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Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa
In the imperial Gazetteer of India 1878, Pusa was recorded as a government estate of about 1350 acres in Darbhanba. It was acquired by East India Company for running a stud farm to supply better breed of horses mainly for the army. Frequent incidence of glanders disease (swelling of glands), mostly affecting the valuable imported bloodstock made the civil veterinary department to shift the entire stock out of Pusa. A British tobacco concern Beg Sutherland & co. got the estate on lease but it also left in 1897 abandoning the government estate of Pusa.
Lord Mayo, The Viceroy and Governor General, had been repeatedly trying to get through his proposal for setting up a directorate general of Agriculture that would take care of the soil and its productivity, formulate newer techniques of cultivation, improve the quality of seeds and livestock and also arrange for imparting agricultural education. The government of India had invited a British expert. Dr. J. A. Voelcker who had submitted as report on the development of Indian agriculture. As a follow-up action, three experts in different fields were appointed for the first time during 1885 to 1895 namely, agricultural chemist (Dr. J. W. Leafer), cryptogamic botanist (Dr. R. A. Butler) and entomologist (Dr. H. Maxwell Lefroy) with headquarters at Dehradun (U.P.) in the forest Research Institute complex.
Surprisingly, until now Pusa, which was destined to become the centre of agricultural revolution in the country, was lying as before an abandoned government estate. In 1898. Lord Curzon took over as the viceroy. A widely traveled person and an administrator, he salvaged out the earlier proposal and got London’s approval for the appointment of the inspector General of Agriculture to which the first incumbent Mr. J. Mollison (Dy. Director of Agriculture, Bombay) joined in 1901 with headquarters at Nagpur
The then government of Bengal had mooted in 1902 a proposal to the centre for setting up a model cattle farm for improving the dilapidated condition of the livestock at Pusa estate where plenty of land, water and feed would be available, and with Mr. Mollison’s support this was accepted in principle. Around Pusa, there were many British planters and also an indigo research centre Dalsing Sarai (near Pusa). Mr. Mollison’s visits to this mini British kingdom and his strong recommendations. In favour of Pusa as the most ideal place for the Bengal government project obviously caught the attention for the viceroy.
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ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of Shiitake mushroom, Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler” under Bihar condition(DRPCAU, Pusa, 2020) Verma, Inkresh Kumar; DayaramThe present study entitled “Evaluation of Shiitake mushroom, L. edodes (Berk.) Pegler” under Bihar condition was carried out in Advance Centre of Mushroon Research, Department of Plant Pathology, DRPCAU, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar, under in vitro condition various culture media like PDA, SDEA, WSEA, MEA, WSEA+PSEA and LLEA were evaluated for their effect on growth of L. edodes. The PDA was evaluated for growth of L. edodes at various temp. regimes wiz. 150C, 200C, 250C, 300C. The result clearly revealed that mycelium growth varied significantly among the media and strains tested. The max. colony diameter of 86.67 mm for LE- 1501, 90.00 mm for LE-1502, 86.33 mm for LE-1503, 84.33 mm for LE-1504 and 84.00 mm for LE-1505 were recorded on PDA at 14 DAI. However, the PSEA and LLEA media proved to be least effective media for mycelia growth of shiitake. The temp. analysis of data revealed that 250C was the most preferred temp. for the optimum growth of all strains of L. edodes at 7 and 14 DAI. Three grains substrates wiz. Wheat, maize and paddy were evaluated for the spawn production of shiitake. The wheat grains were most suitable substrate whereas maize grains were least effective for spawn development of L. edodes. The six substrates such as maize cob, wheat straw, LL, WSE+PSE, SD and PS were tested for the growth and yield of L. edodes strains. The result revealed that min. spawn run period of 25.00 days, 23.00 days, 25.00 days and 28.33 days were observed with strain LE-1501, LE-1502, LE1503 and LE-1504 in SD substrate. However, the min. days for spwan run (28.67) were exhibited by strain LE-1505 in WS substrate. The min. bump formation period of 54.00 days, 52.67 days, 54.67days and 56.67 days were observed with the strains LE-1501, LE-1502, LE-1504 and LE-1505 respectively in the MC substrate. The min. basidiocarp formation period of 68.00 days, 65.00 days, 66.00 days, 68.00 days and 70.00 days were observed with the strain LE-1501, LE-1502, LE-1503, LE-1504 and LE-1505 respectively in the maize cob substrate. The max. number of sporocarp of 12.33, 9.33, 10.33 and 11.00 were recorded with strain LE-1502, LE-1503, LE-1504 and LE-1505 in SD substrate while LE-1501 showed its maximum number of sporocarp (9.00) in maize cob substrate. The max. total yield (483.33g /1000g) and biological efficiency (48.33%) of L. edodes strain (LE-1502) were obtained in maize cob substrate. However the lowest total yield (253.33g / 1000g) and biological efficiency (25.33%) were recorded in WS+PS substrate with starin LE-1502. The various pathogens like Penicillium spp., Trichoderma spp., Aspergillus niger and coprinus were observed during cultivation of L. edodes.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on variability and management of Alternaria spp. causing Leaf blight of oilseed brassica(DRPCAU, Pusa, 2020) T.N., Punith Gowda; Choudhary, C. S.In the world, Oilseed brassica, called as Rapeseed-Mustard is the third most important oilseed crop after soyabean and palm. Bihar produces 0.11 mt from an acreage of 0.09 mha with a productivity of 1241kg/ha. As far as 35- 45 % losses had been reported in Indian mustard, even more losses in rapeseed up to 70%, due to Alternaria leaf blight disease caused by Alternaria brassicae and Alternaria brassicicola. Survey had conducted for the natural occurrence of the disease prevailed in different districts of Bihar and in a range of 25.67 to 69.67 per cent disease incidence was recorded. The black points were the first seen symptoms on the lower leaves which coalesce to form spots of brown to black coloured lesions. Disease spreads rapidly forming circular spots on middle and upper leaves. Upon severity target board like concentric rings were formed which leads to defoliation of the leaves. Symptoms were seen on the stem and siliquae deteriorating the crop and causing damage to seeds. Disease samples were collected from the surveyed fields and isolation of the pathogen from the isolates had done on the PDA medium. Out of ten isolates collected, seven were identified as Alternaria brassicae and three were identified as A. brassicicola. Pure cultures were maintained for further studies of morphological and cultural variability among the isolates. Mycelial growth of the pathogen and colony characters were considered to study the morphological variations. Radial growth of mycelium varied from 53.0 to 77.2 mm in diameter and five different colony colors were observed among the pure cultures. Pure cultures of ten isolates were inoculated on the five different solid media to check the cultural variability. Radial growth of the mycelium varied on different media from 39.3 to 76.3 mm in diameter. Conidial dimensions were also measured to check the variability. The average conidial length, breadth and beak length varied from 36.5 to 183.0 μm, 6.55 to 22.0 μm and 2.8 to 63.35 μm respectively. Hence it was concluded from the experiment that morphological and cultural variability exists in the pathogen causing Alternaria blight in oilseed brassica. Some new fungicides had evaluated both in vitro and in vivo experiments for next line as management practices because some popular and effective fungicides may likely to banned in future. Among the six different fungicides tested in in vitro, Trifloxystrobin 50WG was found more efficient in controlling the pathogen. The experiment conducted with three different concentrations and found that the radial growth of mycelium inhibited by Trifloxystrobin 50WG was minimum at all concentration tested viz. 39.3 mm @ 250ppm, 24.7 mm @ 500 ppm and 0.7 mm @1000ppm. The field experiment had conducted with three replications under eight treatments with six fungicides. Plots treated with seed treatment of Carbendazim 50WP@2g/kg of seeds followed by foliar sprayed with Trifloxystrobin 50WG@1ml/l of water were found superior to the other treatments. Least PDI (20%.5) maximum 1000 seed weight (4.1g), highest yield (1430 kg/ha), highest yield increase over control (591.7kg/ha) and highest CB ratio (1:71) was recorded from this treatment.ThesisItem Open Access Identification and management of pathogen associated with wheat seeds(DRPCAU, Pusa, 2020) Yamleshwar; Ranjan, R. K.Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) belonging to the family Graminae is a major cereal food crop in the world. Globally, wheat cultivated over an area of about 221.6 million hectare with an annual production of 750.4 million tons in 2016-17 (Anonymous 2018). India the second largest wheat producing country in the world after China has the production of about 98.61 million tons with an average productivity of 33.18 q/ha and cultivated over an area of about 29.78 million hectare (ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat & Barley Research, 2018). The main wheat growing states in India are Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan and Bihar. Bihar rank 6th in wheat production and cultivated over an area of about 2.04 million ha, production 5.74 million tonnes and productivity 28.16 q/ha (ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat & Barley Research, 2018). Wheat crop is affected by approximately 120 different diseases, among them, 42 diseases are seed borne and 35 diseases are caused by fungi (Hasan et al., 2005). In India, the important seed borne diseases of wheat are rust, smut, bunt, leaf blight & ear cockle disease. Hence, the investigation on “Identification and management of pathogen associated with wheat seeds” has been undertaken to determine the quality and health status of wheat seeds produced by the farmers in Bihar and their management by chemical and botanical oils. I Total 70 seed samples of different variety were collected from the farmers of different villages of Samastipur and Muzaffarpur districts of Bihar state for studies of mycoflora associated with wheat seeds and their management. Collected seed samples were categorized in four categories i.e., Shrivelled, discoloured or black point, damaged and healthy seeds. In Samastipur seed samples, shrivelled, discoloured, damaged and healthy seeds were found 8.53%, 8.16%, 6.57% and 76.72% respectively. While in case of Muzaffarpur seed samples shrivelled, discoloured, damaged and healthy seeds were found 7.68%, 5.54%, 4.88% and 81.90% respectively. Study on germination percentage by standard paper towel method, in Samastipur and Muzaffarpur seed samples average seed germination percentage recorded were 72.87% and 74.47% respectively and seedling vigour were recorded 1923.56 and 2309.60 in Samastipur and Muzaffarpur seed samples respectively. Study on bunt and loose smut disease detection, all seed samples were free from bunt and loose smut disease. Three methods for isolation of seed associated mycoflora i.e., standard blotter paper method, standard agar plate method and standard paper towel method, were used. Five seed associated mycoflora i.e., Aspergillus sp., Alternaria triticina, Bipolaris sorokiniana, Fusarium moniliforme and Penicillium sp. were detected and isolated from Samastipur and Muzaffarpur seed samples. Aspergillus sp. and Alternaria triticina were found dominating fungus in all three methods. In study of different chemicals against isolated pathogens, Propiconazole found most effective against B. sorokininana, followed by Mancozeb and Mancozeb + Carbendazim. In case of Fusarium moniliforme Alternaria triticina and Penicillium sp., Propiconazole has shown highest percent inhibition of growth at lowest concentration. However, in case of Aspergillus sp, Mancozeb + Carbendazim found most effective followed by, Copper oxy chloride. Study on efficacy of different botanicals oils against isolated pathogens, lemongrass oil found most effective against B. sorokiniana. Neem oil found most effective to inhibit the growth of Fusarium moniliforme. Eucalyptus oil found most effective to inhibit the growth of Alternaria triticina at all concentrations. Neem oil found most effective to inhibit the growth of Apergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. at all concentration 100, 200 & 300ppm.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on efficacy of biocontrol agent and chemical fungicide against collar rot disease of elephant foot yam [Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst)](DRPCAU, Pusa, 2020) Sankranti, Akshay; Mishra, A. K.Elephant foot yam [Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst)] is commonly known as ‘king of tuber crops’ due to its higher biological efficiency, cultivated commercially in the districts of Muzaffarpur, Samastipur, Vaishali, Bagusarai and East Champaran of Agro-climatic Zone-1 of Bihar and regarded as money spinning crop. Among various diseases affecting elephant foot yam, collar rot disease caused by Sclerotium rolfsii causes significant yield loss to the tune of 20 to cent per cent. Considering seriousness of this disease, present investigation was carried out in experimental plot Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi, Muzaffarpur (Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar) during 2019-2020. Three broad objectives i.e., survey for prevalence of collar rot disease in elephant foot yam, germplasm screening against collar rot disease and management of collar rot disease through biocontrol agent and chemical fungicide were considered during study. Survey was conducted twice in crop growth period in Samastipur and Muzaffarpur district. Elephant foot yam grown in Samastipur district was found more prone to collar rot disease compared to Muzaffarpur district with increase in incidence of disease during August to September. Twenty number of germplasm were screened against disease including elephant foot yam variety, Gajendra (check) against collar rot disease. Among the screened germplasm, two germplasm viz., TCA EFY-16 and TCA EFY-13 emerged as a resistant germplasm with no disease incidence (0%) and high value of growth attributing characters and yield of 46.04 and 44.97 t/ha respectively. Field efficacy of biocontrol agent and chemical fungicide against collar rot disease was evaluated wherein corm treated with Trichoderma @5g/kg corm + soil application with Trichoderma grown in FYM @ 2.5 kg/pit + soil application twice with Trichoderma grown in FYM @250g/ plant (T6) resulted in minimum disease incidence at different fortnight interval i.e, 5.55% (75 DAP), 7.84% (90 DAP), 6.38% (105 DAP) and 4.52% (120 DAP) with overall 22.22% disease incidence with maximum disease reduction over control (52.94%) and highest yield (34.85 t/ha). Feasibility of treatment in economic terms was calculated by incremental cost benefit ratio (ICBR). The highest ICBR of 1: 2.57 with net profit over control was realized as Rs 134294/ha in treatment where corm were treated with Trichoderma @5g/kg corm + soil application twice with Trichoderma grown in FYM @250g/ plant (T2).ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of Lion’s Mane, Hericium erinaceus(Bull.:Fr)Pers. under Bihar condition(DRPCAU, Pusa, 2020) S. G., Mohan; DayaramPresent study entitled “Evaluation of Lion’s Mane, Hericium erinaceus(Bull.:Fr)Pers. under Bihar condition” was carried out in the Department of Plant Pathology, DRPCAU, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar regarding different aspects of Hericium erinaceuscultivation. Radial growth of different strains of Hericium erinaceus was studied on different media and temperature to know the suitable medium and temperature for its growth and development. Among all the tested media and temperatures, the maximum radial growth was observed in strain HE-1909 (67.00 mm) followed by MEA medium by strain HE-1909 (58.00 mm) at 7 days and PDA gave maximum growth by strain HE-1907 (83.66 mm) followed by MEA medium by strain HE-1908 (77.66 mm) at 14 days after inoculation.Maximum radial growth by strain HE-1909 (65.33 mm) was observed at 25˚C, followed by 20˚C by strain HE- 1905 (56.33 mm) at 7 days. Strain HE-1909 gives maximum radial growth (99.00 mm) at 25˚C followed by 20˚C by strain HE-1908 (81.66 mm) at 14 days. Spawn production of different strains of Hericium erinaceuson wheat, maize and paddy grains was also studied. Wheat grain was found superior which took 17 days by strain HE-1908 followed by paddy grain 21 days by strain HE-1909 in terms of complete spawn development. Maize Cob Substrate was found superior in terms of spawn run days; Pinhead Formation Days followed by wheat straw substrate. Paddy straw substrates took maximum spawn run days by strain HE-1906 (19.33 days) and maximum sporophore count/bag by strain HE-1904 (7 fruits). Sawdust substrate gives maximum weight of fruiting bodies by strain HE-1909 (46.66 g) and yield (kg)/100kg substrate by strain HE-1909 (18.46 kg) followed by maize cob substrate by strain HE-1909 (17.36 kg). During present study Fungal contaminants i.e., Trichoderma spp., Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium spp.were isolated from spawn laboratory environment and were identified.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on soil fungal diversity in relation to soil health and its implication in plant disease management(DRPCAU, Pusa, 2020) Mahto, Kumari Sushma; Rai, DineshSoil is an oligotrophic medium for the fungal growth. Fungi are an important component of soil microbiota. Soil fungal diversity plays an important role in maintenance of soil conditions and soil health. In Bihar, especially in Samastipur district, very less information is available regarding soil inhabiting fungi of cultivated and uncultivated fields. Hence, the investigation on “Studies on Soil fungal diversity in relation to soil health and its implication in plant disease management” was undertaken during the course of study to explore the mycoflora diversity and different plant and soil factors affecting them. Ten soil samples were collected from different villages of Samastipur district namely Deopar (Block- Pusa), Motipur (Block- Tajpur), Aadharpur (Block- Tajpur), Dudhpura (Block- Samastipur) and Dadpur (Block- Samastipur). Five samples each were collected from both cultivated fields and uncultivated fields. Overall, on average 397 colonies from cultivated and 204 colonies from uncultivated fields in both dilution factors 10-4 and 10-5 were isolated and identified. Altogether, the highest percentage contribution was of Trichoderma sp. (28.5 %) in cultivated samples and Penicillium sp. (36 %) in uncultivated samples. All the isolates, Trichoderma sp., Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp., Rhizpous sp. and Mucor sp. were authentically characterized and their percentile contribution statistically analysed. The isolation frequency of species was obtained highest for Penicillium chrysogenum (90 %) and most of the fungal species were designated as moderate and rare in occurrence. In root health bio-assay test conducted in greenhouse, the beans grown in the soil of Deopar and Dadpur in both cultivated and uncultivated soil samples showed best ratings and performance among all the soil samples. In growth promotion study results revealed that overall plant growth promotion was better in cultivated fields. Significant maximum root length (13.0 cm) was observed in cultivated fields of Motipur while in uncultivated fields of Deopar (10.3 cm) and Dadpur (10.3 cm). Maximum shoot length was observed in cultivated fields (62.6 cm) and uncultivated fields in Deopar (55.3 cm). Significant maximum root weight (18.3 g) and (15.6 g) recorded in cultivated and uncultivated fields of Dadpur respectively. However, maximum shoot weight (44.0 g) in cultivated and (42.3 g) in uncultivated fields observed in Aadharpur. In the test for soil physico-chemical properties, Deopar cultivated soil sample showed highest pH (8.2), organic carbon (0.69 %) and organic matter (1.18 %). In population dynamics study, the population of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici was significantly reduced after application of organic amendments. After 60 days, significant highest maximum reduction of Fusarium population was observed in the T-3 (Soil Drenching with Trichoderma asperellum @10 g/l + Chitosan @ 0.1%) and population recorded only (11x105). The lowest PDI (34.40 %) was observed in T-3 (Soil Drenching with Trichoderma asperellum @10 g/l + Chitosan @ 0.1 %) followed by T-2 (Soil Application of FYM + Trichoderma asperellum @ 2% w/w) with PDI (43.30 %). T-3 (Soil Application of Vermicompost @ 2 % w/w) and T-6 (Soil Drenching with Panchgavya @ 30 %) were at par with recorded PDI (46.63 %) and (49.96 %) respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Epidemiology and novel management of Sheath blight of rice caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn(DRPCAU, Pusa, 2020) Ravali, Somshetty; Rai, BimlaRice is the second vastly essential cereal crop in India and nearly two-third of humankind depending on it for their food needs. Rice outcomes are inflicted by so many components; they might be biotic components or abiotic components. Sheath blight disease of rice caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn is led to severe economic losses if weather variables are favourable for it. Disease symptoms were in round or elliptical or irregular shape, greenish grey, varying from 1-2 cm in length, later gradually enlarged and became greyish white centre with brown margin. Lateral stages infection was spread to upper parts like leaf blade, flag leaf, glum, and grains. In the current investigation seven rhizospheric mycoflora i.e. Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma viride, Penicillium sp., three Aspergillus species and one unknown isolated from rhizophere soil. T. harzianum and T. viride produced 55.56% and 48.70% of growth inhibition respectively. Four rhizobacteria were isolated from rhizospheric soil, among these RB1 (Pseudomonas fluorescence) and RB2 have shown growth inhibition as 20.86% and 9.30% respectively. Aqueous and ethanol extracts of seven botanicals (Aloe vera, Calotropis, Kanel, Neem, Datura, Bhang and Beal), seven essential oils (Citronella oil, Eucalyptus oil, Cedarwood oil, Nirgundi oil, Lemongrass oil, Clove oil and Neem oil), and eight new chemicals were tested contrary to R. solani. Botanicals were evaluated at 20%, 30% and 40% of concentrations. In the case of aqueous extracts at 20%, 30 % and 40 % of concentration Datura has shown maximum growth inhibition per cent as 85.37 %, 90.56 % and 92.04 % respectively than other extracts and it was followed by Bhang and Calotropis. In the case of ethanol extracts of botanicals at 20% of concentration Calatropis, Datura and Beal have exhibited 100% growth inhibition, at 30% of concentration Neem and 40% of concentration Kanel all so showed 100% of growth inhibition. Essential oils were evaluated at concentrations of 100ppm, 200ppm and 300ppm. At 100ppm Neem essential oil showed maximum growth inhibition per cent (51.48%). At 200ppm Cedarwood oil showed maximum growth inhibition per cent (69.26%). At 300ppm Cedarwood oil and Lemongrass oil showed maximum growth inhibition per cent (82.96%) followed by Clove oil (65.56%). Under new chemicals at 50ppm concentration Flusilazole 12.5% + Carbendazim 25%, Trifloxystrobin 25% + Tebuconazole 50% w/w WG and Carbendazim 25% + Mancozeb 50% WS were showed 100% growth inhibition. Essential oils and chemicals were evaluated at suggested doses in field climate (in vivo) contrary to blight disease. In the case of essential oils, Cedarwood oil @1.0 ml/L has produced 57.38% of disease control and has given 48.24% higher yield than control check, it is followed by Lemon grass oil and Neem oil. In case of new chemicals, Trifloxystrobin 25% + Tebuconazole 50% w/w WG (75% WG) @1.0 ml/L has produced 86.41% disease control and has given 53.11% higher yield than control check. In the current assessment among 146 germplasm/varieties, 2 were not conference with the disease, has represented with 0 ratings, 81 germplasm have 1 to 3 rating resistant reaction. Disease severity significantly correlated with maximum and minimum temperature, minimum temperature, evening relative humidity, and evaporation. It revealed that high temperatures (30 – 32 0C) and high relative humidity (above 90%) were responsible for the establishment of sheath blight of disease in rice.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization and management of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae causing Bacterial leaf blight of rice(DRPCAU, Pusa, 2020) Naveena, Sirivella; Rai, BimlaIn the present research work, the pathogen, Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae was isolated from the Bacterial leaf blight infected rice plants. Infected samples are collected from the Pusa field of Bihar. The pathogen was identified as Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae through isolation study (colony characteristics on TZC media), ooze test, pathogenicity test and different biochemical test. The pathogen showed yellow, smooth, raised, buttery colonies on nutrient agar medium. The results of biochemical studies revealed that the isolated Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae were gram-negative, rod shaped and the pathogen showed positive reactions for potassium hydroxide test, catalase test, production of hydrogen sulphide whereas it showed negative reaction for oxidase test, nitrate reduction test and indole test. A total of 14 rhizobacteria were isolated from rhizosphere of rice plant and were screened in vitro for their bio control against Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae in which 4 isolates were effective.RRB-13(Pseudomonas) showed the highest inhibition zone (18.1mm) after 48hrs of incubation. Seven antibacterial compounds (3 antibiotics & 3 chemicals) were evaluated against Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae. Among the antibiotics Streptomycin showed highest antibacterial activity at all the three concentrations (250ppm, 500ppm and 1000ppm) produced inhibition zone 18.43mm, 21.43mm and 25.43mm respectively. Among the three chemicals ,Tricyclazole showed highest inhibition zone of 10.7mm, 14.7mm and 17.7mm at 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.2% concentration. Nine aqueous and ethanol extracts of botanicals were studied in vitro against Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae. Among aqueous extract, Neem (Azadirachta indica) at 100% concentration found to be very much effective and showed an inhibition zone of about 23.4 mm. Among all the nine botanicals tested, Neem showed the high inhibition zone at all the three concentrations (20%, 30% and 40%) of 16.7mm, 17.4mm and 18.4mm respectively. Among the 9 ethanol extract of botanicals tested at 100% concentration, Garlic (Allium sativum) showed the high inhibition zone of 25.1mm. The ethanol extract of botanicals tested, garlic showed the high inhibition zone at the three different concentrations (20%, 30% and 40%) of 17.4mm, 18.4mm and 19.4mm respectively. Six essential oils were tested in vitro for their antagonistic nature in contrary to Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae. Among them, Lemon grass oil showed highest inhibitory activity at 2000ppm (16.76mm). Citronella oil gave the good result at 500ppm (12.1mm) and 1000ppm (13.4mm).ThesisItem Open Access Management of Panama wilt of banana incited by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense TR4(DRPCAU, Pusa, 2020) Chand, Kewal; Singh, S.K.Banana (Musa spp.) is the important fruit crop grown in tropical and sub-tropical region in the world. Panama wilt incited by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (FOC) TR4 was recorded in Dwarf Cavendish group of banana in Koshi belt of Bihar. In Vaishali belt (Zone-l) was free from incidence of FOC TR4. Koshi-belt (Zone-ll) maximum incidence of Panama wilt of banana was found in district Purnea (34-42%). Fungus was isolated from diseased wilted samples and pathogenicity was proved in cv Grand naine. Among all the bioagents isolated from wilt infected rhizosphere was tested Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense TR4 in vitro as well as under pot condition. Maximum inhibition over control was observed by Trichoderma asperellum 1 (64.82%) followed by Trichoderma asperellum 2 (62.70%) while minimum inhibition over control was observed in Aspergillus flavus (35%) and Penicillium chrysogenum (22.62%). Same trend was recorded in pot experiment also. Morphologicall two distinct Trichoderma isolates were identified as Trichoderma asperellum on the basis of Molecular characterization. Different SAR inducing molecules were evaluated against Fusarium oxysporium f.sp. cubense TR4 under pot condition by soil drenching method. Minimum 14% wilt index was observed in BABA @ 0.04 g/l followed 28% wilt index in Isonicotinic Acid @ 0.20 g/l while 38% wilt index was recorded in Probenazole @ 1.0 g/l. Six different fungicides were also evaluated against FOC TR4, complete inhibition over control was observed in Nativo (Tebuconazole 50%+ Trifloxystrobin 25% 75 WG) Folicure (Tebuconazole 250EC) and Luna (Fluopyram 17.7%+Tebuconazole 17.7% w/w SC 400 SC)@ 50,100 and 150 ppm respectively while in Bavistin (Carbendazim 50% WP) 43.0% inhibition over control found. The same fungicides were also tested against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense TR4 under pot condition and found 77.09% inhibition over control was recorded in Nativo (Tebucanazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% 75WG) followed by Luna (Fluopyram 17.7%+ Tebuconazole17.7% 400 SC) and Folicure (Tebuconazole 250 EC) in which inhibition over control was 52.09% and 50.00% respectively.
