4849 kg ha-1) and straw (9506 and 6988 kg ha-1) yield was maximum under 27th Nov. sown crop and it proved significantly superior over 12th Dec. (4197 and 4041 kg ha-1 and 8199 and 6563 kg ha-1, respectively) and 27th Dec. (3503 and 3427 kg ha-1 and 7071 and 6359 kg ha-1 grain and straw, respectively) sown crops during both the years of experimentation. The variety GW 366 produced significantly highest grain (4379 and 4232 kg ha-1) yield than variety MP 1202 (4110 and 3960 kg ha-1) while straw yield was highest during first year of experimentation than variety MP 1202 (8051 and 7323 hg ha-1). The treatment receiving four irrigations recorded significantly highest grain (4396 and 4275 kg ha-1) and straw (9212 and 6931 kg ha-1) yield than rest of the treatments. Water use efficiency was maximum under 27th Nov. sowing and significantly superior over 12th Dec. and 27th Dec. sowing. The variety GW 366 recorded significantly higher WUE than variety MP 1202 during both the years of experimentation. Lower frequency of irrigations recorded significantly higher WUE than higher frequencies of irrigation. The highest weed density and biomass was found in 27th November sown crop than 12th December and 27th December sown crops. Wheat varieties and irrigation schedules showed no variations for density and biomass and wheat crop was mainly infested with major weeds viz., Melilotus indica, Chenopodium album, Anagallis arvensis and Physalis minima. The crop sown on 27th of November took longer duration for attaining different phenophases (50% flowering, milking and dough phases) and maximum GDD, HTU, PTU for maturity which got reduced with subsequent delay in sowing time and recorded the lowest values in the 27th December sown crop. The variety GW 366 took the highest calendar days (111 days), GDD, HTU and PTU for maturity than the variety MP 1202. Irrigation schedules showed practically equal number of calendar days, GDD, HTU and PTU at harvest. The HUE was highest under the crop sown on 27th November being the lowest in 27th December sown crop. Similarly, the variety GW 366 and four irrigations schedule recorded the highest heat use efficiency and grain yield. It can be concluded from the obtained results that the CERES-Wheat model could be acceptable for use as a research tool in the variable climatic conditions of Madhya Pradesh to project future wheat yield levels. The variety GW 366 was most suitable to grow than the variety MP 1202 due to its better performance and superiority of all the growth, yield and yield attributes under early planting date (27th Nov.) and four irrigations at CRI, late jointing, flowering and milking stage.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Prioritization of koha nala watershed for soil conservation treatment
    (JNKVV, 2015) Vishwakarma, Praveen kumar; Hardaha, M.K.