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Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa
In the imperial Gazetteer of India 1878, Pusa was recorded as a government estate of about 1350 acres in Darbhanba. It was acquired by East India Company for running a stud farm to supply better breed of horses mainly for the army. Frequent incidence of glanders disease (swelling of glands), mostly affecting the valuable imported bloodstock made the civil veterinary department to shift the entire stock out of Pusa. A British tobacco concern Beg Sutherland & co. got the estate on lease but it also left in 1897 abandoning the government estate of Pusa.
Lord Mayo, The Viceroy and Governor General, had been repeatedly trying to get through his proposal for setting up a directorate general of Agriculture that would take care of the soil and its productivity, formulate newer techniques of cultivation, improve the quality of seeds and livestock and also arrange for imparting agricultural education. The government of India had invited a British expert. Dr. J. A. Voelcker who had submitted as report on the development of Indian agriculture. As a follow-up action, three experts in different fields were appointed for the first time during 1885 to 1895 namely, agricultural chemist (Dr. J. W. Leafer), cryptogamic botanist (Dr. R. A. Butler) and entomologist (Dr. H. Maxwell Lefroy) with headquarters at Dehradun (U.P.) in the forest Research Institute complex.
Surprisingly, until now Pusa, which was destined to become the centre of agricultural revolution in the country, was lying as before an abandoned government estate. In 1898. Lord Curzon took over as the viceroy. A widely traveled person and an administrator, he salvaged out the earlier proposal and got London’s approval for the appointment of the inspector General of Agriculture to which the first incumbent Mr. J. Mollison (Dy. Director of Agriculture, Bombay) joined in 1901 with headquarters at Nagpur
The then government of Bengal had mooted in 1902 a proposal to the centre for setting up a model cattle farm for improving the dilapidated condition of the livestock at Pusa estate where plenty of land, water and feed would be available, and with Mr. Mollison’s support this was accepted in principle. Around Pusa, there were many British planters and also an indigo research centre Dalsing Sarai (near Pusa). Mr. Mollison’s visits to this mini British kingdom and his strong recommendations. In favour of Pusa as the most ideal place for the Bengal government project obviously caught the attention for the viceroy.
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ThesisItem Open Access Variations in Zinc availability and its fractions after Kharif Maize in Calcareous Soil(DRPCAU, Pusa, 2020) Devulapally, Sai Ram; Tiwari, SanjayAn experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2019-20 with maize crop at the experimental farm area allotted for Soil Science trials, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), Bihar. The trial was designed in Randomized Block Design with having the thirteen treatments. Each treatment was replicated thrice with four zinc doses i.e. 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 kg ha-1, respectively which was supplemented by zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) during Kharif season . In first set of four treatments, Zn was applied only for the first year while in the second and third set of experiment, it was given at alternate years and every year, respectively along with a control. Collection of soil samples were done at pre sowing stage and after harvest of maize crop. Inferences of the findings clearly indicated that with the increasing doses and frequencies of zinc application, the increase in DTPA extractable zinc in all the three depths were observed. Most of the applied zinc was contributed in upper layer (0-15 cm) of soil than lower layers of soil (15-30 cm). Initial year of using Zinc at varying rates had similar concentrations of Zinc fractions. In every year, Zn application mode, the increasing rates of Zn have significantly higher Zn fraction concentration 5 kg Zn application at alternate years had significantly lower available Zn concentration as compared to Zn application @2.5 kg ha-1 at each year. Most of Zn fractions were accumulated in surface (0-15cm) soil and its concentration declined with increasing depths in all the modes of Zn application. Among all Zn fractions present in soil exist in dynamic equilibrium with each other and grain yield was strongly correlated with all these fractions. Sbo-Zn fraction emerged as most dominant fractions which contributed significantly to maize grain yield and accounted for 94.7% variation in maize yield.An experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2019-20 with maize crop at the experimental farm area allotted for Soil Science trials, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), Bihar. The trial was designed in Randomized Block Design with having the thirteen treatments. Each treatment was replicated thrice with four zinc doses i.e. 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 kg ha-1, respectively which was supplemented by zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) during Kharif season . In first set of four treatments, Zn was applied only for the first year while in the second and third set of experiment, it was given at alternate years and every year, respectively along with a control. Collection of soil samples were done at pre sowing stage and after harvest of maize crop. Inferences of the findings clearly indicated that with the increasing doses and frequencies of zinc application, the increase in DTPA extractable zinc in all the three depths were observed. Most of the applied zinc was contributed in upper layer (0-15 cm) of soil than lower layers of soil (15-30 cm). Initial year of using Zinc at varying rates had similar concentrations of Zinc fractions. In every year, Zn application mode, the increasing rates of Zn have significantly higher Zn fraction concentration 5 kg Zn application at alternate years had significantly lower available Zn concentration as compared to Zn application @2.5 kg ha-1 at each year. Most of Zn fractions were accumulated in surface (0-15cm) soil and its concentration declined with increasing depths in all the modes of Zn application. Among all Zn fractions present in soil exist in dynamic equilibrium with each other and grain yield was strongly correlated with all these fractions. Sbo-Zn fraction emerged as most dominant fractions which contributed significantly to maize grain yield and accounted for 94.7% variation in maize yield.ThesisItem Open Access Molecular characterization of rice genotypes using salt stress responsive candidate gene based markers(DRPCAU, Pusa, 2020) Agarwal, Ruchi; Sharma, V.K.A study was undertaken for characterization of salt tolerance related response of 18 rice genotypes using morpho-agronomic characters and salt stress responsive 12 candidate gene based newly designed markers. Evaluation of genotypic response to salt stress at seed germination and early seedling stage was performed at 4 dSm-1 and 8 dSm-1 EC levels along with control by adopting a completely randomized design with two replications. Pot experiment was carried out at 8 dSm-1 and 12 dSm-1 EC levels given at vegetative and reproductive stages, respectively, along with control in completely randomized design with two replications. Field evaluation was conducted in randomized block design with two replications under normal and salt affected field conditions. The genotypes were further characterized at molecular level using 12 candidate gene based newly designed 23 genic primers and 21 genic microsatellite primers. Differential genotypic response to salt stress was noticed at germination stage and early seedling stage. Based on response exhibited at early seedling stage, the genotypes CSR-13, CSR- 23, CSR-27, CSR-30, CSR-36, CST7-1 and CSR-2K-262 were characterized with considerably higher level of tolerance to salt stress in comparison to the genotypes NDRK-11-1, NDRK-11-3, NDRK-11-4, NDRK-11-5, NDRK-11-6, NDRK-11-7, CSR-2K- 219 and CSR-2K-242, which were found to be moderately tolerant. The remaining three genotypes, namely, IR-36, IR-64 and Swarna, were found to be susceptible to salt stress. Principal component analysis based spatial distribution pattern of the genotypes in two dimensional projections distinctly separated the genotypes into two broad groups. The first group was further divided into two sub groups consisting of six salt tolerant genotypes and nine closely located moderately tolerant genotypes, whereas the second multi-genotypic group consisted of three salt susceptible genotypes. The basic pattern of differentiation and interrelationships among the genotypes was found to be similar in dendrogram. A comparison of the relative mean values of the genotypes evaluated for 14 morpho-physiological attributes, such as, panicle length, panicles per plant, spikelets per panicle, filled grains per panicle and unfilled grains per panicle, 100-seed weight, biological yield, grain yield per plant, root length, root volume, root dry weight, relative water content, SPAD value and K/Na ratio in pot experiment was made with mean index (MI) value. Based on the results, the genotypes CSR-13, CSR-23, CSR-27, CSR-30, CSR-36 and CST7-1 were found to be salt tolerant, whereas NDRK-11-1, NDRK-11-3, NDRK-11-4, NDRK-11- 5, NDRK-11-6, NDRK-11-7, CSR-2K-219, CSR-2K-242 and CSR-2K-262 were rated as moderately tolerant and genotypes IR-36, IR-64 and Swarna were found susceptible. Spatial distribution pattern of the genotypes in two dimensional ordinations based on principal component analysis broadly divided the genotypes into two groups, efficiently separating tolerant and moderately tolerant genotypes from susceptible genotypes. The pattern of genotypic discrimination was similar corroborated by dendrogram. Tolerance indices, such as, TOL, MP, GMP, SSI and STI based principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis also discriminated the susceptible genotypes from moderately tolerant and tolerant genotypes. Relative mean performance of genotypes evaluated under normal and salt affected field conditions for 11 morpho-agronomic characters also reflected that the genotypes CSR- 13, CSR-23, CSR-27, CSR-30, CSR-36, CST7-1 and CSR-2K-262 exhibited tolerant response, whereas NDRK-11-1, NDRK-11-3, NDRK-11-4, NDRK-11-5, NDRK-11-6, NDRK-11-7, CSR-2K-219 and CSR-2K-242 were found moderately tolerant and the genotypes IR-36, IR-64 and Swarna were rated as susceptible. Principal component analysis based spatial distribution pattern separated the genotypes into two broad groups, separating the three susceptible genotypes from moderately tolerant and tolerant genotypes. A similar classification pattern was revealed by average taxonomic distance based dendrogram. Recognizable molecular level genetic polymorphism amongst the 18 genotypes was revealed by amplification of genomic template using 12 candidate gene specific 23 newly designed primer pairs. All primer pairs generated 135 allelic variants with an average of 5.86 alleles per primer. The PIC values exhibited significant variation with the values ranging from 0.308 in primer pair DREB1F-1 to 0.905 in primer pairs SHMT1-1. Considering the level of polymorphism detected, the candidate gene based primer pairs OsHKT2;3-1, OsHKT2; 3-2, SNAC1-1, SNAC1-2, CDMK-1, CDMK-2, DUF6-2 SHMT1- 1, SHMT1-2 and SHMT2-1 appeared to be highly polymorphic and more informative primers for the purpose of discrimination of rice genotypes in relation to salinity tolerance. Principal coordinate analysis and hierarchical classification unambiguously discriminated the tolerant and susceptible genotypes, reflecting the usefulness of these newly designed markers. Using major ion transporter, transcription factor and oxidative metabolic pathway related candidate gene specific newly designed 21 microsatellite primer pairs, ample molecular level genetic polymorphism was detected amongst 18 genotypes. All primer pairs generated 131 allelic variants with 6.23 alleles per primer. The number of unique and shared alleles varied from 0 to 5 and 1-6, respectively. The PIC values ranged from 0.706 to 0.955. Taking into consideration the measures of polymorphism, the primers OsHKT1;5-B, OsHKT1;5-D, OsHKT2; 3-A, OsHKT2; 4–A, DREB1F-C, CDMK-B, DUF6-B, SHMT1- B, and SHMT2-A were found as relatively more polymorphic. Spatial distribution pattern of genotypes based on principal coordinate analysis of the genetic profiles generated by these newly designed primers as well as hierarchical classification unambiguously differentiated the tolerant and susceptible genotypes, validating the usefulness of salt responsive candidate genes based these newly designed microsatellite primer pairs.ThesisItem Open Access Micropropagation and simple sequence length polymorphism analysis in Eggplant(DRPCAU, Pusa, 2020) Yadav, Kanchan; Anjani, KumariA study was conducted for micropropagation of the selected eggplant genotypes and to evaluate microsatellite based genetic variation among promising eggplant genotypes. The molecular data generated was used to elucidate the pattern and extent of differentiation and divergence at molecular level among these promising eggplant genotypes. The micropropagation was carried out using leaf as explant. MS media was chosen as the basal medium and five media with different combinations of hormones was used for culture. The leaves of the three selected genotypes were collected from Vegetable Farm, RPCAU, Bihar and cultured on all the selected media. Responses to tissue culture with regard to the frequencies of established aseptic cultures and their subsequent responses for swelling, callogenesis, caulogenesis and rhizogenesis were observed at regular intervals. The data was collected and subjected to statistical analysis and variance analysis. The best medium for swelling, callogenesis and caulogenesis response of cultured leaf explants was found to be M2 (MS + 2mg/l 2,4D + 0.01mg/l BAP). Among all genotypes, highest response of swelling and callogenesis was shown by genotype Laalgulab. GBL3 was found to have the best caulogenesis response than the other two genotypes. The molecular characterization of twelve genotypes was done using seven SSR markers. The microsatellite marker based amplification of 12 genotypes detected 56 alleles, out of which 23 alleles were found to be unique. Among all the primer pairs, primer pair EM114 was found to have the highest polymorphism per cent and PIC value. The highest value of discrimination coefficient was observed for the primer pair EM114. Estimates of similarity coefficients indicated the existence of considerable similarity among the genotypes. However, most of the genotypes had very low value of similarity coefficients, exhibiting the presence of high diversity among the twelve genotypes. The highest Dice similarity coefficient was observed for the genotypes Gol Banarasi and BB85. The cluster analysis differentiated the genotypes into different clusters. The similarity coefficient based dendrogram, grouped the genotypes into three clusters; cluster 1 included Gol Banarasi, BB85, Neelam Long, Laalgulab, PB6, Rajendra 2; cluster 2 included Bangal Bhatta, PS, GBL4, PB71, SMB 115 and cluster 3 included Arka Keshav. The molecular study showed the presence of diversity among the twelve genotypes of eggplant used in the present study.ThesisItem Open Access Land use management for sustainable agricultural development in Uttar Pradesh(DRPCAU, Pusa, 2020) Kushwaha, Srishti; Sinha, D.K.The present study entitled land use management for sustainable agricultural development in Uttar Pradesh aims at knowing the land use pattern, cropping pattern, irrigation pattern, extent of land degradation and causes of land degradation and to suggest suitable policy measures to improve the existing land use and agricultural sustainability in various agro-climatic zones of Uttar Pradesh. The study was based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected randomly from 300 respondents from 12 purposively selected villages of 6 blocks of 3 districts from 3 zones of Uttar Pradesh on the basis of higher area under non-agricultural uses land by conducting interview of individual respondents who were classified into marginal, small, medium and large on the basis of their land holdings. The secondary data was collected from various published and unpublished sources for the period 2000-01 to 2015-16. For detailed analysis, the whole study period was divided into two sub-periods and overall period that is, period-I (2000-01 to 2007-08), period-II (2008-09 to 2015-16) and overall period (2000-01 to 2015-16). Net area sown had been declined in Uttar Pradesh as well as in some of the agro-climatic zones of the state, showing negative and significant growth rate -0.04% (state), -0.13% (zone-I), -0.23% (zone-II), -0.05% (zone-V), -0.02% (zone-VII) and -0.47% (zone-IX) per annum, respectively during the overall period (2000-01 to 2015-16). The reason for decline in net area sown might be due to increase in non-agricultural uses of land and current fallow land. However, net area sown had increased in zone-III, zone-IV, zone-VI and zone-VIII, depicting positive compound growth rate 0.08%, 0.02%, 0.08% and 0.02% per annum, respectively during the overall period. This may probably be due to decline in culturable waste land, fallow land other than current fallow and current fallow land. While, the growth rate of area under non-agricultural uses land had increased, depicting positive and significant in the state (0.63%) as well as in all the agro-climatic zones of the state that is, zone-I (0.40%), zone-II (0.66%), zone-III (0.63%), zone-IV (0.79%), zone-V (0.61%), zone-VI (0.59%), zone-VII (0.39%), zone-VIII (0.78%) and zone-IX (0.87%), respectively, during the overall study period. There was a sharp increase in the concentration of non-agricultural uses of land in the state as well as in all the agro-climatic zones of the state during the study period TE-2003 to TE-2015. Concentration of net area sown had increased in zone-III, zone-IV and zone-VI of the state. Area under both rice and wheat crops had increased in the state and in agro-climatic zones that is, zone-I, zone-II, zone-V, zone-VII and zone-VIII during the period TE-2004 to TE-2016. These were the staple food crops of the state. Area under coarse cereals had also declined in the state as well as in all the agro-climatic zones of the state that is zone-I, zone-II, zone-IV, zone-V, zone-VI, zone-VII, zone-VIII and zone-IX except zone-III during the study period. Area under pulses had declined in the state and in all the agro-climatic zones of the state, probably due to susceptibility of these crops against various pest and diseases and also due to lower productivity. Sugarcane and potato were grown as the main cash crops in the state. Area under sugarcane had increased in the state and also in zone-I, zone-II, zone-III, zone-V, zone-VI and zone-VII of the state during the reported period TE-2004 to TE-2016. This may probably be due to the availability of many sugar mills in Uttar Pradesh. Area under potato had increased in the state and also in zone-IV, zone-V, zone-VI, and zone-IX during the study period. Rapeseed and mustard were cultivated as the major oilseed crop in the state. Area under rapeseed and mustard had also enhanced during the same period in the state and in some of the agro-climatic zones that is, zone-II, zone-III, zone-V, zone-VI, zone-VIII and zone-IX except zone-IV and zone-VII. It was observed that compound growth rate of area under rice was found to be positive but insignificant (0.14%) during overall study period (2001-16) for the state. However, compound annual growth rate for rice was found to be positive and significant in zone-II (1.55%), zone-IV (1.61%) and zone-VIII (0.23%) during the overall study period. Compound annual growth rate for wheat crop was found positive and significant in the state (0.27%) as well as zone-IV (0.10%), zone-V (0.21%), zone-VI (1.05%), zone-VII (0.24%) and zone-VIII (0.38%) during the overall study period. Compound growth rate for area under sugarcane was estimated positive and significant for the stateas well as in all the zones under study except zone-IV, zone-VIII and zone-IX during the overall period. Compound annual growth rate of area under potato was also observed to be positive for the state and in zone-IV, zone-V, zone-VI, zone-VIII and zone-IX during the overall study period. Compound growth rate of area under rapeseed and mustard were also found to be positive and significant during the overall study period for the state as well as in almost all the agro-climatic zones of the state. Among foodgrain crops, higher instability in area was observed in gram and arhar crops for the state and all the agro-climatic zones of the state during the overall study period (2001-16). In case of non-foodgrain crops, higher instability was recorded in area under potato crop in zone-I (13.00%), zone-VI (12.80%), zone-III (9.79%) and zone-IV (8.92%) during the overall study period. Higher instability in area under sugarcane crop was recorded in zone-VI (24.85%), zone-IX (9.51%) and zone-V (7.53%) during the overall study period. Area under canal irrigation system had indicated declining trend, depicting negative and significant growth rate, while, area under tube-well irrigation system increased, showing positive and significant growth rate for the state as well as all the agro-climatic zones of the state during the study period TE-2004 to TE-2016. Total wasteland with respect to total geographical area had declined in the state and also in all the agro-climatic zones of the state during the study period 2000-01 to 2015-16. On the other hand, all other categories of wasteland likegullied/ravine soils, waterlogged/marshy land, saline/alkaline soils, degraded pasture/grazing land, degraded land under plantation crop, desertic sand/coastal sand, barren/rocky land had also got declined in the state as well as in all the agro-climatic zones of the state during the study period. Further, mining/industrial land had also increased for the state as whole and in all the agro-climatic zones of the state during the study period. Majority of the sample farmers were observed to be marginal in all the three selected districts i.e. Kushinagar (75%), Lucknow (81%) and Shahjahanpur (40%) of North eastern plain zone, Central plain zone and Mid western plain zone, respectively, during the study period. From the analysis of land use pattern at household level, the average wasteland was observed to be 2.88% in Kushinagar, 9.43% in Lucknow and 1.66% in Shahjahanpur district, respectively out of respective average cultivated area. Logit analysis was used to find out the causes of land degradation. The variables such as education and migration in Kushinagar district of north eastern plain zone, fertilizer use, mono-cropping, non-farm income and total land in Lucknow district of central plain zone and fertilizer use, family labour, leased out land and total land in Shahjahanpur district of mid western plain zone were found to be significant for the causes of the land degradation. The study suggests that the net sown area may be enhanced by taking initiatives in the direction of improving and putting the following land under utilization such as culturable wasteland, current fallow land, fallow land other than current fallow and other degraded land with suitable soil amelioration programmes and machinery practices, well developed irrigation facilities, drainage facilities, etc. The government should further take necessary steps to enhance the area and production of pulses in the state through evolution of promising pulse varieties along with subsidized inputs. Suitable water management should be practiced to avoid water logging and salinity problems. Fertilizer application should be used based on the requirement of different nutrients as suggested by the soils test. More emphasis should be given for the use of organic fertilizers. Suitable cropping pattern like Western plain zone- rice-potato-wheat, Central plain zone- maize-potato-wheat, Vindhyan zone- rice-potato-greengram, etc should be practiced so as to avoid the ill-effects of monocropping. Employment opportunities through expansion of allied activities of agriculture and cottage industries should be explored and created to lessen the migration of labour. The combined efforts of above activities would discourage the pace of land degradation.ThesisItem Open Access Seasonal incidence and management of scale insect, Melanaspis glomerata (Green), (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in sugarcane(2020) Kumar, SureshField experiment were carried out at Pusa farm, Sugarcane Research Institute, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa during 2019-20 to study on the seasoned incidence and management of scale insect Melanaspis glomerata (Green) in sugarcane variety CoP-112. The incidence of scale insect during cropping season of 2019-20 was noticed in the field during the 1st fortnight of August, 2019. The insect population reached a peak in the month of November and from December to January to the crop. The relationship between population of insect and weather parameters showed significant correlation with high maximum and minimum temperature and rainfall but showed statistically negative relation with the weather parameters. Per cent infestation, intensity and infestation index were gradually increased reaching a peak in the month of November which was highly significant than that of other months of the study. The data on damaged intensity of scale insect clearly indicated highly significant difference on qualitative and quantitative parameters under investigation except high sucrose which was found statistically significant. Perusal of the data reveals that the percentage of reduction in damage intensity levels were gradually increased when number of damaged internodes were increased except 8-damaged internodes which is even lower than those of 6 and 7 damaged internodes. This might to lesser number of effective populations of scale insect feeding on internode at this damage intensity and/or physiological change like better recoverability of damaged tissues at this growth stages. The other damage intensity levels maintained the same trend. The mean incidence percentage of scale insect was significantly lower in all the insecticides than control. Among the treatment T-4 (Setts treated with Thiomethoxan + spraying of this insecticide at pest appearance) gave superior results as noticed in incidence percentage single cane weight and yield scale of evaluation. However, remaining treatments were significantly superior over control. An effect of different integrated approaches reveals that the highest Brix, Pol percentage as well as CCS (tha-1) were recorded in plots with Treatment 4. The other treatments were also highly significant than the control. It is clearly indicated from the data of different insecticides, Thiomethoxane was proved effective for managing the scale insect. The increment as well as added benefit over control (Rs./ha) varied with respect to average yield obtained in various treatments under the present investigation which were showed considerable difference within the various insecticides. Among the treatments T4, T5 and T1 achieved higher returns of Rs./ha being 181532.00, 152112.00 and 150222.00 respectively as compared to the rest of treatments. The minimum (129212.00Rs./ha) net profit achieved with Treatment-3. The increment benefit cost ratio (IBCR) was also showed wide variation within the treatments. Among the treatments T4, gave high ratio followed by T5 and T1 being the ratio of 1:3.78, 1:3.36 and 1:3.32. The minimum (1:2.40) ratio was obtained with Treatment-3.ThesisItem Open Access Stability analysis and molecular profiling of drought tolerant rice (Oryza sativa L.)(DRPCAU, Pusa, 2020) Kumari, Shyama; Mishra, S.B.Thirty four genotypes of rice were evaluated for various morpho-physiological characters and to investigate the microsatellite markers based polymorphism for their profiling and differentiation using polymorphic and informative markers in order to estimate the extent of genetic diversity among these rice genotypes. Experimental materials were evaluated in randomized block design with three replications during Kharif 2017-18 & 2018-19. Molecular characterization was done by targeted amplification of the genomic DNA using a panel of fifteen microsatellite primer pairs. Statistical methods and parameters used for deriving inference were analysis of variance, range, mean values, relative mean performance, variability parameters, correlation and path coefficients. An analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters evaluated during present study. Considerable extent of variability existed for all the attributes recorded among the genotypes. Analyses of variance revealed that 34 genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varied significantly for 21 mopho-physiological traits showing sufficient variability among themselves for all environments. Wider range was recorded for number of grains per panicle followed by straw yield per plant, grain yield per plant, fresh root weight, while minimum range was observed for the traits root volume, canopy temperature, panicle number per plant and leaf drying indicates the presence of variability among the genotypes. The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), higher than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for most of the characters in different proportion indicated influence of environment for expressions of traits. High heritability (broad sense) coupled with high genetic advance (as percent of mean) for FRW, DRW, LR and LD indicated the preponderance of additive effects of gene. GYP-1 and SYP-1 had shown moderate heritability coupled with moderate to high genetic advance indicated that presence of additive and non-additive gene action while rest of the traits has shown low heritability coupled with low genetic advance indicated the expression of the traits are being influenced by the environments. Number of grains per panicle, straw yield per plant and harvest index exhibited positive and significant correlation with grain yield comprising their positive and high direct effect on grain yield suggesting that these traits may be considered as a prime trait during the course of selection for the improvement of yield under drought stress condition; while leaf rolling and leaf drying exhibited negative and significant correlation with grain yield comprising their negative high direct effect suggesting that the genotype/genotypes having high score may not be encouraged for selection under drought stress condition. Based on multivariate analysis, maximum inter cluster distances were observed between cluster III and cluster IX. The genotypes viz., IR 91648-B-89-B-81-B, IR 95781-15-1-1-4 and IR 95122:13-B-7-4-7-3 were present in cluster III as well as the genotype present in cluster IX (GSR IR1-DQ139-R1-L2) so these genotypes may be intermated to develop heterotic recombinants for enhancing the number of tillers per plant, panicle number per plant, number of grains per panicle, 1000 grain weight, grain yield per plant and straw yield per plant, root length, root volume, fresh root weight, dry root weight as well as to reduce the score of leaf rolling and leaf drying to develop the drought tolerant genotypes while to reduce the canopy temperature and to enhance the chlorophyll content as well as spikelet fertility genotype IR 96279-33-3-1-2 may be used in crossing programme. Pooled analysis of variance for different studied characters between the genotypes exhibited significant variation for most of the characters indicated the presence of genotypic variation in the studied rice genotypes. Significant environmental variation was observed for all the characters indicated environmental conditions were fluctuating in nature. The linear components of G x E interaction was found highly significant for most of morpho-physiological characters indicating that these characters were unstable and fluctuated in their expression with change in environment. Total eight stable genotypes out of 34 genotypes noticed for yield stability in poor/rich environments. In poor environment 4 genotypes viz. IR 83140-B-11-B, IR 95795-53-1-1-2, IR 95793-5-2-2-3 and IR 93849-22-3-1-1 had shown stability suggesting that these genotypes may be utilized for cultivation under drought stress condition with poor management whereas in rich environments IR 95785-31-2-1-2, GSR IR1-DQ62-D6-D1, IR 95785-15-2-1-2 and IR 93856-10-2-3-2 were found stable for grain yield indicating that these genotypes may show promise under drought stress condition with good management. One genotype IR 89889-34-2-1-1 exhibited average stability for panicle number per plant suggesting that this genotype may be used to have the optimum number of panicles per unit area for poor/rich environment under drought stress condition. It revealed from dendrogram that germplasm Rajendra Nilam falling with varieties Sahbhagi Dhan and Rajendra Bhagwati together there is possibility of existing many traits to be similar whereas, the genotypes Abhishek, IR95817-14-1 and GSRIRI-DQ12 falling extremely apart from whole of the cluster shows the possibility of discovering new traits in them which could be further assisted in breeding programme.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on management of aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.) on mustard(DRPCAU, Pusa, 2020) Mishra, Matangi; Mukherjee, UIn order to develop strategies for management of mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.), an investigation entitled Studies on Management of Aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.) on Mustard was carried out at the Research farm, Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi, Muzaffarpur, Bihar (India). A series of experiments were conducted during two consecutive rabi seasons during 2017-18 and 2018-19. Results pertaining to different aspects of present study viz., population dynamics of mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.) under different environmental factors, exploring the possibility of management of aphid on mustard through manipulations in dates of sowing, screening of mustard genotypes for resistance against mustard aphid, relative field efficacy of some synthetic insecticides against mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.) are mentioned below: The incidence of aphid started from fourth standard week for both the years. Maximum number of mustard aphids attack on top 10 cm inflorescence of mustard was observed during the tenth standard week in both the years (222.4 in 2017-18 and 198.8 in 2018-19). However, the insect vanished in the thirteenth standard week for both the years. During first year (2017-18), maximum as well as minimum temperature, RH were correlated positively with mustard aphid but in 2018-19, maximum temperature, rainfall and no. of rainy days showed a negative impact on the insect outbreak; minimum temperature, RH (0700 hr and 1400 hr) were correlated positively. The R2 for mustard aphid in 2017-18 and 2018-19 were reported to be 78.4 % and 52.4 % respectively. Two natural enemies namely- Coccinella septempunctata and Syrphid fly were witnessed during both the experimental years. The predator incidence was from sixth standard week and their peak was observed in the tenth standard week (Coccinella septempunctata, 5.40 and Syrphid fly, 4.20) during the first year. However, in 2018-19, the population of natural enemies were at their peak in ninth standard week (Coccinella septempunctata 3.6 and Syrphid fly 2.4). Meanwhile, they disappeared in thirteenth standard week for both the years. In 2017-18, RH (1400 hr) was negatively correlated while RH (0700 hr), temperature (maximum and minimum) was correlated positively. In 2018-19, maximum and minimum temperature, rainfall, number of rainy days had a negative correlation but RH (0700 hr and 1400 hr) was found positively ii correlated. The R2 for Syrphid fly and Coccinella septempunctata in 2017-18 was 81.5 and 74.9 respectively while for 2018-19 the R2 was 76.6 % for Syrphid fly and 74.1 % for Coccinella septempunctata. By manipulating the dates of sowing, it was observed that the crops sown on last date possessed maximum mean number of aphid infestation for both the years (23.15 in 2017-18 and 44.64 in 2018-19). The yield was reported maximum on the crops sown on first date i.e. October 10th 1277.50 kg/ha in 2017-18 and 1245.00 kg/ha in 2018-19 along with the test weight of 250 seeds. It was observed that the crops sown earlier were reported with minimum mean number of aphids for both the years. While screening forty advanced genotype, not a single genotype/variety was found highly resistant in two years of experimentation. The mean number of aphids per 10 cm inflorescence ranged from 91.5 to 311.1 during 2017-18 while in second experimental year i.e. 2018-19, the mean number ranged in between 93.5 to 327.0. DRMR-1165-40 was reported to have minimum infestation both the years (i.e., 2017- 18 and 2018-19). Maximum genotypes in both years of investigation were found to be susceptible, followed by moderate and highly susceptible categories. The bio efficacy of newer pesticides against mustard aphid was tested during two consecutive rabi seasons of 2017-18 and 2018-19. The trend of mustard aphid population (mean number) obtained was: T1 (78.00 to 70.00), in T2 (84.00 to 77.40), T3 had a reduction from 86.80 to 79.80, T4 (89.00 to 82.2), in T5 92.00 to 84.80, T6 and T7 were reduced from 91.30 to 85.50 and 95.00 to 87.20 respectively. Meanwhile, in T8 the number of insects observed were maximum (134.00 to 137.96) during 2017-18. Meanwhile, during 2018-19, the mean number of aphid followed the trend as: Thiamethoxam (86.00 to 77.25) followed by Indoxacarb (88.00 to 81.78) followed by Novaluron (90.00 to 84.42).Spinosad (93.00 to 86.40) remained in the middle followed by Dimethoate (92.00 to 86.97), YSBE (95.00 to 90.13) and Neem Oil (95.00 to 90.87). In the untreated control, the mean number of aphid population range was as: 123.00 to 127.19. The yield in T1 (1230 kg/ha) during 2017-18 and (1171 kg/ha) in 2018-19 was found to be maximum along with the test weight (250 seed in gram) 1.080g in 2017-18 and 1.040 g in 2018-19. All the treatments showed reduction in mean number of mustard aphids except for the untreated control i.e. treatment, T8.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on resistance factors of maize plant against maize spotted stem borer, Chilo Partellus (Swinhoe)(DRPCAU, Pusa, 2020) Yadav, Manish Kumar; Rai, Arbind KumarAn experiment has been conducted during the year 2018 and 2019, in the cropping season of Kharif with twenty-five maize genotypes viz., Shaktiman-1, Shaktiman-2, Shaktiman-3, Shaktiman-4, Shaktiman-5, Devaki, Laxmi, Suwan, RHM-1, RHM-2, RHM-3, Deep Jwala, P-3535, P-3533, P-3550, P-3555, Dekalb-9188, Dekalb-9170, New Cross 76×11, New Cross 72×70, New Cross 73×11, New Cross 73×74, New Cross 52×65, New Cross 53×52 and New Cross 50×58 to assess their physical, biochemicals and molecular characteristic and find correlation between infestation levels and different traits under these observations. The physical characters included stem height, stem thickness, number of nodes, inter-node length, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, number of trichomes, trichome lengths and leaf angle between stem and leaf. Biochemical analyses included analysis of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, protein and chlorophyll including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll while molecular analysis deled with real time analysis of closeness of different genotypes among each other in the term of morphological and biochemical traits. The crop sown in the Kharif in RBD design with 4 replications and for the infestation, artificial infestation has been done at the rate of 5 neonate larvae per plant on ten randomly selected plants in each replication. The data for physical characteristics was recorded at two different stages namely after 40 days of sowing and just before the tasseling stage, for biochemicals, the data was recorded of 40 days old plant while for SSR analysis, the genotypes were sown in pots separately. For the rating of infestation, leaf injury score method was adopted and infestation symptoms were rated in the scale of 1 to 9. The measurement of physical traits like stem height, leaf length and width, internode lengths were measured with the help of measuring scale while trichome density was counted with help of magnifying ocular. The data of stem thickness was recorded with help of slide caliper while the data of trichome length was recorded with help of binocular. The data of biochemicals like Nitrogen and protein have been recorded with kjel-dal and Winkelman’s formulae. Potassium was recorded with help of flame photometer while chlorophyll and phosphorus were recorded with the help of spectrophotometer. The molecular data was done with extraction of DNA and SSR analysis to obtain molecular level of diversity in the term of closeness of different genotypes. The infestation data was recorded after 20 days of artificial infestation and data leaf injury score was recorded. Total infestation per cent data was recorded on the bases of different larval injury and its immature stages presence and also other indices like excreta, pupal cases, exit holes, tunneling length were recorded after tasseling stage by splitting the stem of all maize genotypes. Recorded traits, i.e., morphological traits like height of plant, stem thickness, number of nodes, inter-node length, number of leaves, leaves length and width, trichome density and length of trichomes and biochemicals like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, protein and chlorophyll (chlorophylls a, b and total chlorophyll) influenced by several interdependent environmental fluctuations leading to an difference in tracking of these traits. But these characteristics were found to be closely associated in related genotypes. 39 There are several traits that have been identified as contributing in resistance against Chilo partellus in maize plants and a correlation between these traits and infestation have been developed to understand the quantitative relationship in different levels of pest infestation in different genotypes. In case of plant height, it was negatively significantly affecting. As per the results, it was recorded that genotypes having maximum height, were found to be less infested with the Chilo partellus. Stem diameter showed a positive but non-significant effect on infestation of maize spotted stem borer. It was observed that thicker stem supports more feeding of Chilo partellus but there is no such observation to establish a significant correlation between stem thickness and infestation. Number of nodes and inter-node length showed a negative and positive correlation respectively but non-significant association between infestation and number of nodes. Number of leaves, leaf length and leaf width are basically characterization of leaf and important in infestation due to they used as egg laying and initial feeding substrate and ultimately providing support to move towards to whorl and for further feeding. These characteristics were found to be non-significant positively correlated with infestation. It was observed that broad leaf genotypes were more susceptible in compare to narrow leaf genotypes. In case of maize, non-glandular type of trichomes are found and distributed on both leaf surfaces and stem while on lower surface very less numbers of trichomes are found in a few genotypes. They can inhibit infestation in many ways including the inhibition of egg laying and movement of neonate towards the leaf whorl. There are significant negative association between trichome density and infestation, while in case of trichome length, a positive significant association has been found. Leaf angle was measured between the stem and leaf and it was observed that plants with minimum leaf angles, found to be having greater infestation. A negative and significant correlation has been observed between leaf angle and infestation of Chilo partellus. Nitrogen and protein were recorded to be positively correlated with the infestation of maize spotted stem borer, Chilo partellus up to a significant level as it was observed that genotypes having maximum amount of nitrogen and protein showed more infestation. Nitrogen is a basic and major nutrient, required for vegetative growth and it make plants more valuable for insects more development. Many earlier workers have reported same association between nitrogen, protein and infestation. Phosphorus found in minor amount and showed a positive correlation with infestation but not up to the significant level. Potassium is very important in case of inducing resistance in plants. It was observed that genotypes having greater amount of potassium, showed less infestation of maize spotted stem borer, Chilo partellus. The association between infestation and potassium was recorded as negative and significant. Many earlier workers have reported same association between potassium and infestation. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll reported to be having positive correlation with infestation and chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll were found positive significant while total chlorophyll content showed non-significant association with infestation.ThesisItem Open Access Biology of Meloidogyne graminicola on rice (Oryza sativa L.) Under Bihar condition and its integrated management(DRPCAU, Pusa, 2020) Goud, Gajja Bharath; Keshari, NishiPaddy is the main crop in Bihar during kharif season. Farmers in Bihar are growing different varieties under rainfed condition. The crop is infested by many pests, diseases and nematodes. Amongst the plant parasitic nematodes, the root knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola was found one of the main limiting factor of its production. In the areas where the rice is growing as a monoculture during kharif season, the infestation percentage is very high. The present investigation is carried out during Kharif 2019 to survey the rice root knot nematode infestation in different districts of Bihar in rice nurseries. The root and soil samples of the crops were brought from the rice field from the different villages of Samastipur, Muzaffarpur, Darbhanga and Vaishali districts. It was found that the frequency of occurrence of M. graminicola ranged between 80-90 % in these three districts. Maximum nematode population, number of females, eggs and juveniles was in Samastipur district and minimum infestation is in Darbhanga district. vii With the increase in inoculum density level level from 10J2/pot to 10000J2/pot, plant growth parameters decreased significantly and nematode multiplication parameters increased significantly. The maximum galls per roots system, eggs and juveniles per eggs mass, nematode population/200cc soil, root knot index and number of females per gall were increased significantly with increase in inoculum level and maximum was at 10000 J2 /pot. Among rice varieties screened against M. graminicola significantly highest root knots per plant, number of females per root knot, eggs and juvenile per egg mass and root knot index were recorded highest on PB1121 (check) and lowest root knot index was observed on Rajendra saraswati. Among millets, finger millet (RAU-1), Barnyrard millet (Dholi-1) and finger millet (RAU-3), (RAU-8) and foxtail millet (RAU-8) did not reveal any gall on there roots. Except onion no other vegetable revealed any sign of host parasite interaction on the host neither root knots nor females inside the root. Meloidogyne graminicola completed its life cycle from J2 to J2 is 33 days, during the study temperature was recorded at 8° C to 22°C. The fungal biocontrol agent, Trichoderma viride @ 5g, 6g, 7g, 8g, 9g and 10g/pot with carbofuran @ 2kg a.i./ha as treated check and another untreated check in 1 kg soil were taken and the effect was reported on the plant growth parameters and nematode multiplication parameters, keeping two sets as pre and post application of T. viride, one week before and after germination respectively. Although carbofuran treated plants have shown significantly highly effective treatment but among the different doses of T. viride in both pre and post treatment, the highest dose i.e, 10g/pot has given the maximum growth parameters and minimum nematode multiplication parameters in both pre and post treatments. When we compared the results in both pre and post treatments, it was found that in all the characters, the increase was more in pre treatment than post treatments.
