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Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa
In the imperial Gazetteer of India 1878, Pusa was recorded as a government estate of about 1350 acres in Darbhanba. It was acquired by East India Company for running a stud farm to supply better breed of horses mainly for the army. Frequent incidence of glanders disease (swelling of glands), mostly affecting the valuable imported bloodstock made the civil veterinary department to shift the entire stock out of Pusa. A British tobacco concern Beg Sutherland & co. got the estate on lease but it also left in 1897 abandoning the government estate of Pusa.
Lord Mayo, The Viceroy and Governor General, had been repeatedly trying to get through his proposal for setting up a directorate general of Agriculture that would take care of the soil and its productivity, formulate newer techniques of cultivation, improve the quality of seeds and livestock and also arrange for imparting agricultural education. The government of India had invited a British expert. Dr. J. A. Voelcker who had submitted as report on the development of Indian agriculture. As a follow-up action, three experts in different fields were appointed for the first time during 1885 to 1895 namely, agricultural chemist (Dr. J. W. Leafer), cryptogamic botanist (Dr. R. A. Butler) and entomologist (Dr. H. Maxwell Lefroy) with headquarters at Dehradun (U.P.) in the forest Research Institute complex.
Surprisingly, until now Pusa, which was destined to become the centre of agricultural revolution in the country, was lying as before an abandoned government estate. In 1898. Lord Curzon took over as the viceroy. A widely traveled person and an administrator, he salvaged out the earlier proposal and got London’s approval for the appointment of the inspector General of Agriculture to which the first incumbent Mr. J. Mollison (Dy. Director of Agriculture, Bombay) joined in 1901 with headquarters at Nagpur
The then government of Bengal had mooted in 1902 a proposal to the centre for setting up a model cattle farm for improving the dilapidated condition of the livestock at Pusa estate where plenty of land, water and feed would be available, and with Mr. Mollison’s support this was accepted in principle. Around Pusa, there were many British planters and also an indigo research centre Dalsing Sarai (near Pusa). Mr. Mollison’s visits to this mini British kingdom and his strong recommendations. In favour of Pusa as the most ideal place for the Bengal government project obviously caught the attention for the viceroy.
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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF PUMMELO (Citrus grandis L.) GENOTYPES(DRPCAU, PUSA, 2022) BANSAL, RITU; Mukhim, C.The present experiment entitled “Studies on physico-chemical and molecular characterization of pummelo (Citrus grandis L.) genotypes” was conducted at RPCAU, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar on pummelo during October 2021 to June 2022 to assess the variation in pummelo genotypes based on physico-biochemical characters and to characterize the pummelo genotypes using SSR markers. Diversity was analyzed by using principal component analysis and cluster analysis in thirty physico-biochemical characters of twenty-five genotypes. Physical characters of fruit, seed, peel and biochemical characters such as TSS, titrable acidity, ascorbic acid content, total sugar content, reducing and non-reducing sugar of the fruits were recorded. The highest fruit weight (1583.33 g) and fruit diameter (18.26 cm) were recorded in PC 5, however, maximum fruit length (15.96 cm) was observed in PC 14 whereas, minimum (9.03 cm) in PC 3. Different fruit shapes such as spheroid, obolid, ellipsoid and oblique were recorded in twenty-five genotypes. Shape of fruit base in pummelo genotypes were observed such as concave, truncate and convex. Most of genotypes were exhibited semi-solid and solid fruit axis with irregular cross section of fruit axis shape. Eighteen genotypes displayed low oil gland density. Red and pink color pulp were observed in most of genotypes while other genotypes exhibited cream, yellow, pinkish cream and pinkish yellow color pulp. Seed shape among different genotypes showed a lot of variation such as semi-deltoid, ovoid, spheroid and clavate. Six genotypes viz., PC 6, PC 7, PC 11, PC 12, PC 16 and PC 20 were found to be seedless. A significant variation in biochemical content was found among different genotypes. The total soluble solids, titrable acidity and ascorbic acid content were found in the range of 4.2-10 ºBrix, 0.43-1.04 per cent and 23.46- 47.77 mg/100ml juice respectively. The total sugar, reducing sugar and non-reducing sugar content varied from 5.66-9.28 %, 2.23-4.73 % and 2.65-4.56 %, respectively. Principal Component 1 alone exhibited 89.67 per cent of the total variation present among the 25 pummelo genotypes. First two Principal Components described more than 96 per cent variability in different genotypes. Among the primers, fifteen of them exhibited amplifications. The highest PIC value (0.87) was found in M-57 whereas, lowest (0) in M-86 and M-45. The genetic diversity based on SSR markers showed less to moderate diversity present in the genotypes which was explained by Nei ‘s genetic diversity index (h) and Shannon ‘s information index (I) with a mean h value of 0.32 and I value of 0.48. Four major clusters were obtained based on dice dissimilarity index from 15 SSR data matrix of twenty-five pummelo genotypes, where cluster I comprised two genotypes viz., PC 13 and PC 11, cluster II consisted two sub-clusters and comprised 9 genotypes, cluster III further divided into two sub-clusters which comprised 9 genotypes and cluster IV comprised 5 genotypes. The principal co-ordinates analysis map showed that genotypes like PC 2, PC 14, PC 15 and PC 7 are closely related or similar and are diverse from remaining genotypes. These twenty-five genotypes were admixture of four genetic structures which was analyzed using STRUCTURE HARVESTER. The present research finding can be used for future breeding and crop improvement programme.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF POSTHARVEST QUALITY OF MANGO GENOTYPES DURING STORAGE(DRPCAU, PUSA, 2022) SAROJ, NEETU; Prasad, K.The present experiment entitled ‘‘Evaluation of postharvest quality of mango genotypes during storage’’ was undertaken on 30 mango genotypes. Since most of the indigenous mango genotypes grown in northern Bihar and newly released hybrids in India have not been assessed for nutritional profiling and postharvest quality attributes. Hence, this study was conducted with two objectives. Under objective-I there were two experiments, experiment-I, was conducted for assessment of 30 genotypes towards physical (fruit firmness), physiological, biochemical, sensory evaluation, and enzymatic activity changes at ambient storage condition (25 ± 4 ℃, 65 ± 5 % RH). Under the experiment-II the selected genotypes were assessed for physical, physiological, quality, functional and determination of mineral contents at peak ripening stage. Under the objective-II the selected genotypes were assessed for suitability of pickle and squash making. Under experiment-I of first objective, among studied attributes, PLW was the highest in ‘Chausa’ (19.0 %), fruit firmness was the highest in ‘Sipiya’ (11.97 N).The highest respiration rate was exhibited by ‘Chausa’ (109.10 ml CO2 kg-1 h-1), TSS was the highest in Amrapali (21.6 %), highest titratable acidity was recorded in ‘Suvarnarekha’ (0.40%).The highest ascorbic acid content (46.88 mg/ 100g), Name of student : NEETU SAROJ Registration Number : M/HORT.(FS)/492/2020-21 Major advisor : Dr. K. Prasad Degree to be awarded : Master of Science in Agriculture Major subject : Horticulture (Fruit Science) Minor subject : Genetics and Plant Breeding Year : 2022 Title of thesis : “Evaluation of postharvest quality of mango genotypes during storage” University : Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University Pusa (Samastipur), Bihar -848125 Total pages of thesis : 89 + (i-x) Bibliography antioxidant activity (4.836 μmol TE/g) and the total flavonoid (682.40 μg/g) was recorded highest in ‘Sukul’, highest total carotenoid content was recorded in ‘Amrapali’ (7.38 mg/100g, total phenolic content was the highest in ‘Malda’ (512.48 μg GAE g-1 FW). Irrespective of storage, the overall acceptability value was the highest in ‘Malda’ (8.6). Among the enzymatic activities, polygalactouronase (PG) activity (35.78 μg galactouronic acid g-1 h-1 FW), pectin methylesterase (PME) activity (0.260 μmol min-1 g-1 FW) and lipoxygenase enzymatic activity (LOX) (5.486 μmol g-1 FW min-1) was the highest in ‘Chausa’. Under experiment- II of first objective, our results revealed that the selected genotypes varied significantly for the studied attributes at peak ripening stage. Under physical attributes, maximum fruit weight was found in ‘Fazli’ (404.66 g). The peel thickness was the maximum in ‘Sukul’ (1.89 mm), fruit firmness was the highest in ‘Sipiya’ (12.75 N), seed weight was the maximum in Fazli (27.23 g), higher shelf life was exhibited by genotypes such as ‘Sukul’, ‘Sipiya’, ‘Amrapali’, ‘Malda’ and ‘Safed Malda’. Under physiological attributes, respiration rate was the highest in ‘Chausa’ (137.19 ml CO2 kg-1 h-1). Among quality, functional attributes and determination of mineral contents, the TSS was the maximum in ‘Amrapali’ (25.2%), total sugars were highest in ‘Mallika’ (20.12 %), titratable acidity was the maximum in ‘Malda’ (0.37%), ascorbic acid content was the maximum in ‘Sukul’ (45.5 mg/100g pulp) total antioxidant was observed highest in ‘Sukul’ (6.32 μmol TE/g), total carotenoids content was the maximum in ‘Amrapali’ (9.1 mg/100g), total phenolic content was the maximum in ‘Malda’ (560.6 μg/100g), total flavonoids content was the maximum in ‘Sukul’ (720 μg/100g). Maximum phosphorous content was found in ‘Sukul’ (1.79 mg/kg) and the potassium content was the maximum in ‘Malda’ (12.64 mg/kg). Under objective-II genotypes such as ‘Malda’ (8.8), ‘Safed Malda’ (8.6), ‘Chausa’ (8.7), ‘Kalkatiya Malda’ (8.5) and ‘Alphonso’ (8.5) showed highest sensory score for sweet pickle whereas ‘Sukul’ (8.8), ‘Sipiya’ (8.4), ‘Langra’ (8.4), ‘Bathua’ (8.3) and ‘Krishna Bhog’ (8.3) exhibited highest sensory score for salted pickle. Among selected genotypes ‘Malda’ (8.8), ‘Safed Malda’ (8.6), ‘Kalkatiya Malda’ (8.6), ‘Fazli’ (8,7) and ‘Chausa’ (8.7) exhibited highest sensory score for ripe mango squash while Sukul’ (8.8), ‘Sipiya’ (8.5), ‘Bathua’ (8.4), ‘Langra’ (8.2), ‘Amrapali’ (8.2) and ‘Fazli’ (8.5) showed highest sensory score for green mango squash.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on morphological,biochemical and molecular characterization for variations in different lemon (Citrus limon Burm.)genotypes(DRPCAU, PUSA, 2022) V, Akshitha; Mukhim, C.A study was conducted during the year 2021 and 2022 to determine the best lemon genotypes among its natural population in various locations of Bihar. A total of twenty collections have been evaluated for several morpho biochemical parameters during the fruiting seasons.Significant variation was observed for morphological biochemical parameters. Among the twenty genotypes, LC-6, LC-7, LC-10, and LC-14 have seedless genotypes. In terms of leaf lamina shape, three genotypes have lanceolate leaf lamina shapes, while the others have elliptic.The highest leaf lamina length (104.68 mm) was observed in LC-4 and lowest (64.40 mm) in LC-15. Among the physical parameters of the fruit, highest fruit length (94.48 mm) was recorded in genotypes LC-14 and lowest (45.85 mm) in LC-19, highest fruit diameter (87.20 mm) in LC-10 and lowest (51.70 mm) in LC-18, highest number of segments per fruit (15.0) was observed in LC-18 and lowest (9.0) in LC-14, highest average number of seeds per fruit (18.30) was noted in LC-10 and lowest (1.0) in LC-16, highest fruit weight (155.0 g) was recorded in LC-12 and lowest (4.30 g) in LC-17, highest rind thickness (3.60 mm) was observed in LC-10 and lowest (1.60 mm) in LC-15, highest seed length (13.61 mm) was recorded in LC-13 and lowest (3.24 mm) in LC-12, highest seed width (17.14 mm) was observed in LC-13 and lowest (4.91 mm) in LC-12, highest seed weight (2.09 g) was noted in LC-1 and lowest (0.61 g) in LC-19. Among the biochemical parameters of the fruit, highest Ascorbic Acid Content (28.62 mg/100 ml) was observed in LC-20 and lowest (18.20 mg/100 ml) in LC-10, highest TSS ( 7.80 ºBrix) was observed in LC-1 and lowest (4.90 ºBrix) in LC-18, highest Titrable acidity (5.80 %) was recorded in LC-1 and lowest (2.80 %) in LC-18, highest TSS : Titrable acidity (1.80) was noted in LC-18 and lowest (1.20) in LC-14, LC- 15.Several variations in the morpho-biochemical characteristics of lemon collections suggested that there may be opportunities for future use during genetic breeding programs and initiatives. First 3 principal components explained more than 93.5 % variability among 20 lemon genotypes. LC-10 and LC-15 & LC-17 had more variability while LC-9,LC-20, LC-11, LC-12 and LC-4 were almost similar in principal component 1.LC-10 and LC-17 were more dissimilar in principal component 2. Fruit weight, fruit diameter, leaf lamina length had significant positive correlation with Principal Component 1 while number of seed, seed length, seed width had negative correlation with Principal component 1 and traits like fruit length, number of segment per fruit, rind thickness, seed weight, TSS, Titrable acidity, TSS:TA had no significant correlation with Principal Component 1. Similarly, fruit length, fruit diameter, leaf lamina length had positive correlation with Principal Component 2. Based on Morpho-Biochemical traits, 20 lemon genotypes were clustered into two major cluster. Out of 24 SSR primers used, C-21 showed highest PIC value (0.75) and CMS-2 showed lowest PIC value (0.18). Assessment of genetic diversity based on SSR markers showed less to moderate diveristy present in the genotypes which was explained by Nei’s genetic divsersity index (h) and Shanon’s information index (I) with a mean h value of 0.300417 and I value of 0.44375. Hierarchical clustering based on marker data clustered 20 genotypes into 3 major cluster with clustered I having maximum 18 genotypes and 1 genotype each in clustere II and Cluster III. Distribution of genotypes on Principle co-ordinates map showed highest distance between genotypes LC-11 and LC-19 in PC1 and LC-14 and LC-18 in PC2 and rest of the genotypes were in between these genotypes. Genetic structure analysis based on amplification pattern of 24 SSR markers suggested that the genetic structure of the 20 lemon collection is the admixture genetic composition of two different ancestry(populations) distributed in each genotypes in different proportions.ThesisItem Open Access SCREENING OF PAPAYA GENOTYPES AGAINST SUBMERGENCE AND ITS MITIGATION(DRPCAU, PUSA, 2022) MEENA, HEMLATA; PANDA, ASISH KUMARThe present study entitled as “Screening of papaya genotypes against submergence and its mitigation” was carried out during 2021-22 at Hi-Tech Horticulture Unit, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University, Pusa, Samastipur (Bihar). The first experiment was conducted for screening of three papaya genotypes, viz., Red Lady, Arka Prabhath and Local Collection 2 under three submergence level viz., submergence of 10cm above soil surface, submergence of 15cm above soil surface and control as no submergence. Nine different treatment combinations were formed viz., S1G1 (Control, Red Lady), S1G2 (Control, Arka Prabhath), S1G3 (Control, Local collection 2), S2G1 (Submergence 10 cm above soil surface, Red Lady ), S2G2 (Submergence 10 cm above soil surface, Arka Prabhath), S2G3 (Submergence 10 cm above soil surface, Local collection 2), S3G1(Submergence 15 cm above soil surface, Red Lady), S3G2(Submergence 15 cm above soil surface, Arka Prabhath), S3G3 (Submergence 15 cm above soil surface, Local collection 2), which were replicated three times. In reference to different level of submergence, Local collection 2 with control condition recorded maximum Relative water content (96.42%), Chlorophyll index(58.01), Shoot length (68.26cm), Root length (25.44cm), Fresh weight of roots (62.42g), Dry weight of roots (17.57g), Fresh weight of shoots (255.16g), Dry weight of shoots (62.46g), Root-shoot ratio(0.29), minimum Leaf senescence (-6.66%), Relative growth rate (0.005%), Number of leaves(8), Leaf area (2.46m2), Survival percentage (100%) and also recorded Minimum Relative water content (83.44%), Chlorophyll index(46.16), Shoot length (60.24cm), Root length (12.31cm), Fresh weight of roots (11.96g), Dry weight of roots (2.91g), Fresh weight of shoots (15.63g), Dry weight of shoots (18.68g), Root-shoot ratio(0.13), maximum Leaf senescence (37.77%), Relative growth rate (0.004), Number of leaves(2.67), Leaf area (1.53m2), Survival percentage (20%), Plant height (65.36cm). The second experiment was conducted to test the efficacy and dose of solid oxygen fertilizer i.e., CaO2 for mitigation of ill effects of water logging in a highly sensitive crop like papaya. It was laid out in Three- Factors factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with twelve different types of treatment combinations viz.,S2G1C1(Submergence 10 cm above soil surface, Red Lady, 5g CaO2), S2G1C2 (Submergence 10 cm above soil surface, Red Lady, 10g CaO2), S2G2C1 (Submergence 10 cm above soil surface, Arka Prabhath, 5g CaO2), S2G2C2 (Submergence 10 cm above soil surface, Arka Prabhath, 10g CaO2), S2G3C1 (Submergence 10 cm above soil surface, Local collection 2, 5g CaO2), S2G3C2 (Submergence 10 cm above soil surface, Local collection 2, 10g CaO2), S3G1C1 (Submergence 15 cm above soil surface, Red Lady, 5g CaO2), S3G1C2 (Submergence 15 cm above soil surface, Red Lady, 10g CaO2), S3G2C1 (Submergence 15 cm above soil surface, Arka Prabhath, 5g CaO2), S3G2C2 (Submergence 15 cm above soil surface, Arka Prabhath, 10g CaO2), S3G3C1 (Submergence 15 cm above soil surface, Local collection 2, 5g CaO2), S3G3C2 (Submergence 15 cm above soil surface, Local collection 2, 10g CaO2), which were replicated three times. With reference to different level of submergence, local collection 2 under 10 cm submergence with 10g CaO2 observed maximum Relative water content (97.37%), Chlorophyll index (59.25), Shoot length (70.96cm), Plant height (91.43cm) also recorded minimum Relative water content (85.85%), Chlorophyll index (32.31), Shoot length (57.46cm), Fresh weight of shoots (30.93g), Plant height (68.79cm).ThesisItem Open Access SCREENING OF PAPAYA GENOTYPES UNDER WATERLOGGING CONDITION AND ITS MANAGEMENT(DRPCAU, PUSA, 2022) K.M, RENUKA SWAMY; Kanth, NeeharikaThe present investigation entitled “Screening of papaya genotypes under waterlogging condition and its management” was carried out during 2021-2022 in HI-tech horticulture unit, Department of Horticulture, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur (Bihar). The research work was carried out with two experiments, first experiment was laid out in Two-factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 9 different types of treatment viz., Control( without waterlogging) + Red lady, Submergence 10 cm above soil surface + Red Lady, Submergence 15 cm above soil surface + Red Lady, Control( without waterlogging) + Pusa Delicious, Submergence 10 cm above soil surface + Pusa Delicious, Submergence 15 cm above soil surface + Pusa Delicious, Control( without waterlogging) + Local Collection 1, Submergence 10 cm above soil surface + Local Collection 1, Submergence 15 cm above soil surface + Local Collection 1 which were replicated three times. The results of the investigation revealed that, among the different genotypes used Pusa Delicious gave better performance in different levels of waterlogged condition on growth and physiological parameters. With reference to different genotypes, Pusa Delicious recorded maximum plant height (78.23cm), relative growth rate (0.04), shoot length (64.62cm), chlorophyll index (44.57), relative water content (89.31%), fresh weight of shoot (187.57g), fresh weight of root (43.40g), dry weight of shoot (22.53g), dry weight of root (8.31g), number of leaves (8.11), leaf area (2.07m2), root length (23.63 cm), root to shoot ratio (0.31), survival (66.66%), flood tolerance potential (1) and lowest leaf senescence (13.63 %). Second was laid out in Three-factors Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 12 different types of treatment viz., Submergence 10 cm above soil surface +Red Lady + 5 MgO₂, Submergence 10 cm above soil surface + Red Lady +10g MgO₂, Submergence 15 cm above soil surface + Red Lady + 5g MgO₂, Submergence 15 cm above soil surface + Red Lady +10g MgO₂, Submergence 10 cm above soil surface+ Pusa Delicious + 5g MgO₂, Submergence 10 cm above soil surface + Pusa Delicious + 10g MgO₂, Submergence 15 cm above soil surface + Pusa Delicious + 5g MgO₂, Submergence 15 cm above soil surface +, Pusa Delicious + 10g MgO₂, Submergence 10 cm above soil surface + Local Collection 1 + 5g MgO₂, Submergence 10 cm above soil surface + Local Collection 1+10g MgO₂, Submergence 15 cm above soil surface + Local Collection 1 + 5g MgO₂, Submergence 15 cm above soil surface+ Local Collection 1+ 10g MgO₂. The results of the investigation showed that, among the different concentration of chemicals ( 5g and 10 g MgO₂), 10 g gave better performance under waterlogged condition on growth and physiological parameters of three genotypes. With refers to different treatment, submergence 10 cm above soil surface + Pusa Delicious + 10g MgO₂ recorded the maximum plant height (85.25cm), relative growth rate (0.06), shoot length (70.24 cm), chlorophyll index (49.70), relative water content (93.40%), fresh weight of shoot (198.74g), fresh weight of root (50.49 g), dry weight of shoot (26.42 g), dry weight of root (11.50 g), number of leaves (10.32), leaf area (2.41m2), root length (32.19cm), root to shoot ratio(0.41), survival percentage (66.66%), flood tolerance potential (1) and lowest leaf senescence (-3.38 %)ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON GROWTH REGULATION OF PAPAYA UNDER PROTECTED CONDITION(DRPCAU, PUSA, 2022) PATRA, SUVRAJIT; PANDA, ASISH KUMARA field experiment on „Studies on Growth regulation of papaya under protected condition‟ was carried out during the year of 2021-22 at ICAR-AICRP on Fruits of Department of Horticulture, RPCAU, Pusa, Bihar, with 6 different treatments viz.,T 1 -Control (No spray; No pollarding), T 2 -Chlormequat chloride 250 ppm, T 3 -Chlormequat chloride 500 ppm, T 4 -Pollarding, T 5 -Pollarding with Chlormequat chloride 250 ppm, T 6 -Pollarding with Chlormequat chloride 500 ppm under the polyhouse condition. With regard to the various treatments used, dwarfism or the lowest plant height was noted in pollarding with chlormequat chloride 250 ppm (T5) (177.97 cm), a nonsignificant difference was seen in the plant's girth among the treatments, the lowest value of petiole length was noted in pollarding with chlormequat chloride 500 ppm (T6) (51.07 cm), early flowering was noted in chlormequat chloride 250 ppm (T2) (51.66 days). Six distinct sex forms (Elongata, Reduced Elongata, Carpelloid Elongata, Pentandria, Carpelloid Pentandria, Pistillate) are produced as a result of the impact of various treatments and polyhouse configurations, pollarding with 250 ppm of chlormequat chloride (T5) was shown to have the highest fruit retention (89.78%). The maximum number of fruits per plant (37.14) was noted from Chlormequat chloride 500 ppm (T3) among the treatments, maximum fruit weight (599.20 gm) was found in Pollarding with Chlormequat chloride 250 ppm (T5),maximum fruit length (16.83 cm) was observed in Chlormequat chloride 500 ppm (T3), highest value of fruit breadth (29.93 cm) was recorded in Pollarding with Chlormequat chloride 250 ppm (T5), The highest value of fruit yield per plant (17,464 g) was recorded in Pollarding with Chlormequat chloride 250 ppm (T5) among the treatments. Pollarding with chlormequat chloride 250 ppm (T5) produced the highest value of TSS content (14.27 °Brix), highest value of titratable acidity (0.16%), highest value of ascorbic acid (70.27 mg/100 g pulp), highest shelf life (5.10 days), Neither the treatments for reducing sugar nor for nonreducing sugar showed any discernible effect. Stem rot, the virus that causes papaya ring spots, and mealy bug insect infestations had no influence on the treatments used in the polyhouse.
