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Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa

In the imperial Gazetteer of India 1878, Pusa was recorded as a government estate of about 1350 acres in Darbhanba. It was acquired by East India Company for running a stud farm to supply better breed of horses mainly for the army. Frequent incidence of glanders disease (swelling of glands), mostly affecting the valuable imported bloodstock made the civil veterinary department to shift the entire stock out of Pusa. A British tobacco concern Beg Sutherland & co. got the estate on lease but it also left in 1897 abandoning the government estate of Pusa. Lord Mayo, The Viceroy and Governor General, had been repeatedly trying to get through his proposal for setting up a directorate general of Agriculture that would take care of the soil and its productivity, formulate newer techniques of cultivation, improve the quality of seeds and livestock and also arrange for imparting agricultural education. The government of India had invited a British expert. Dr. J. A. Voelcker who had submitted as report on the development of Indian agriculture. As a follow-up action, three experts in different fields were appointed for the first time during 1885 to 1895 namely, agricultural chemist (Dr. J. W. Leafer), cryptogamic botanist (Dr. R. A. Butler) and entomologist (Dr. H. Maxwell Lefroy) with headquarters at Dehradun (U.P.) in the forest Research Institute complex. Surprisingly, until now Pusa, which was destined to become the centre of agricultural revolution in the country, was lying as before an abandoned government estate. In 1898. Lord Curzon took over as the viceroy. A widely traveled person and an administrator, he salvaged out the earlier proposal and got London’s approval for the appointment of the inspector General of Agriculture to which the first incumbent Mr. J. Mollison (Dy. Director of Agriculture, Bombay) joined in 1901 with headquarters at Nagpur The then government of Bengal had mooted in 1902 a proposal to the centre for setting up a model cattle farm for improving the dilapidated condition of the livestock at Pusa estate where plenty of land, water and feed would be available, and with Mr. Mollison’s support this was accepted in principle. Around Pusa, there were many British planters and also an indigo research centre Dalsing Sarai (near Pusa). Mr. Mollison’s visits to this mini British kingdom and his strong recommendations. In favour of Pusa as the most ideal place for the Bengal government project obviously caught the attention for the viceroy.

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20235
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Subject: Plant Pathology × End date: 2024 × Start date: 2023 × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Morphological characterization of red rot pathogen of sugarcane and its management
    (RPCAU, Pusa, 2023) Sameera, Gedela Venkata Hima; Singh, S.N.
    One of the most significant cash crops in the world, Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is grown in more than 80 different nations for the production of white sugar, bio-ethanol, jaggery and other by-products. India produces 20% of the world's sugarcane, and the largest producer of sugar. In Bihar as per recent reports (Directorate of Economics & Statistics 2020-2021) sugarcane covers an area of 0.22 mha having cane production of 10.71mt and productivity of 48.92 t/ha. Based on the survey it was found that the maximum red rot incidence was observed in the sugarcane cultivar Co 0238 (45%) dominating over all the varieties growing in both the districts viz. Samastipur and Gopalganj. covering more than 70 per cent sugarcane area. Cultivars BO 91 and Rajendra Ganna- 1 were found free from the infection of red rot. Out of the two districts, Samastipur district was more affected with red rot disease with mean disease incidence of 18.18 per cent as compared to Gopalganj district (12.26%). Seven isolates were obtained from the collected diseased specimen where the colour of the mycelium of all the isolates varied as whitish grey, greyish white, and pinkish white. The texture of the mycelium was either fluffy, abundant, aerial, scanty raised mycelium. The shape of the conidia was observed as falcate. The average length of the conidia ranged from 21.32µm to 27.37 µm and the average width varied from 4.10 µm to 4.39 µm. Four bio control agents were tested for their antagonistic potential against Colletototrichum falcatum in vitro as well as under field conditions where Bacillus subtilis showed maximum inhibition of test fungus mycelium (69.4%) in bacterial bio control agents whereas in fungal bio control agents, Trichoderma harzianum showed maximum mycelial inhibition (63.9%) and maximum bud germination was recorded in plots treated with Trichoderma harzianum (35.5%), minimum settling mortality (5.3%) and minimum red rot incidence (20.3%) as compared to control (29.0%), (11.3%), (38.1%) respectively. Four SAR molecules were tested for their antifungal properties against Colletotrichum falcatum in vitro and under field conditions, Salicylic acid showed 100 per cent inhibition of radial growth of mycelium at all three concentrations and Potassium silicate showed 100 per cent inhibition of mycelial growth at 1500 ppm and 2000 ppm concentrations and maximum bud germination was recorded in plots treated with Potassium silicate(PSi) (36.3%), minimum settling mortality (4.9%) and minimum red rot incidence (25.5%) as compared to control (27.0%), (12.4%), (39.8%) respectively. Management of red rot disease of sugarcane by integration of bio control agents and fungicides revealed that treatment T7 (Sett treatment with Carbendazim 50 WP @ 0.1% + soil drenching with T.harzianum @ 0.6% + three foliar application with fungicide Azoxystrobin 11% + Tebuconazole 18.3% @ 0.1%) and treatment T8 (Sett treatment with Carbendazim 50 WP @ 0.1% + soil drenching with T.harzianum @ 0.6% + three foliar application with fungicide Thiophanate methyl 70 WP @ 0.1%) have the potential to control the disease and ultimately enhanced the performance of yield attributing characters, yield and quality such as brix, pol and purity per cent. This finding established the fact that integration of bio control agents and fungicides can be used for effective management of the red rot disease of sugarcane. SAR molecules may also be an alternative of fungicides.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Efficacy of potential bio-control agents isolated from Papaya rhizosphere and new generation fungicides against root rot of Papaya incited by Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc.
    (RPCAU, Pusa, 2023) MEENA, MADHU BAI; SINGH, S.K.
    Papaya (Carica Papaya L.) the versatile tropical fruit is a globally important crop which supports livelihood of millions of people. India is ranked first in production of Papaya and Bihar is ranked fourteenth among major Papaya producing states.Root rot incited by a soil borne fungi i.e. Fusarium solani is one of the most devastating disease of Papaya since last decade. This disease of Papaya has emerged as a serious threat for the Papaya crop cultivation in Bihar’s agro-climatic condition. The disease needs immediate attention as 90-95 per cent crop failure has been reported and mostly all existing varieties of Papaya are highly susceptible to this disease. Disease can only be managed effectively by use of resistant varieties which are scanty at present. Due to soil borne nature of pathogen, chemical and cultural methods are also not effective. Hence biological control is only plausible and explorable approach. Hence, this study was aimed to isolate microflora from rhizosphere of Papaya plants to evaluate their antagonistic potential against Fusarium solani causing root rot. Among total 38 isolates obtained from Papaya rhizosphere 07 isolates were selected on basis of their promising antagonistic potential against Fusarium solani. The selected isolates showed Percent inhibition as follows: RB-13(79.59%), RB-15(80.70%), RB-24 (83.95%), RB-32 (86.48%), RB-25(89.30%), RB-29, (91.00%) and RB-34(93.85%). Preliminary identification based on Gram reaction and KOH test, revealed that RB-13, RB-15, RB-24, RB-25, RB-29, RB-32 were gram positive and RB-34 was gram negative bacterial isolates. Furthermore, qualitative study of biochemical characters revealed that among 07 isolates, RB-32 was positive for catalase test, NH3 production and Siderophore production whereas none of the isolates were found to be producing HCN. Out of these 07 isolates, further screening was done and 04 isolates exhibiting more than 85% Percent inhibition were selected. These isolates RB-25, RB-29, RB-32 and RB-34 were molecularly identified as Bacillus cereus (Bacterium te30A), Bacillus subtilis, Alcaligenes sp. and Bacillus velezensis respectively. All these bacterial biocontrol agents were first time isolated from Papaya rhizosphere and tested against Fusarium solani (Root rot disease causing pathogen). In vitro evaluation of ten new generation fungicides at 50,100,150,250, and 500 ppm against Fusarium solani. Metalaxyl + Mancozeb was found most effective @100 ppm exhibiting inhibition percent of 93.41% followed by Tebuconazole @ 91.18 as compared to check. Moreover, Fosetyl-Al @ 100ppm was found least effective among all fungicides showing the inhibition percent of 25.92%.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Management of Sheath rot of Rice caused by Sarocladium oryzae
    (RPCAU, Pusa, 2023) CHETANKUMAR; Ranjan, R K
    Rice is worlds' second most important cereal crop, with approximately two-thirds of the world's population relying on it for survival. Numerous biotic and abiotic elements have an impact on rice production. Among the many biotic variables impacting rice production and productivity, fungus, bacteria, virus, and nematodes are the most significant constraints responsible for low productivity. Sheath rot has emerged as a serious disease that causes qualitative and quantitative yield losses ranging from 3-85%. During Kharif 2022 survey conducted in Samastipur, Muzaffarpur and Darbhanga districts of Bihar indicated the maximum disease incidence (22.01%) in Birauli village of Samastipur district and the lowest (2.95%) in Dwarkapur village of Muzaffarpur district. All the villages in districts showed significant variance in disease incidence. Five different solid media tested for cultural characters of S. oryzae, Malt extract agar showed maximum growth (90 mm) at 30 DAI, followed by Oat meal agar (75 mm). The colour of the mycelium on different media varied from milky white to pinkish white and type of growth varied from spreading circular to raised circular. In the current assessment 111 genotypes screened against sheath rot disease of rice, among them one genotype was found to be highly resistant and thirty-three genotypes were found to be resistant to sheath rot disease. In the present investigation, antagonistic bioagents were tested for their in vitro antagonistic effect against S. oryzae, Trichoderma sp. (Tr-1) produced 76.72% growth inhibition of S. oryzae. Three organic products are tested at 2% and 5% concentrations, at both the concentrations, the organic product Jeevamrut showed 100% inhibition. Six medicinal plant extracts were tested at 5% and 10% concentrations, Sadabahar inhibited S. oryzae growth by 79.31% at 10% concentration. Five essential oils were evaluated at concentrations of 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.2%. Lemongrass oil was shown to be efficient with 100% suppression at all four concentrations. Nine new fungicides are evaluated at concentrations of 100ppm, 250ppm and 500ppm. Propiconazole 13.9% + Difenconazole 13.9% EC showed 100 % growth inhibition of S. oryzae when tested in vitro using the poisoned food technique at three different concentrations.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Morpho-cultural variability and management of Colletotrichum capsici (Sydow) causing leaf spot disease of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)
    (RPCAU, Pusa, 2023) Bhaskar, Ambarish; Mishra, A. K.
    Turmeric crop suffers very badly due to Colletotrichum capsici causing leaf spot disease in terms of both quantitative and qualitative losses across India and world. Especially in rainy season under humid condition, it affect the crop severely. Therefore, the current study was undertaken on Morpho-cultural variability and management of Colletotrichum capsici involving different culture media adjusted at different pH and at different temperature. In in vitro management of C. capsici, six different aqueous plant extracts and fungicides was used. In study of colony characters of different isolates of pathogen: different colour, shape, elevation with different type of margin and texture were observed under study. The interaction effect on mycelial growth of all three isolates on PDA media was found significant. However, the max. mycelial growth of 77.00 mm was recorded in isolate, V3 on 8th day. The interaction effect on mycelial growth of all three isolates on CDA media was found non-significant. However, the max. mycelial growth of 90.00 mm was recorded in isolate V2 and V3 on 8th day. Irrespective of isolates, statistically significant max. mycelial growth of 89.33 mm was found on 8th day followed by 79.83 on 6th day respectively. In interaction effect of different isolates at different time interval in RSA media, max. mycelial growth of 90.00 mm followed by 81.50 were found in isolate V3 on 8th and 6th day respectively. At 5 per cent conc., min. mycelial growth of pathogen (35.33 mm) followed by 49.33 mm and consequently 60.74 and 45.19 per cent inhibition in pathogen growth over absolute check was recorded in culture media amended with aqueous extract of Ashoka and tobacco respectively. Irrespective of botanicals used, min. mycelial growth was observed at 15% conc. followed by 10% conc. and both of these conc. was found to be statistically significant in their effect. At 100 ppm, no mycelial pathogen growth was observed in ready mixture of Azoxystorbin 7.1% SC + Propiconazole 11.9% SC (Azoxy P) followed by Propiconazole 25% SC (Tilt). Here, both treatments were found to be statistically significant in their effect. At 250 ppm conc., no mycelial growth was found in ready mixture of Azoxystorbin 7.1% SC + Propiconazole 11.9% SC (Azoxy P) and Propiconazole 25% SC (Tilt) used as standard check, followed by Hexaconazole 5% EC (Contaf). These treatments were found statistically significant in their effect in supressing pathogen growth. At 500 ppm conc., no mycelial growth was observed in ready mixture fungicide, Azoxystorbin 7.1% SC + Propiconazole 11.9%SC (Azoxy P), Propiconazole 25% SC (Tilt) used as standard check and Hexaconazole 5% EC (Contaf) followed by ready mixture of Azoxystorbin 11% SC + Tebuconazole 18.3% SC (Suzuki). Irrespective of fungicides used, min. mycelial growth of pathogen was observed at 500 ppm conc. followed by 250 ppm conc. and effect of both the conc. on pathogen growth were found statistically significant. In interaction effect of different fungicides, no growth of pathogen was observed in ready mixture fungicide of Azoxystorbin 7.1% SC + Propiconazole 11.9%SC (Azoxy P) at all conc., used. Propiconazole 25% SC (Tilt) used as standard check at 250 ppm and 500 ppm and Hexaconazole 5% EC (Contaf) at 500 ppm followed by ready mixture of Azoxystorbin 11% SC + Tebuconazole 18.3% SC (Suzuki) and all these treatments were found statistically significant, over absolute check in their effect.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of Date of Sowing on Sheath Blight of Rice caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn and it’s management
    (RPCAU, Pusa, 2023) V, ARAVIND G; Ranjan, R K
    Sheath blight disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn is a major disease of rice which causes an economic yield loss. The present study was undertaken to know the status of sheath blight disease, effect of date of sowing on disease incidence with relation to weather parameters and to evaluate the new fungicides molecules, medicinal plant extracts and organic products against R. solani at different concentration in in vitro condition. InKharif 2022 survey conducted in Samastipur and Muzaffarpur districts of Bihar and recorded percent disease incidence (PDI) of Sheath Blight of rice. The survey data revealed that Birauli village of Samastipur recorded highest disease incidence with 27.33% PDI in hybrid rice. While lowest PDI recorded in the villageMirapur of Muzaffarpur district with 2.5% PDI. And this survey also reveals that highest percent disease incidence was observed in the villages of Samastipur district compared to the Muzaffarpur district. Study on effect of date of sowing on incidence of Sheath Blight of rice, to know the effective date of sowing of rice to tackle Sheath Blight of rice, crop was sown at three different dates that is early (15/06/2022), normal (30/06/2022) and late (15/07/2022). Maximum disease severity was observed in early sown crop with 15.7% followed by normal sowing (8.58%) and minimum was recorded in late sowing (4.3%). Hence late sowing emerged as effective date of sowing to minimize the severity of Sheath Blight of rice. Weather parameters played important role in Sheath Blight disease development in rice. Disease severity negatively correlated with maximum temperature and minimum temperature. And positively related with morning relative humidity and evening relative humidity. And rainfall is positively correlated with early sown and normal sown but negatively correlated with late sown crop. For the management of the Sheath Blight of rice, seven fungicides were screened at three different concentrations that is 100 ppm, 250 ppm and 500 ppm. Among them Pyraclostrobin 10% CS was most effective inhibiting 100% growth of pathogen at lowest 100 ppm concentrations followed by Propiconazole 25% EC inhibited 65.55% of growth of mycelia. Besides this six medicinal plant extracts were tested at 5% and 10% concentrations, among them, at 10% concentration of tulsi showed 100% inhibition followed by kalmeg and mandukaparni both showing 71.15% inhibition. In addition to that three organic products were also screened at 2% & 5% concentration, among them panchagavya was effective at 5% concentration with 100% inhibition.