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Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa
In the imperial Gazetteer of India 1878, Pusa was recorded as a government estate of about 1350 acres in Darbhanba. It was acquired by East India Company for running a stud farm to supply better breed of horses mainly for the army. Frequent incidence of glanders disease (swelling of glands), mostly affecting the valuable imported bloodstock made the civil veterinary department to shift the entire stock out of Pusa. A British tobacco concern Beg Sutherland & co. got the estate on lease but it also left in 1897 abandoning the government estate of Pusa.
Lord Mayo, The Viceroy and Governor General, had been repeatedly trying to get through his proposal for setting up a directorate general of Agriculture that would take care of the soil and its productivity, formulate newer techniques of cultivation, improve the quality of seeds and livestock and also arrange for imparting agricultural education. The government of India had invited a British expert. Dr. J. A. Voelcker who had submitted as report on the development of Indian agriculture. As a follow-up action, three experts in different fields were appointed for the first time during 1885 to 1895 namely, agricultural chemist (Dr. J. W. Leafer), cryptogamic botanist (Dr. R. A. Butler) and entomologist (Dr. H. Maxwell Lefroy) with headquarters at Dehradun (U.P.) in the forest Research Institute complex.
Surprisingly, until now Pusa, which was destined to become the centre of agricultural revolution in the country, was lying as before an abandoned government estate. In 1898. Lord Curzon took over as the viceroy. A widely traveled person and an administrator, he salvaged out the earlier proposal and got London’s approval for the appointment of the inspector General of Agriculture to which the first incumbent Mr. J. Mollison (Dy. Director of Agriculture, Bombay) joined in 1901 with headquarters at Nagpur
The then government of Bengal had mooted in 1902 a proposal to the centre for setting up a model cattle farm for improving the dilapidated condition of the livestock at Pusa estate where plenty of land, water and feed would be available, and with Mr. Mollison’s support this was accepted in principle. Around Pusa, there were many British planters and also an indigo research centre Dalsing Sarai (near Pusa). Mr. Mollison’s visits to this mini British kingdom and his strong recommendations. In favour of Pusa as the most ideal place for the Bengal government project obviously caught the attention for the viceroy.
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ThesisItem Open Access Diversity in mid late Sugarcane clones and their molecular characterisation(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur (Bihar), 2019) Kumari, Pooja; Kumar, BalwantThe present investigation entitle ‘Diversity in mid late sugarcane clones and their molecular characterisation’ was undertaken with thirteen mid-late maturing sugarcane which were planted during 2018 at Research Farm of RPCAU, Pusa, Bihar in randomized block design with three replications to assess the variability parameters viz, variance and coefficient of variances at phenotypic and genotypic level, heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean, correlation between pair of productive characters its direct and indirect effects on sugar yield, extent of diversity among the clones and its molecular characterizations. Observations were recorded for cane and sugar yield attributing traits viz, germination percentage at 45 Days, number of tillers (000/ha) at 120 DAP, number of shoots (000/ha) at 240 days, plant height (cm) at harvest, cane diameter at harvest (cm), brix % at 10 month stage, pol % at 10 months stage, purity % at 10 months stage, CCS % at 10 month stage, brix % at 12 month stage, pol % at 12 months stage, purity % at 12 months stage, CCS % at 12 month stage, single cane weight at harvest, fiber % at harvest, extraction % at harvest, pol % in cane at harvest, cane yield (t/ha) and CCS t/ha (sugar yield) at harvest.Observed data were subjected to statistical analysis to fulfill the objectives under study. Analysis of variance showed highly significant difference for all the character indicating wide range of variability existing among the clones. The clones CoP2061 and CoLk15469 were performed best for sugar yield and its attributing traits. Higher numerical values of phenotypic variances were observed for all the traits with respect to its genotypic counterpart, similarly highermagnitude of PCV was recorded for all the traits with respect to GCV indicating greater environmental influence on these traits for total variation. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of means was observed for sugar yield, cane yield, germination % at 45 days, cane height, single cane weight at harvest and fiber % at harvest. Therefore, it indicates the presence of additive gene action forsimple Title of Thesis : “DIVERSITY IN MID LATE SUGARCANE CLONES AND THEIR MOLECULAR CHARACTERISATION” Name of Student : POOJA KUMARI Registration Number : M/PBG/129/2017-18 Year : 2019 Major Subject : Plant Breeding & Genetics Minor Subject : Agricultural Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Major Advisor : Dr. Balwant Kumar Sugarcane Research Institute, Pusa, Bihar. Total pages in thesis : 103 + xi (Bibliography) + 1-12(Appendix) selection based on phenotype for these characters might be effective method for sugarcane variety improvement breeding programme. At phenotypic and genotypic level the characters viz. germination % at 45 days, number of shoots at 240 days, no. of milliable canes at harvest, cane height at harvest, pol % in juice at 12 month, purity % at 12 month, CCS %12 month, brix at 12 month, single cane weight, extraction %, pol % in cane showed highly significant and positive correlation with CCS t/ha (sugar yield). At genotypic level, pol % in cane showed high and positive direct effect on sugar yield followed by brix % at 12 month stage, fiber % at harvest, CCS % at 12 month and brix% at 10 month while Pol % in juice at 12 month exhibited maximum negative direct effect on sugar yield followed by pol % in juice at 10 month stage , CCS % at 10 month stage.Maximum positive indirect effect effect exhibited by pol % at 12 month stage via.pol % in cane followed by via., CCS % at 12 month stage, fiber % at harvest and brix % at harvest. Maximum negative indirect effect exhibited by CCS % at 12 month stage followed by via. pol % in juice at 10 month. All the thirteen clones were grouped into three clusters among them only cluster I contain eleven clones while others two were monogenotypic. The maximum inter cluster distance was found between cluster I &II followed by cluster I & III and cluster II & III while intra cluster distance was exhibited only in cluster I. Fiber % at harvest had highest percentage contribution toward genetic divergence followed sugar yield, brix % at 12 month, single cane weight, pol % in cane at harvest, brix % at 10 month, extraction % at harvest, no. of tiller at 120 days, cane height, cane diameter, pol % at 10 month. Clustering pattern showed that the genetic diversity was more important than geographical diversity because genotypes belonging to different places of origin were also present in the same clusters.This indicated that selection of genotypes for these traits may be rewarding for future utilization in breeding programme. A total of 56 alleles were obtained out of which 41 shared and 15 unique allelic variants were generated in the form of amplified product by polymerase chain reaction using eleven primer pairs.The PIC values revealing allelic diversity and frequency among the genotypes varied from 0.36 in case of NKS 57 to 0.90 in case of NKS 1 with an average of 0.62. The similarity coefficients revealing genetic similarity with respect to size of the amplified products generated from targeted regions of the genome varied from 0.518 to 0.857 for the pair wise combinations amongst thirteen entries under evaluation. Two Clusters were obtained when phenon line was drawn at twenty five similarity units. Cluster I consist of ten genotypes. The tri-genotypic cluster II consist of three genotypes. When phenon level draw at fifty similarity unit cluster I and II further divided in sub -clusters.It is concluded that use of SSR marker is very reliable approach for identification of diverse genotype(s) where phenotypic similarity of the cultivars leads to difficulty while selections of parents for hybridization.ThesisItem Open Access Integrated nutrient and weed management on growth, yield and quality of aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.)(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, 2018) Kumari, Pooja; Roy, D. K.A field experiment entitled “Integrated nutrient and weed management on growth, yield and quality of aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.)” was carried out at Crop Research Centre of Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar (India) during kharif seasons of 2016 and 2017 to evaluate the effect of integrated nutrient and weed management practices on growth, yield, weed dynamics, quality and economics of aromatic rice. The soil of the experimental field was clay loam with alkaline reaction, normal EC, low organic carbon, available Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium. The experiment was carried out in split plot design with three replications. The two factors under study comprised of integrated nutrient management in Main plots i.e. N0-Control, N1-50% RDN through inorganic source + 50% RDN through vermicompost, N2-75% RDN through inorganic source + 25% RDN through vermicompost and N3-100% RDN through inorganic source and integrated weed management in Sub-plots consists of W1 – Pretilachlor 1.5 kg/ha (P.E.) + Bispyribac sodium 20 g/ha at 20 DAT, W2 – Pretilachlor 1.5 kg/ha (P.E.) + 1 HW at 20 DAT, W3 - Weed free (2 HW at 20 & 40 DAT) and W4-Weedy check. The rice variety used was Rajendra Bhagawati and recommended fertilizer dose was 120-60-40 kg/ha N-P-K, respectively. Other crop management practices were performed as per standard package of practices. Growth parameters viz. plant height, number of tillers, dry matter production and crop growth rate were recorded at different crop growth stages. Likewise, yield and yield attributes (number of panicles/m2, panicle length, No. of grains /panicle, test weight, grain yield, straw yield and harvest index) were recorded at harvest. Weed parameters (weed population/m2, weed dry weight, weed control efficiency and weed index), physico- chemical properties (initial and post-harvest Soil pH, EC, organic carbon, available N, P and K in soil, N, P, K and Zn content and uptake by crop and weeds), various qualitative indices viz. protein content, hulling %, milling %, head rice recovery, kernel length, kernel breadth and shape index before and after cooking, kernel elongation ratio, kernel elongation index, volume elongation ratio and economics (cost of cultivation, gross returns, net returns and Benefit-Cost ratio) were also worked out. The data on various aspects in this study on response of rice to different integrated nutrient and weed management practices were analyzed through standard statistical methods and logical conclusions were drawn. Among different nutrient and weed management practices, higher growth parameters, yield attributes, yield, nutrient uptake by crop and lowest weed parameters except weed control efficiencywere found in 50 % RDN through inorganic + 50% RDN through vermicompost in integrated nutrient management and weed free (2 HW at 20 & 40 DAT) under integrated weed management practices . No significant variation was observed with different nutrient and weed management practices in case of crop growth rate at harvest, length of panicle, test weight, harvest index, nutrient content in crop & weeds and quality parameters of crop during both the years of study and in pooled mean. The highest gross returns was found in 50% RDN through inorganic source + 50% RDN through vermicompost in integrated nutrient management and in weed free (2 HW at 20 & 40 DAT) under integrated weed management practices. However, the highest net returns and B: C ratio was found in 100% RDN through inorganic source which was statistically at par with 75 % RDN through inorganic source + 25 % RDN through vermicompost only and was found significantly superior over 50% RDN through inorganic source + 50% RDN through vermicompost and control in integrated nutrient management and under integrated weed management practices,the highest net returns and B: C ratio was found inPretilachlor 1.5 kg/ha (P.E.) + Bispyribac sodium 20 g/ha at 20 DAT which was statistically at par withPretilachlor 1.5 kg/ha (P.E.) + 1 HW at 20 DAT and weed free (2 HW at 20 & 40 DAT).ThesisItem Open Access Role of women in today’s agriculture: An impact study in Samastipur district of Bihar(Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2015) Kumari, Pooja; Kumari, ArunimaWomen are vital human resources and constitutes half of the world population. According to Food and Agriculture Organization (2011), women farmers account for more than quarter of the world’s population. Women comprise on an average 43 percent of the agricultural work force in developing countries. In India women constitutes 48.49% of population (World Bank, 2012). As farmers, agricultural workers and entrepreneurs, women constitute the backbone of India’s agricultural and rural economy. As per census 2011, the percentage of female main workers to the total population of female stood at 25.5 percent. At All-India level the percentage share of females as cultivators, agricultural labourers are 24.92 percent and 18.56 percent respectively. The participation of woman farmers varies from carrying out actual farm operations in the field to supervision, management and decision making in different agricultural operations. Despite their productive contribution in agriculture, woman as farmers face constraints such as lack of accessibility to skills, trainings, information, technology, access to inputs, credits, financial incentives, market and control over farm income. Women farmers are less likely then men to use modern inputs such as improved seeds, fertilizers, mechanical tools etc., Hence, to bring about immediate desirable changes in the behaviour of farm women, they must be provided with the opportunities and resources. 100 rural women were randomly selected from four villages i.e., Harpur, Mahamdda, Gorai and Madhopur of Pusa and Kalyanpur blocks in Samastipur district and categorized into landless, marginal, small and medium farmers on the basis of size of land holding. Some of the most revealent independent variables i.e., age, caste, education, size and type of family, family income, occupation, size of land holding, social participation and knowledge level were selected. The dependent variables of the study were nature of involvement of woman farmers in agriculture, decision-making pattern of woman farmers in agriculture, and extent of adoption of improved agricultural technology of wheat production. The findings of the study revealed that the participation of woman varies from pre-harvest to post-harvest agricultural activities. The maximum involvement of woman farmers was in post harvest activities than pre harvest activities. Marginal woman farmers were participating physically more while small and medium woman farmers were supervising the activities. The study further found that the woman having more involvement in production process were also participating more in decision-making process. The maximum participation of woman farmer in decision-making was that of marginal farmers. The extent of adoption of various improved technology of wheat was varying and the maximum adoption was of post harvest technology like harvesting of crops and storage management of grains. The study further found that maximum woman farmers were taking money as loan from from their personal savings, friends or co-operatives. The various constraints that hinder the progress of women as farmers were their dual role played at farm and home, male dominance, lack of knowledge and skill, lack of credit,etc., The most important factors influencing the involvement of woman farmers in agriculture were caste, income, and size of land holding as these factors were positively and significantly affecting the involvement of woman farmers in agriculture. The study further indicated that the knowledge level of women farmers and marital status were positively and significantly affecting the decision-making pattern of woman farmers and in terms of extent of adoption of improved agricultural technology, the factors, occupation of respondents, family income, size of land holding and knowledge level of woman farmers were contribution as important factors. So these factors should be kept in due consideration while studying the role of woman as farmers.ThesisItem Open Access Weed management in direct seeded rice under rainfed lowland ecosystem(Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2015) Kumari, Pooja; Singh, J. P.A field experiment entitled “Weed management in direct seeded rice under rainfed lowland ecosystem” was carried out at the Agricultural Research Farm, Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar (India), during kharif season of 2014to evaluate the efficiency of different herbicides and their impact on yield and economic of direct seeded rice. The soil of the experimental field was calcareous (clay- loam) with pH 8.43. It was moderately fertile being low in organic carbon (0.46 %), available nitrogen(242 kg N ha-1),phosphorus (18.38 kg P2O5 ha-1) andpotassium (111 kg K2O ha-1). The factors under study comprised of 12 weed management treatments on direct seeded rice. T1-Weedy check, T2-Weed free(3 hand weedings at 20,40 and 60 DAS), T3-Pendimethalin 1 l/ha(2 DAS) fb Bispyribac-Na 30 g/ha + Azimsulfuron 30 g/ha in tank mix (20 DAS), T4-Pendimethalin 1 l/ha(2 DAS) fb Bispyribac-Na 30 g/ha + Azimsulfuron 15 g/ha in tank mix (20 DAS),T5-Pendimethalin 1 l/ha(2 DAS) fb Bispyribac-Na 15 g/ha + Azimsulfuron 30 g/ha in tank mix (20 DAS), T6-Pendimethalin 1 l/ha(2 DAS) fb Bispyribac-Na 15 g/ha + Azimsulfuron 15 g/ha in tank mix (20 DAS), T7-Pendimethalin 1 l/ha(2 DAS) fb Pendimethalin 1 l/ha + Bispyribac-Na 30 g/ha in tank mix (20 DAS), T8-Pendimethalin 1 l/ha(2 DAS) fb Pendimethalin 1 l/ha + Bispyribac-Na 15 g/ha in tank mix (20 DAS), T9-Bispyribac-Na 30 g/ha + Pyrazosulfuron 25 g/ha in tank mix (20 DAS), T10-Bispyribac-Na 30 g/ha + Ethoxysulfuron 18.5 g/ha in tank mix(20 DAS), T11-Pendimethalin 1 l/ha (2 DAS) fb Bispyribac-Na 30 g/ha (20 DAS) + Hand weeding (40 DAS), T12-Brown manuring with Sesbenia aculeate at 35 DAS.The experiment was conducted in RBD design and was replicated thrice taking rice variety Swarna Sub-1 as a test crop with RDF- 80-40-20-25 kg N-P2O5-K2O-ZnS04 per ha, respectively.Other crop management practices were performed as per standard package of practices.Among different weed management treatments on direct seeded rice, T2-Weed free (3 hand weedings at 20,40 and 60 DAS) had registered the maximum growth, yield attributes and yield of direct seeded rice, which remain comparable to T11-Pendimethalin 1 l/ha (2 DAS) fb Bispyribac-Na 30 g/ha (20 DAS) + Hand weeding (40 DAS), T3-Pendimethalin 1 l/ha (2 DAS) fb Bispyribac-Na 30 g/ha + Azimsulfuron 30 g/ha in tank mix (20 DAS), T5-Pendimethalin 1 l/ha (2 DAS) fb Bispyribac-Na 15 g/ha + Azimsulfuron 30 g/ha in tank mix (20 DAS), T4-Pendimethalin 1 l/ha (2 DAS) fb Bispyribac-Na 30 g/ha + Azimsulfuron 15 g/ha in tank mix (20 DAS), and T12-Brown manuring with Sesbenia aculeate at 35 DAS.The maximum weed control efficiency and lowest weed population, weed dry weight andweed index were recorded under treatment T2-Weed free(3 hand weedings at 20,40 and 60 DAS).The maximum nutrient content and nutrient uptake were registered under T2-Weed free (3 hand weedings at 20,40 and 60 DAS). The highest net return gained withT12-Brown manuring with Sesbenia aculeate at 35 DAS, which was significantly superior over T2-Weed free (3 hand weedings at 20, 40 and 60 DAS) and T1-Weedy checkwhich wasstatistically at par with rest of the treatments and benefit : cost ratio was also obtained maximum under T12- Brown manuring with Sesbenia aculeate at 35 DAS and significantly superior to rest of the treatments. On the basis one year data, among different weed management treatments applied on direct seeded rice, T3-Pendimethalin 1 l/ha (2 DAS) fb Bispyribac-Na 30 g/ha + Azimsulfuron 30 g/ha in tank mix (20 DAS) had efficiently control the complex weed flora.T2-Hand weeding (Thrice) was found best interms of yield and yield attributing characters and T12-Brown manuring with Sesbenia aculeate at 35 DAS was found superior in terms of economics.