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Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa
In the imperial Gazetteer of India 1878, Pusa was recorded as a government estate of about 1350 acres in Darbhanba. It was acquired by East India Company for running a stud farm to supply better breed of horses mainly for the army. Frequent incidence of glanders disease (swelling of glands), mostly affecting the valuable imported bloodstock made the civil veterinary department to shift the entire stock out of Pusa. A British tobacco concern Beg Sutherland & co. got the estate on lease but it also left in 1897 abandoning the government estate of Pusa.
Lord Mayo, The Viceroy and Governor General, had been repeatedly trying to get through his proposal for setting up a directorate general of Agriculture that would take care of the soil and its productivity, formulate newer techniques of cultivation, improve the quality of seeds and livestock and also arrange for imparting agricultural education. The government of India had invited a British expert. Dr. J. A. Voelcker who had submitted as report on the development of Indian agriculture. As a follow-up action, three experts in different fields were appointed for the first time during 1885 to 1895 namely, agricultural chemist (Dr. J. W. Leafer), cryptogamic botanist (Dr. R. A. Butler) and entomologist (Dr. H. Maxwell Lefroy) with headquarters at Dehradun (U.P.) in the forest Research Institute complex.
Surprisingly, until now Pusa, which was destined to become the centre of agricultural revolution in the country, was lying as before an abandoned government estate. In 1898. Lord Curzon took over as the viceroy. A widely traveled person and an administrator, he salvaged out the earlier proposal and got London’s approval for the appointment of the inspector General of Agriculture to which the first incumbent Mr. J. Mollison (Dy. Director of Agriculture, Bombay) joined in 1901 with headquarters at Nagpur
The then government of Bengal had mooted in 1902 a proposal to the centre for setting up a model cattle farm for improving the dilapidated condition of the livestock at Pusa estate where plenty of land, water and feed would be available, and with Mr. Mollison’s support this was accepted in principle. Around Pusa, there were many British planters and also an indigo research centre Dalsing Sarai (near Pusa). Mr. Mollison’s visits to this mini British kingdom and his strong recommendations. In favour of Pusa as the most ideal place for the Bengal government project obviously caught the attention for the viceroy.
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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Sterility Mosaic Disease of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) and their management(Rajendra Agriculrural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2015) Maurya, Rahul Kumar; Kumar, BirendraPigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) is one of the most important pulse in India. It is known to be affected by several pests and diseases however among these sterility mosaic disease is one of the most destructive disease and has become a major limiting factor for Pigeonpea cultivation. Present investigations were carried out to survey the status of the disease, to study the symptomatology of sterility mosaic disease, suitable mode of transmission, effect of sowing dates on incidence of Pigeonpea sterility mosaic disease, its integrated disease management and to find out the resistant source of Pigeonpea against sterility mosaic disease. The survey was undertaken in six districts of Bihar viz., Samastipur, Muzaffarpur, Madhubani, Darbhanga, Begusarai and Saran. Begusarai and Samastipur districts recorded maximum incidence of 15 per cent whereas, Saran district recorded lowest 1-5 per cent. Sterility mosaic disease infection produced the symptoms like stunting of plant, reduction in size of leaf, mosaic mottling of leaves, profuse branching, bushy appearance and pale green leaf color. The diseased plants do not produce flowers and pods. The virus was readily transmissible by mites but not by sap, seed or through dodder. Epidemiological study indicated the effect of weather variables on the progress of sterility mosaic disease. The progress of the disease was found to be highly influenced by weather variables prevalent under field condition. Maximum periodical increase was observed during first to second week of October when maximum temperature ranged 32.2 – 33.10C, minimum temperature ranged 22.9 – 23.50C with relative humidity morning more than 90 per cent and relative humidity evening more than 70 per cent. The shifting of the date of planting from normal to early or late has no significant effect on the total development of sterility mosaic disease.Disease progress was found significantly and negative correlated with maximum temperature, minimum temperature, wind velocity and rainfall while relative humidity morning and relative humidity evening were found significantly and positive correlated with disease progress in all three dates of sowing. Multiple linear regression equation for the production of the disease based on different dates of sowing with weather variables were developed. The minimum temperature, relative humidity and wind velocity explained the variability between 78-85 per cent in all three dates of sowing. Regression equation have been developed using different weather factors and these explained the variability upto 85 per cent. Many management practices taken up propargite @ 0.1% two spray (1st spray 25 days after sowing and 2nd spray 15 days after 1st spray) recorded least incidence of sterility mosaic disease (7.72 %) with highest yield 875 kg/ha followed by dicofol @ 0.2 % (1st spray 25 days after sowing and 2nd spray 15 days after 1st spray) were found effective in controlling mites in reducing disease incidence. Screening of Pigeonpea germplams under field condition during Kharif season 2014-15. AKTE 10-12, AKTE 12-01, AL 1758, AL 1932, AL 1933, BDN 2004-1, BDN 2010-1, BDN 2011-1, BRG 3, BRG 4, BRG 5, BRG 14-1, BRG 14-2, BSMR 2, BSMR 243, BSMR 571, BSMR 853, BWR 133, CO – 6, CORG 9701, CRG 2010-11, CRG 2013-10, GRG K-1 , GRG 82, GRG 140, GRG 160, GRG 2009-1, ICPHL 4989-7, IPA 13-1, IPA 15F, IPA 204, JKM 189, KPL 43, KA 12-2, KA-3, MA 6, MAL 13, Mahajeb 105, PA 419, PA 426, PUSA 2014, PUSA 2014-3, RVSA 07-10, RVSA 07-29, RVSA 07-31, RVSA 2014-2, WRG 242, WRG 244, WRG 246, WRG 248, WRG 252, WRG 256, WRG 292, Bahar, ICP 11376, ICP 12012, ICP 12728, ICP 12752, ICPL 20095, ICPL 20123, ICPL 20124, ICPL 20135, ICPL 87051, ICPL 96053, ICPL 96061, ICPL 99009, ICPL 99044, ICPL 99055, ICPL 99095, ICPL 99098, ICPL 99099, ICPL 99100 were found resistant and 27 germplasms viz., BAU 13-1, BDN 2, BSMR 579, JSA 28, PT 257, PUSA 2014-2, RVSA 07-22, RVSA 2014-1, TJT 501, Vipula, WRP 1, WRG 223, WRG 287, WRG 288, WRG 289, WRG 293, WRG 297, WRG 65, ICP 13361, ICPL 94062, ICPL 20119, ICPL 20136, ICPL 20137, ICPL 99008, ICPL 99048, BRG 1 and ICPL 99091 were recorded moderately resistant among 140 germplasms & having resistant to moderately resistant may either be used as donor parent in breeding programme for development of resistant varieties or if yield level is comparable with existing varieties it may be released for general cultivation.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on native fungi in Relation to crop health of Tulasi.(Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2014) Kumari, Ritu; Jha, P. K.Rhizosphere of Tulsi plant comprised of diverse range of fungal population as compared to phylloplane which harbored less diverse fungal spectrum. The fungal species isolated from rhizosphere were Trichoderma harzianum ,Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp. and Fusarium sp. The fungal species isolated from phylloplane were Alternaria sp., Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp. and Fusarium sp. All the rhizosphere fungi were found to be non- pathogenic whereas among phylloplane fungi Alternaria sp. showed pathogenic effect under pot condition and also through detached leaf technique. Some of the fungal species such as Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp. and Fusarium sp. were common in both rhizosphere and phylloplane. Among rhizosphere fungi Trichoderma harzianum, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. were found to exhibit growth promoting effect and favoured healthy and vigrous growth of plant. Likewise the phylloplane isolates, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. showed marked effect and favoured plant growth. All the benificial fungal isolates showed antagonistic effect against pathogenic isolate Alternaria in dual culture. Among these Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma harzianum were found to exhibit stronger antagonistic effect. All these benificial fungi were found to supress the pathogenic effect of Alternaria under pot condition. Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. showed greater inhibition of pathogenic effect and favoured healthy and vigrous growth of plant. Antagonistic effect of Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp. and Trichoderma harzianum under lab and pot condition and their growth promoting behaviour may be exploited for evolving disease management strategy against leaf spot of Tulsi caused by Alternaria sp.ThesisItem Open Access Eco-freindly management of leaf spot of Piper longum caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae.(Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2014) Kumari, Amrita; Jha, P. K.The leaf spot of Piper longum L. caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. was found to appear as few tiny spots on lower leaves, which increased in number and size gradually and also, affected upper leaves, finally various spot merged covering the entire leaf and ultimately leaf turned yellow and dried. There was fast development of disease from May to September and maximum disease severity was recorded in the month of September (31.1per cent) Among various fungicides tested against Botryodiplodia theobromae the most effective was Carbendazim at various concentration 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3%; among other fungicides Propiconazole, Blitox -50 and SAAF were also effective. Among various botanicals extract, Brahmi extract was most effective in suppression of growth of target pathogen, the next most effective extract was mundookprani, which also markedly supressed the growth of pathogen. All the native and commercial isolates of Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma harzianum were found highly effective in supression of growth of pathogen. However native isolates of Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma harzianum showed significantly stronger antagonistic effect against the pathogen as compared to commercial isolates of the both antagonists (Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma harzianum). Among all the isolates, Trichoderma viride native showed the strongest antagonistic effect. The most effective chemical and botanical and the strongest native antagonists -Trichoderma viride may be utilised for evolving integrated disease management strategy against leaf spots of Piper longum caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae.ThesisItem Open Access Management of Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus of Urdbeanthrough Chemical and Host Plant Resistance.(Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2014) Iqubal, Md. Jawaid; Sahni, SangeetaUrdbean (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) is an important pulse crop grown worldwide. MYMV is an important disease of urdbean in India, because it causes huge losses in production of urdbean. The urdbean crop can be protected by seed treatment with imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 5 ml/kg seed along with two foliar spray with imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.03%, first spray given at just after appearance of disease and second spray after 20 day of first spray, which recorded 24.73 % disease reduction over control and brought out significant increase in the growth and yield parameters assessed resulted in maximum seed yield (2.68 g per plant). This treatment found to be cost effective and profitable among all other treatments tested and recorded highest net returns ( 14927.00/ha) with ICBR of 1:11.40. To combat this disease, eighty two genotypes were screened during summer 2013 and kharif 2013 against MYMV of urdbean. only one entry, NDU 12-1 was found to be disease free, nine genotypes (IPU 10-23, KUG 586, Mash - 338, NDU 12-300, PU 09-35, UH 07-06, Uttara, VBG 10-008, & VBN 6) found to be highly resistance and four genotypes (Kopergaon, RUG-44, VBG 09-005 and NDU 11-201) showed resistance consistently in both the seasons. However, out of 82 genotypes, only four genotypes i.e. VBN (BG) 7, IPU 2-43, KUG 586, & KUG 503 were found to be superior for seed yield as well as resistant to MYMV. Variation among 24 urdbean genotypes, showing disease free, highly resistant, resistant, moderately resistance and susceptible reaction in field screening was assessed by RAPD marker associated with MYMV resistance. All the 12 primers studied showed polymorphism. The range of polymorphism varied from 22.22 to 88.88%. A close genetic similarity was found in all the genotypes analyzed as shown by high values of similarity coefficient ranged from 0.72 to 0.96. Two major clusters were observed in the dendrogram constructed based on RAPD data. All the MYMV resistant genotypes based on our field analysis were grouped together in cluster I whereas, the susceptible genotypes were clustered together in the cluster II. Further, cluster I was divided into 2 sub clusters namely IA and IB. Cluster IA consisted of 10 genotypes viz.,VBN(BG)7, Naveen (Local resistance check) ), LRB332, KUG503, PU09-35, IPU10-23, UH08-05 and Uttara (Highly resistance genotype), NDU12-300 and NDU11-202 which were found to be free or highly resistance in one of season or both during screening. Cluster IB consisted of remaining 11 genotypes, in which two (IGKU02-1 and KU1106) were found to be moderately resistant in one season and rest 9 genotypes found to be resistant or highly resistant in one of the season. Cluster II includes TAU-1, TAU-4 and LBG623 (Local susceptible check) which were highly susceptible. The results indicated that there is close genetic similarity between the genotypes of urdbean based on the study.ThesisItem Open Access Integrated disease management of bacterial leaf blight of rice (Xanthomonas Oryzae pv. Oryzae)(Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2014) Bala, Archana; Rai, BimlaBacterial leaf blight of rice incited by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is a dominant disease of rice of widespread occurrence and inflicting heavy damage to the crop in Bihar in Kharif season. The studies mainly adhered to pathogenicity, effect of RRb, botanicals and new chemicals against percentage inhibition over control, also evolution of RRb, botanical and new fungicides for effect of seed treatment for seed germination, Screening of rice varieties/entries for disease resistance against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. The pathogenicity of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae was proved on rice variety (Pusa Basmati) by injection infiltration method and subsequently Koch’s postulates were established. Kresek occurs in early stage. In later stage blighting starts from the tip of leaves to the base, straw turned yellow. Yellow bacterial ooze appears on the surface which dries up into bead like incrustations. Morphological studies of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae showed that The pathogen are gram negative, short rod, with rounded ends, single or in pairs, measuring 1.1 to 2.0 X 0.5 to 0.8 µm in size, motile with single polar flagellum, capsulate and non-spore forming. RRb’s which occurred frequently in soil samples of Pusa farm under RAU, Pusa, Samastipur ,was selected for antagonism study against Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae causing bacterial leaf blight of rice. In dual culture, RRb-c, RRb-d and RRb-e completely overgrew (100 %) the pathogen colony in 144 hours and completely inhibited the formation Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. The aqueous leaf extract of botanicals were effective i.e Allium sativum (87.33%), Azadirachta indica ((71.23%) and Zingiber officinale (60.83%) were found to be antagonistic towards Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae @ 15% conc. after 48 hours. Three chemicals found effective in reducing severity of BLB were Blitox-50+Streptocycline (70.25%), Ergon 44.3 SC (66.4%) and Nativo 75WG (49.91%) @50 ppm conc. by poisons food technique respectively. In respect of botanicals, all botanicals were effective against BLB. The maximum inhibition was found with botanical by Allium sativum (87.33%). However, Azadirachta indica (71.23%) and Zingiber officinale (60.83%) @15% conc. after 48 hours were also found to be other effective treatments. Seed treatment with RRb (Rice rhizobacteria), RRb-e (93%) & RRb-d (89%) isolates was effective in increasing seed germination and also enhance root and shoot length @ 15% concentration. Seed treatment with Zingiber officinale, Azadirachta indica and Allium sativum @ 15% conc. resulted in 88%, 85% and 72% germination respectively. In respect to new chemicals, for better germination was recorded seed treatment with Blitox-50 +Streptocycline (88%), Nativo 75WG (80%) and Ergon 44.3 SC (72%) @ 50 ppm concentration. In varietal screening out of 758 varieties/entries, only 125 entries were highly resistant under natural condition against the BLB in both trial i.e. NSN1 and NSN2.Rest of varieties/entries showed moderately resistant or either moderately susceptible or susceptible or highly susceptible reaction against the bacterial blight disease.ThesisItem Open Access Fungal flora in soils of some Krishi Vigyan kemdras of zone - I of Bihar with special reference to population of Trichoderma species.(Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2013) Priya, Shweta; Upadhyay, J. P.The present study was carried out to know the distribution of fungal flora with special reference to population of Trichoderma species in 5 Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) of Zone I of Bihar viz., Jale (Darbhanga), Saraiya (Muzaffarpur), Hariharpur (Vaishali), Birauli (Samastiur) and Madhopur (West Champaran). The fungal flora were isolated from the soil samples collected from cultivated field, orchard and vegetable plots of local farmers. The soil of cultivated plots of wheat (Triticum aestivum) field at KVK Jale had sandy loam while orchard’s soil had loamy sand texture. Soil pH of all samples was neutral to alkaline. Organic carbon ranged from 0.26 to 0.92 per cent. Higher fungal population (6 X 103 cfu/g soil) was recorded in soil of wheat field followed by orchard and brinjal (Solanum melongena) plot. Saprophytic fungus Aspergillus and Penicillium were observed in most of the soil samples. Trichoderma species were present in all the samples except in soils of lowland field of wheat. The soil texture of cultivated plots of wheat at KVK, Saraiya was silt clay loam whereas soil from brinjal’s plot of local farmer had silt loam texture. Soil pH was neutral to alkaline with higher organic carbon content (0.81 to 1.40 %). Maximum fungal population was recorded in soils of wheat plot 7 (14.6 X 103 cfu/g soil). Aspergillus was dominant in most of the soil samples. Lower population of Trichoderma was recorded in all the samples. Soil samples from KVK, Vaishali belonged to orchards of guava (Psidium guajava) and mango (Mangifera indica), mustard (Brassica compestris) field and cauliflower (Brassica olerecea) plot of local farmer. These soil samples showed wide range of pH (6.6 to 8.2) and organic carbon (0.24 to 0.71 %). Maximum fungal flora was isolated in soil of guava orchard and mustard field while it was minimum in cauliflower plot of local farmer (8.0 X 103 cfu/g soil). Penicillium species commonly observed in isolation. Maximum population of Trichoderma (5.3 X 103 cfu/g soil) was observed in soil of mustard field. Soil samples from the plot intercropped with turmeric(Curcuma longa), arvi (Colacasia esculenta), ginger (Zingiber officinale), sole crop of dhaincha (Sesbania bispinosa), litchi (Litchi chinensis) orchard and elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus campanulatus) plot had sandy loam to silt loam texture. The pH of all soil samples was near neutral to alkaline (7.9 to 8.1). Maximum fungal population was recorded in soil of litchi orchard (12.33 X 103 cfu/g soil). Trichoderma was recorded frequently in most of the soil samples. The species of Trichoderma viz., Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride were isolated from the soil samples of KVK, Birauli. Soil samples from plots of sugarcane (Saccharum officiniarum) K2 and B2 at KVK Madhopur had sandy loam texture, while soils of mango orchard and brinjal plot of farmer had clay loam texture. Soil pH of the samples was neutral to slightly alkaline and organic carbon content was very low (0.21 to 0.49 %). Maximum fungal population (13.0 X 103 cfu/g soil) was recorded in cultivated plots of sugarcane. Saprophytic fungus Penicillium dominated in most of the soil samples. Trichoderma harzianum was evaluated for its antagonistic potential against Rhizoctonia solani f. sp. sasakii causing banded leaf and sheath blight disease of maize. In dual culture, Trichoderma completely overgrew the colony of R. solani in 144 hours and completely inhibited the formation sclerotia. The mechanism of antagonism was hyphal coiling and penetration of the hyphae of Trichoderma in the hyphae of host fungus.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Colletotrichum leaf spot disease of turmeric (Curcuma Longa L.)(Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2013) Kumar, Abhishek; Mishra, A. K.Turmeric (curcuma longa L.) is an important spices crop and emerged as a high valued cash crop for intercropping in agro-forestry plantations. Among various diseases attacking turmeric, Colletotrichum leaf spot caused by Colletotrichum capsici is the most divesting disease. The present investigation was undertaken on epidemiology and management of this disease. Effect of environmental factors on development and progress of Colletotrichum leaf spot disease is important in order to device an appropriate and effective disease management strategy. Simple correlation, simple linear regression and multiple linear regression analysis were performed on epidemiological observations to establish relationship in between disease incidence and weather parameters. Progress of Colletotrichum leaf spot disease of turmeric is differing with different genotypes and interaction of different weather factors prevailing during crop season. The minimum intensity of disease i.e., initiation of incidence (PDI) was recorded as 4.00 during second week of September with 33.20oC max. temp., 25.97oC min. temp., 87% morning RH, 71.81% evening RH, 06.00 km/h wind velocity, 4.63 hr/day BSSH and 0.97 mm rainfall. Whereas maximum PDI was recorded as 66.00 with 14.30oC max. temp., 8.24oC min. temp., 93% morning RH, 78% evening RH, 3.2 km/hr wind velocity and without bright sun shine hours and rainfall. The periodic increase in disease intensity was maximum during beginning of 3rd week of October (127DAP). At this stage of maximum periodic increase in disease development was found favoured by max. temp. (32.14oC) min. temp.(21.4oC), morn.RH (89%), eve.RH (70%), BSSH (7.9h/day) and wind velocity (2.7km/hr.). A highly significant negative correlation was found between PDI and min. temp. (r = -0.975), wind velocity (r = -0.809), max. temp. (r = -0.758) and rainfall (r = -0.499) while it was found positive in case of morn. RH (r = -0.517). Simple linear regression analysis revealed that a negative regression co-efficient for all the weather parameters considered with PDI except morning RH. Highest regression co-efficient (b) of 0.951 followed by 0.654 in case of min. temp.and wind velocity respectively. Multiple regression analysis revealed variation in co-efficient of determination (R2) from 0.574 to 0.990 indicating the range of variation in disease development minimum being 57 per cent when only max. temp. was taken into consideration and gradually attained maximum limit of 99 per cent based on the combine contribution of all weather parameters considered under study. Under germplasm screening, altogether 15 germplasm were evaluated against Colletotrichumcapsici under natural conditions. The varietal screening indicated the maximum PDI (65.00) in Morangia (Susceptible check) and minimum PDI (17.50) in RH-403. Five genotypes viz., RH-7, RH-50, RH-403, RH-411 and RH-412 was found moderately resistant against the diseases. Minimum PDI (13.33) with highest rhizome yield (35.13t/ha) fallowed by PDI (16.67) and rhizome yield (34.42t/ha) was recorded in four numbers of spray with Zineb @0.3% followed by Tricyclazole @0.1% at fortnightly interval. Best incremental cost benefit ratio (1:10.64) was recorded under the treatment where the crop was sprayed with Hexaconazole @0.1% followed by ICBR of 1:9.38 with fungicidal spray of Tricyclazole @0.1%.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on etiology and management of root rot of papaya(Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2015) Kumar, Rahul; Singh, S. K.In the present investigation papaya root rot was found to cause 60-95 per cent disease incidence resulting in failure of crop in the state. Fusarium solani was established as a causal organism of root rot of papaya in Bihar. Disease incidence was found to decrease with increasing plant spacing. June – July planted crop was found to favour the disease development while March-April planted crop recorded low disease incidence and higher fruit yield. Potato dextrose agar was found appropriate media for proper growth of pathogen whereas sporulation (macro conidia) was favoured in Carnation leaf media. Among native and commercial bioagent tested against the pathogen, Trichoderma viride (native) was found most effective in suppression of the pathogen. Among botanicals, Adenocalymma alliaceum (wild garlic) was found highly effective in checking the development of disease under sick pot condition. Among fungicides, carbendazim and thiophanate methyl showed good efficacy in checking the growth of pathogen in vitro. Again, among fungicides, thiophanate methyl showed best compatibility with Trichoderma viride in vitro. All the oil cake- mustard cake, neem cake, castor cake were found compatible with Trichoderma viride, but mustard cake was also found to be the efficient inhibitor of the pathogen. The most effective treatment for the management of disease was integration of disease free seedling + mustard cake (10%)+wild garlic (10%)+dipping of seedlings in thiophanate methyl (0.1%) for 30 min. + soil drenching with thiophanate methyl (0.1%) solution three times, 1st at time of transplanting, second at 3rd month after transplanting (MAT) and third at 5th MAT+ soil application of Trichoderma viride @50g/plant three times 1st at time of transplanting, second at 3rd MAT and third at 5th MAT+ soil application of Pseudomonas florescence @ 50g/plant three times 1st at time of transplanting ,second at 3rd MAT and third at 5th MAT.ThesisItem Open Access Epidemiology and Ecofriendly Management of Pigeonpea Wilt(2012) Kumar, Sunil; Upadhyay, J. P.Wilt of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L) Millisp.) incited by Fusarium udum (Butler) is a serious threat to the production and productivity of this crop in India and abroad. In Bihar, 18.3 per cent average incidence of wilt has been reported. Effect of soil texture on wilt incidence revealed maximum wilt incidence of 74.75 per cent in loam soil and least in clay soil (49.50%). The effect of soil pH on disease indicated maximum wilt incidence (51.50 %) at soil pH 5 followed by pH 7 (47.25%). Correlation coefficient between wilt incidence and pH of the soil revealed that wilt incidence was negatively (-0.960*) and significantly correlated with soil pH. Disease appearance was early i.e. 19 days at highest inoculum load of 30 g/kg soil where the mean population of F. udum was 12.92 x 103 cfu/g soil and wilt incidence was also highest 70.25 per cent after 30 days of inoculation. The inoculum load of F. udum @ 20 g/kg soil was the optimum inoculum load of for creation of disease epiphytotic as the wilt incidence appeared in 20 and 30 g inoculum load did not differ significantly. Correlation between inoculum density of F. udum (cfu/g soil) and days of disease appearance showed significant and negative correlation and ‘r’ value -0.890* and -0.867* at 30 and 60 days after sowing. Whereas wilt incidence was significantly and positively correlated with inoculum density and ‘r’ values were 0.920* and 0.898* at 30 and 60 days after sowing respectively. The mean values of coefficient of determination (R2), indicated that 85 and 81.0 per cent variation in wilt incidence at 30 and 60 DAS respectively were contributed by inoculum density. It is, therefore, concluded that wilt incidence mainly depended on the initial population of F. udum. Significantly maximum population of F. udum (4.83 x 103 cfu/g soil) was recorded in 1st July and 16th July sowing at upper (0-15) soil strata followed by the subsequent date of sowing on same depth of soil strata. At crop harvest stage maximum population of F. udum 15.17 x 103 cfu/g soil in 1st July sowing in upper soil strata (0-15 cm). The minimum population of F. udum was recorded in 16th August sowing at 31-45 cm soil strata. Sowing of pigeonpea in first fortnight recorded maximum wilt incidence 89.58 % in 1st July sowing which was at par with 16th July sowing (86.83 %) and significantly higher than August sowing. Correlation coefficient (r) between the wilt incidence and weather factors in pigeonpea cultivar ICP 2376 showed a negative and significant correlation between disease incidence and minimum temperature (0C), soil moisture (%), rainfall (mm) and number of rainy days and observed ‘r’ values were -0.591*, -0.987**, -0.593** and -0.664*, respectively whereas it was non significant with R.H at 7hrs (-0.223) and 14hrs (-0.527). Maximum temperature and soil temperature had negative and non significant correlation and observed ‘r’ values were lower i.e. 0.141 and 0.170, respectively. Population F. udum was positively (0.706**) and significantly correlated. Best fitted equation for prediction of wilt disease on cultivar ICP 2376 is Y8 =177.419+0.021(F. udum population) +0.308(Soil temp.0C)-6.347(Soil moisture %) R2 = 0.980