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Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa
In the imperial Gazetteer of India 1878, Pusa was recorded as a government estate of about 1350 acres in Darbhanba. It was acquired by East India Company for running a stud farm to supply better breed of horses mainly for the army. Frequent incidence of glanders disease (swelling of glands), mostly affecting the valuable imported bloodstock made the civil veterinary department to shift the entire stock out of Pusa. A British tobacco concern Beg Sutherland & co. got the estate on lease but it also left in 1897 abandoning the government estate of Pusa.
Lord Mayo, The Viceroy and Governor General, had been repeatedly trying to get through his proposal for setting up a directorate general of Agriculture that would take care of the soil and its productivity, formulate newer techniques of cultivation, improve the quality of seeds and livestock and also arrange for imparting agricultural education. The government of India had invited a British expert. Dr. J. A. Voelcker who had submitted as report on the development of Indian agriculture. As a follow-up action, three experts in different fields were appointed for the first time during 1885 to 1895 namely, agricultural chemist (Dr. J. W. Leafer), cryptogamic botanist (Dr. R. A. Butler) and entomologist (Dr. H. Maxwell Lefroy) with headquarters at Dehradun (U.P.) in the forest Research Institute complex.
Surprisingly, until now Pusa, which was destined to become the centre of agricultural revolution in the country, was lying as before an abandoned government estate. In 1898. Lord Curzon took over as the viceroy. A widely traveled person and an administrator, he salvaged out the earlier proposal and got London’s approval for the appointment of the inspector General of Agriculture to which the first incumbent Mr. J. Mollison (Dy. Director of Agriculture, Bombay) joined in 1901 with headquarters at Nagpur
The then government of Bengal had mooted in 1902 a proposal to the centre for setting up a model cattle farm for improving the dilapidated condition of the livestock at Pusa estate where plenty of land, water and feed would be available, and with Mr. Mollison’s support this was accepted in principle. Around Pusa, there were many British planters and also an indigo research centre Dalsing Sarai (near Pusa). Mr. Mollison’s visits to this mini British kingdom and his strong recommendations. In favour of Pusa as the most ideal place for the Bengal government project obviously caught the attention for the viceroy.
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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Sterility Mosaic Disease of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) and their management(Rajendra Agriculrural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2015) Maurya, Rahul Kumar; Kumar, BirendraPigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) is one of the most important pulse in India. It is known to be affected by several pests and diseases however among these sterility mosaic disease is one of the most destructive disease and has become a major limiting factor for Pigeonpea cultivation. Present investigations were carried out to survey the status of the disease, to study the symptomatology of sterility mosaic disease, suitable mode of transmission, effect of sowing dates on incidence of Pigeonpea sterility mosaic disease, its integrated disease management and to find out the resistant source of Pigeonpea against sterility mosaic disease. The survey was undertaken in six districts of Bihar viz., Samastipur, Muzaffarpur, Madhubani, Darbhanga, Begusarai and Saran. Begusarai and Samastipur districts recorded maximum incidence of 15 per cent whereas, Saran district recorded lowest 1-5 per cent. Sterility mosaic disease infection produced the symptoms like stunting of plant, reduction in size of leaf, mosaic mottling of leaves, profuse branching, bushy appearance and pale green leaf color. The diseased plants do not produce flowers and pods. The virus was readily transmissible by mites but not by sap, seed or through dodder. Epidemiological study indicated the effect of weather variables on the progress of sterility mosaic disease. The progress of the disease was found to be highly influenced by weather variables prevalent under field condition. Maximum periodical increase was observed during first to second week of October when maximum temperature ranged 32.2 – 33.10C, minimum temperature ranged 22.9 – 23.50C with relative humidity morning more than 90 per cent and relative humidity evening more than 70 per cent. The shifting of the date of planting from normal to early or late has no significant effect on the total development of sterility mosaic disease.Disease progress was found significantly and negative correlated with maximum temperature, minimum temperature, wind velocity and rainfall while relative humidity morning and relative humidity evening were found significantly and positive correlated with disease progress in all three dates of sowing. Multiple linear regression equation for the production of the disease based on different dates of sowing with weather variables were developed. The minimum temperature, relative humidity and wind velocity explained the variability between 78-85 per cent in all three dates of sowing. Regression equation have been developed using different weather factors and these explained the variability upto 85 per cent. Many management practices taken up propargite @ 0.1% two spray (1st spray 25 days after sowing and 2nd spray 15 days after 1st spray) recorded least incidence of sterility mosaic disease (7.72 %) with highest yield 875 kg/ha followed by dicofol @ 0.2 % (1st spray 25 days after sowing and 2nd spray 15 days after 1st spray) were found effective in controlling mites in reducing disease incidence. Screening of Pigeonpea germplams under field condition during Kharif season 2014-15. AKTE 10-12, AKTE 12-01, AL 1758, AL 1932, AL 1933, BDN 2004-1, BDN 2010-1, BDN 2011-1, BRG 3, BRG 4, BRG 5, BRG 14-1, BRG 14-2, BSMR 2, BSMR 243, BSMR 571, BSMR 853, BWR 133, CO – 6, CORG 9701, CRG 2010-11, CRG 2013-10, GRG K-1 , GRG 82, GRG 140, GRG 160, GRG 2009-1, ICPHL 4989-7, IPA 13-1, IPA 15F, IPA 204, JKM 189, KPL 43, KA 12-2, KA-3, MA 6, MAL 13, Mahajeb 105, PA 419, PA 426, PUSA 2014, PUSA 2014-3, RVSA 07-10, RVSA 07-29, RVSA 07-31, RVSA 2014-2, WRG 242, WRG 244, WRG 246, WRG 248, WRG 252, WRG 256, WRG 292, Bahar, ICP 11376, ICP 12012, ICP 12728, ICP 12752, ICPL 20095, ICPL 20123, ICPL 20124, ICPL 20135, ICPL 87051, ICPL 96053, ICPL 96061, ICPL 99009, ICPL 99044, ICPL 99055, ICPL 99095, ICPL 99098, ICPL 99099, ICPL 99100 were found resistant and 27 germplasms viz., BAU 13-1, BDN 2, BSMR 579, JSA 28, PT 257, PUSA 2014-2, RVSA 07-22, RVSA 2014-1, TJT 501, Vipula, WRP 1, WRG 223, WRG 287, WRG 288, WRG 289, WRG 293, WRG 297, WRG 65, ICP 13361, ICPL 94062, ICPL 20119, ICPL 20136, ICPL 20137, ICPL 99008, ICPL 99048, BRG 1 and ICPL 99091 were recorded moderately resistant among 140 germplasms & having resistant to moderately resistant may either be used as donor parent in breeding programme for development of resistant varieties or if yield level is comparable with existing varieties it may be released for general cultivation.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on native fungi in Relation to crop health of Tulasi.(Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2014) Kumari, Ritu; Jha, P. K.Rhizosphere of Tulsi plant comprised of diverse range of fungal population as compared to phylloplane which harbored less diverse fungal spectrum. The fungal species isolated from rhizosphere were Trichoderma harzianum ,Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp. and Fusarium sp. The fungal species isolated from phylloplane were Alternaria sp., Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp. and Fusarium sp. All the rhizosphere fungi were found to be non- pathogenic whereas among phylloplane fungi Alternaria sp. showed pathogenic effect under pot condition and also through detached leaf technique. Some of the fungal species such as Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp. and Fusarium sp. were common in both rhizosphere and phylloplane. Among rhizosphere fungi Trichoderma harzianum, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. were found to exhibit growth promoting effect and favoured healthy and vigrous growth of plant. Likewise the phylloplane isolates, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. showed marked effect and favoured plant growth. All the benificial fungal isolates showed antagonistic effect against pathogenic isolate Alternaria in dual culture. Among these Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma harzianum were found to exhibit stronger antagonistic effect. All these benificial fungi were found to supress the pathogenic effect of Alternaria under pot condition. Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. showed greater inhibition of pathogenic effect and favoured healthy and vigrous growth of plant. Antagonistic effect of Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp. and Trichoderma harzianum under lab and pot condition and their growth promoting behaviour may be exploited for evolving disease management strategy against leaf spot of Tulsi caused by Alternaria sp.ThesisItem Open Access Eco-freindly management of leaf spot of Piper longum caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae.(Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2014) Kumari, Amrita; Jha, P. K.The leaf spot of Piper longum L. caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. was found to appear as few tiny spots on lower leaves, which increased in number and size gradually and also, affected upper leaves, finally various spot merged covering the entire leaf and ultimately leaf turned yellow and dried. There was fast development of disease from May to September and maximum disease severity was recorded in the month of September (31.1per cent) Among various fungicides tested against Botryodiplodia theobromae the most effective was Carbendazim at various concentration 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3%; among other fungicides Propiconazole, Blitox -50 and SAAF were also effective. Among various botanicals extract, Brahmi extract was most effective in suppression of growth of target pathogen, the next most effective extract was mundookprani, which also markedly supressed the growth of pathogen. All the native and commercial isolates of Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma harzianum were found highly effective in supression of growth of pathogen. However native isolates of Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma harzianum showed significantly stronger antagonistic effect against the pathogen as compared to commercial isolates of the both antagonists (Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma harzianum). Among all the isolates, Trichoderma viride native showed the strongest antagonistic effect. The most effective chemical and botanical and the strongest native antagonists -Trichoderma viride may be utilised for evolving integrated disease management strategy against leaf spots of Piper longum caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae.ThesisItem Open Access Management of Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus of Urdbeanthrough Chemical and Host Plant Resistance.(Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2014) Iqubal, Md. Jawaid; Sahni, SangeetaUrdbean (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) is an important pulse crop grown worldwide. MYMV is an important disease of urdbean in India, because it causes huge losses in production of urdbean. The urdbean crop can be protected by seed treatment with imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 5 ml/kg seed along with two foliar spray with imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.03%, first spray given at just after appearance of disease and second spray after 20 day of first spray, which recorded 24.73 % disease reduction over control and brought out significant increase in the growth and yield parameters assessed resulted in maximum seed yield (2.68 g per plant). This treatment found to be cost effective and profitable among all other treatments tested and recorded highest net returns ( 14927.00/ha) with ICBR of 1:11.40. To combat this disease, eighty two genotypes were screened during summer 2013 and kharif 2013 against MYMV of urdbean. only one entry, NDU 12-1 was found to be disease free, nine genotypes (IPU 10-23, KUG 586, Mash - 338, NDU 12-300, PU 09-35, UH 07-06, Uttara, VBG 10-008, & VBN 6) found to be highly resistance and four genotypes (Kopergaon, RUG-44, VBG 09-005 and NDU 11-201) showed resistance consistently in both the seasons. However, out of 82 genotypes, only four genotypes i.e. VBN (BG) 7, IPU 2-43, KUG 586, & KUG 503 were found to be superior for seed yield as well as resistant to MYMV. Variation among 24 urdbean genotypes, showing disease free, highly resistant, resistant, moderately resistance and susceptible reaction in field screening was assessed by RAPD marker associated with MYMV resistance. All the 12 primers studied showed polymorphism. The range of polymorphism varied from 22.22 to 88.88%. A close genetic similarity was found in all the genotypes analyzed as shown by high values of similarity coefficient ranged from 0.72 to 0.96. Two major clusters were observed in the dendrogram constructed based on RAPD data. All the MYMV resistant genotypes based on our field analysis were grouped together in cluster I whereas, the susceptible genotypes were clustered together in the cluster II. Further, cluster I was divided into 2 sub clusters namely IA and IB. Cluster IA consisted of 10 genotypes viz.,VBN(BG)7, Naveen (Local resistance check) ), LRB332, KUG503, PU09-35, IPU10-23, UH08-05 and Uttara (Highly resistance genotype), NDU12-300 and NDU11-202 which were found to be free or highly resistance in one of season or both during screening. Cluster IB consisted of remaining 11 genotypes, in which two (IGKU02-1 and KU1106) were found to be moderately resistant in one season and rest 9 genotypes found to be resistant or highly resistant in one of the season. Cluster II includes TAU-1, TAU-4 and LBG623 (Local susceptible check) which were highly susceptible. The results indicated that there is close genetic similarity between the genotypes of urdbean based on the study.ThesisItem Open Access Integrated disease management of bacterial leaf blight of rice (Xanthomonas Oryzae pv. Oryzae)(Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2014) Bala, Archana; Rai, BimlaBacterial leaf blight of rice incited by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is a dominant disease of rice of widespread occurrence and inflicting heavy damage to the crop in Bihar in Kharif season. The studies mainly adhered to pathogenicity, effect of RRb, botanicals and new chemicals against percentage inhibition over control, also evolution of RRb, botanical and new fungicides for effect of seed treatment for seed germination, Screening of rice varieties/entries for disease resistance against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. The pathogenicity of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae was proved on rice variety (Pusa Basmati) by injection infiltration method and subsequently Koch’s postulates were established. Kresek occurs in early stage. In later stage blighting starts from the tip of leaves to the base, straw turned yellow. Yellow bacterial ooze appears on the surface which dries up into bead like incrustations. Morphological studies of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae showed that The pathogen are gram negative, short rod, with rounded ends, single or in pairs, measuring 1.1 to 2.0 X 0.5 to 0.8 µm in size, motile with single polar flagellum, capsulate and non-spore forming. RRb’s which occurred frequently in soil samples of Pusa farm under RAU, Pusa, Samastipur ,was selected for antagonism study against Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae causing bacterial leaf blight of rice. In dual culture, RRb-c, RRb-d and RRb-e completely overgrew (100 %) the pathogen colony in 144 hours and completely inhibited the formation Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. The aqueous leaf extract of botanicals were effective i.e Allium sativum (87.33%), Azadirachta indica ((71.23%) and Zingiber officinale (60.83%) were found to be antagonistic towards Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae @ 15% conc. after 48 hours. Three chemicals found effective in reducing severity of BLB were Blitox-50+Streptocycline (70.25%), Ergon 44.3 SC (66.4%) and Nativo 75WG (49.91%) @50 ppm conc. by poisons food technique respectively. In respect of botanicals, all botanicals were effective against BLB. The maximum inhibition was found with botanical by Allium sativum (87.33%). However, Azadirachta indica (71.23%) and Zingiber officinale (60.83%) @15% conc. after 48 hours were also found to be other effective treatments. Seed treatment with RRb (Rice rhizobacteria), RRb-e (93%) & RRb-d (89%) isolates was effective in increasing seed germination and also enhance root and shoot length @ 15% concentration. Seed treatment with Zingiber officinale, Azadirachta indica and Allium sativum @ 15% conc. resulted in 88%, 85% and 72% germination respectively. In respect to new chemicals, for better germination was recorded seed treatment with Blitox-50 +Streptocycline (88%), Nativo 75WG (80%) and Ergon 44.3 SC (72%) @ 50 ppm concentration. In varietal screening out of 758 varieties/entries, only 125 entries were highly resistant under natural condition against the BLB in both trial i.e. NSN1 and NSN2.Rest of varieties/entries showed moderately resistant or either moderately susceptible or susceptible or highly susceptible reaction against the bacterial blight disease.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on etiology and management of root rot of papaya(Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2015) Kumar, Rahul; Singh, S. K.In the present investigation papaya root rot was found to cause 60-95 per cent disease incidence resulting in failure of crop in the state. Fusarium solani was established as a causal organism of root rot of papaya in Bihar. Disease incidence was found to decrease with increasing plant spacing. June – July planted crop was found to favour the disease development while March-April planted crop recorded low disease incidence and higher fruit yield. Potato dextrose agar was found appropriate media for proper growth of pathogen whereas sporulation (macro conidia) was favoured in Carnation leaf media. Among native and commercial bioagent tested against the pathogen, Trichoderma viride (native) was found most effective in suppression of the pathogen. Among botanicals, Adenocalymma alliaceum (wild garlic) was found highly effective in checking the development of disease under sick pot condition. Among fungicides, carbendazim and thiophanate methyl showed good efficacy in checking the growth of pathogen in vitro. Again, among fungicides, thiophanate methyl showed best compatibility with Trichoderma viride in vitro. All the oil cake- mustard cake, neem cake, castor cake were found compatible with Trichoderma viride, but mustard cake was also found to be the efficient inhibitor of the pathogen. The most effective treatment for the management of disease was integration of disease free seedling + mustard cake (10%)+wild garlic (10%)+dipping of seedlings in thiophanate methyl (0.1%) for 30 min. + soil drenching with thiophanate methyl (0.1%) solution three times, 1st at time of transplanting, second at 3rd month after transplanting (MAT) and third at 5th MAT+ soil application of Trichoderma viride @50g/plant three times 1st at time of transplanting, second at 3rd MAT and third at 5th MAT+ soil application of Pseudomonas florescence @ 50g/plant three times 1st at time of transplanting ,second at 3rd MAT and third at 5th MAT.