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Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa
In the imperial Gazetteer of India 1878, Pusa was recorded as a government estate of about 1350 acres in Darbhanba. It was acquired by East India Company for running a stud farm to supply better breed of horses mainly for the army. Frequent incidence of glanders disease (swelling of glands), mostly affecting the valuable imported bloodstock made the civil veterinary department to shift the entire stock out of Pusa. A British tobacco concern Beg Sutherland & co. got the estate on lease but it also left in 1897 abandoning the government estate of Pusa.
Lord Mayo, The Viceroy and Governor General, had been repeatedly trying to get through his proposal for setting up a directorate general of Agriculture that would take care of the soil and its productivity, formulate newer techniques of cultivation, improve the quality of seeds and livestock and also arrange for imparting agricultural education. The government of India had invited a British expert. Dr. J. A. Voelcker who had submitted as report on the development of Indian agriculture. As a follow-up action, three experts in different fields were appointed for the first time during 1885 to 1895 namely, agricultural chemist (Dr. J. W. Leafer), cryptogamic botanist (Dr. R. A. Butler) and entomologist (Dr. H. Maxwell Lefroy) with headquarters at Dehradun (U.P.) in the forest Research Institute complex.
Surprisingly, until now Pusa, which was destined to become the centre of agricultural revolution in the country, was lying as before an abandoned government estate. In 1898. Lord Curzon took over as the viceroy. A widely traveled person and an administrator, he salvaged out the earlier proposal and got London’s approval for the appointment of the inspector General of Agriculture to which the first incumbent Mr. J. Mollison (Dy. Director of Agriculture, Bombay) joined in 1901 with headquarters at Nagpur
The then government of Bengal had mooted in 1902 a proposal to the centre for setting up a model cattle farm for improving the dilapidated condition of the livestock at Pusa estate where plenty of land, water and feed would be available, and with Mr. Mollison’s support this was accepted in principle. Around Pusa, there were many British planters and also an indigo research centre Dalsing Sarai (near Pusa). Mr. Mollison’s visits to this mini British kingdom and his strong recommendations. In favour of Pusa as the most ideal place for the Bengal government project obviously caught the attention for the viceroy.
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ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON JOB INVOLVEMENT, JOB PERFORMANCE AND JOB SATISFACTION AMONG THE FACULTY MEMBERS OF RPCAU, PUSA, BIHAR(Dr.RPCAU, Pusa, 2022) SAIKIA, DIPANKAR; Singh, Ashok K.The study was carried out in Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University (RPCAU), Pusa, Bihar during the year 2020-21 to analyze the job involvement, job performance and job satisfaction among the faculty members. The data pertaining to the objectives of the study were collected from a sample size of 160 faculty members from all the colleges under the jurisdiction of RPCAU, Pusa comprising of working professors, associate professors and assistant professors with the help of a pretested schedule along with personal interview method. The scale developed by Lodahl & Kejner (1965) as modified by Kalita (1991) was used to measure the level of job involvement of faculty members while self-rating scale developed by Ahire (2005) was used to measure classroom teaching performance of university teachers with suitable modification with respect to the job performance of faculty members. Job satisfaction scale developed by Dixit (1993) was further administered to measure the job satisfaction of faculty members. The variables occupational stress and mental health was measured with the help of suitable indices developed by Srivastava and Singh (1984) and Jagdish and Srivastava (1988) respectively. The other selected independent variables were also measured with the help of suitable scale and schedule. The statistical techniques and tests used for analysis were frequency, distribution, per centage, mean, standard deviation, correlation and stepwise regression analysis. The results indicate that majority (37.50%) of faculty members had high level of job involvement followed by low (32.50%) and medium (30.00%) level of job involvement respectively. With respect to the job performance, it was found that majority (38.12%) faculty members had medium level of job performance followed by high (36.88%) and low (25.00%) level respectively. In case of job satisfaction, the findings revealed that majority (40.00%) of the respondents were moderately satisfied with their job while 35.63 per cent of them were highly satisfied and rest 24.37 per cent of total respondents were less satisfied with their jobs. With regard to occupational stress and mental health, the findings suggested that majority (39.38%) of faculty members were found to possess medium level of occupational stress having their good mental health. The computed values of correlation co-efficient (r) between selected dependent variables and the socio-economic, psychological and professional attributes of faculty members revealed that age, education, job experience, level of aspiration, achievement motivation, number of publications, participation in seminar/conferences, number of students guided, perception of faculty members towards the job, scientific orientation, attitude towards organization, organizational climate, perceived opportunity for professional growth and mental health had positive and significant relationship while workload and occupational stress had negative and significant relationship. Through stepwise regression analysis on job involvement reveals the same findings. Stepwise regression analysis on job performance reveals that variables, organizational climate, scientific orientation, occupational stress, level of aspirations, perception of faculty members towards the job, attitude towards organization, number of publications has been retained in the last step which together explains 78.70 per cent of variance while stepwise regression analysis on job satisfaction reveals that variables, organizational climate, perceived workload, occupational stress, level of aspiration, number of publications and perception of faculty members towards the job has been retained in the last step which together explains 73.30 per cent of variance. During the study, heavy workloads, lack of teacher‟s trainings programme, less cooperation among teachers, lack of opportunity for exposure visit, faculties were being involved in non-academic works were the major constraints as expressed by the selected faculty members. Therefore, it was suggested that the concerned authorities should ensure minimization of workloads with proper division of works, co-operation, and inclusion of teacher‟s trainings programme for better teaching performance.ThesisItem Open Access Study on Effectiveness of different Extension Teaching methods under KVK System of Bihar(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2017) Ojha, Pankaj Kumar; Singh, MadanExtension education is an informal out of school education designed to help rural people to satisfy their needs, interest and desires. All the extension activities carried out through various extension teaching methods. In another words, we can say that extension teaching methods are the wheels of extension education. This study was mainly focused to explore the effectiveness of various extension teaching methods used by extension functionaries, viz. SMS from KVKs and Agricultural coordinators from state agricultural department of Bihar to train the farmers according to their needs. In general, effectiveness is a measure of the match between stated goals and their achievement. Erlendsson (2002) says that effectiveness as the extent to which objectives are met (‘doing the right things). The Extension Teaching methods are broadly classified into two groups: (1). According to use and (2). According to form. Further use based teaching methods classified into 3 groups like (1). Individual methods, (2). Group methods and (3). Mass methods. Each group has different sub-methods. In this study, we have three groups of extension teaching methods like individual, group and mass contact methods, each group having 7, 10 and 15 methods respectively. We measured the effectiveness of these methods by providing rank order, the ranks were provided by respondents as per their perception. The rank order has been provided through ‘Garrett Ranking Technique’. Beside the effectiveness, we also measured job involvement, job satisfaction and knowledge level of respondents about extension teaching methods. The descriptive type of research design has applied to this study. The three districts of Bihar like Samastipur, Sitamarhi and East Champaran were purposefully selected as locale under the study. Extension professionals like SMS from KVKs and Agricultural Coordinators from department of Agriculture, government of Bihar and farmers equally from selected locale were the respondents of the study. The data were collected through the well structures interview schedule and through face to face interview. Mainly correlation, chi-square tests were used for statistical analysis of the collected data. There were eight independent variables like age, education, service experience, job involvement, job satisfaction, sources of information, sources of income and knowledge level of extension professionals about different extension teaching methods and there was single dependent variable as effectiveness of different extension teaching methods. The analysis revealed that most of the respondents belonged to middle age group. Mostly (60 % and 51.7 %) they were belonged to backward caste. Majority of respondents were male under the study. All the extension personnel are married while 68.3 per cent farmers were married. Majority of respondents were belonged to joint family type. Majority (46.7 %) of extension professionals have small landholdings while majority of farmers have medium sized landholdings. Majority (46.7 %) of extension professionals was found to have M.Sc. (Ag.) or equivalent degree and 26.7 % have Ph.D. degree. Majority (53.3%) of farmers were found to have intermediate level of education. Majority of extension professionals were found to have long (> 10 years) service experience, 90 per cent were found to have salary as a main source of income, most of them frequently used the sources of information like through training (80 %), by farmers’ field visit (93 %), internet (83 %), mobile (77 %) and books (60 %). In case of farmers they were mostly used the sources of information like mobile (91.7 %), TV (76.6 %), radio (71.7 %), and through scientists (90 %). The professionals were found to have good knowledge level of extension teaching aids, extension teaching methods, handling of different teaching methods. Most (62.5 %) of the SMS were found to have medium level of job involvement while 50 % Agricultural Coordinators have high level of job involvement. Majority of SMS were found to have high level of job satisfaction while most (57.7 %) of the Agricultural Coordinators were less satisfied with their job. Farm and home visit, telephonic calls, farmers’ call, adaptive and mini kit trial and farm clinic were found to have frequently used individual contact methods, with respect to group contact method demonstration, leader training meetings, lecture methods, result demonstration and group discussion were frequently used and in context of mass contact bulletins, leaflets, literature, digital training were found to have frequently used by KVKs of selected locale. Farm and home visit, farmers call, method demonstration, internet, agricultural shows, etc. were found effective in acquiring knowledge, skill development and formatting attitude. The extension professionals were stated some constraints during handling of extension teaching methods. The constraints were related to extension teaching aids, extension teaching methods and some personal and psychological traits.ThesisItem Open Access Study Of Training Needs Of Litchi Growres In Muzaffarpur District Of Bihar(Rajendra Agricultural University;Samastipur, 2007) Singh, Vinod Kumar; Singh, MadanThesisItem Open Access Effectiveness Of Training Among Beekeepers For Enhancing Honey Production: A Study In Bihar(Rajendra Agricultural University;Samastipur, 2007) Ashok Kumar; Singh, Ashok K.ThesisItem Open Access Impact of Training under Rastriya Sam Vikas Yojana in Samastipur District on Adoption behavior of Kisan Mitra(RAU, Pusa (Samastipur), 2014) Singh, Vinod Kumar; Singh, MadanThesisItem Open Access Livelihood security through NREGA: an impact study in Pusa block of Samastipur district of Bihar.(Rajendra Agricultural University, 2011) Tigga, Adline Shanta; Sinha, K. K.The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005(NREGA) was brought into force by the Union government in February 2006. Which was renamed on 2nd October 2009 as MGNREGA i.e. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act. It is the first nation-wide employment scheme that guarantees employment legally to India’s rural population. According to the Union Rural Development Ministry’s figures, more than 1.36 crore people of the country’s total population have been given jobs under the Act. It guarantees 100 days of unskilled jobs per rural household. More importantly, the Act aims at eradication of extreme poverty and at making villages self-sustaining through productive assets creation. This is meant to regenerate the rural natural resource base, which in turn, will result in sustainable livelihoods for residents. The government has referred to it as an “Act of the people, by the people, and for the people”. In Pusa block of Samastipur district the NREGA is in operation for about two and half years and no imperial and systemic study has been carried out so far. Therefore, it was imperative to assess the impact or performance of NREGA, running in this block. It is with this background the present study has been planned with the following specific objectives: 1. To explore the extent of awareness about NREGA among the target group of the Act. 2. To assess the impact of the Act as per its objectives. 3. To assess the contribution of the Act in terms of creation of infrastructure in the rural areas. 4. To explore the extent to which the Act has been able to check the migration of rural labourers. 5. To find out the socio-economic characteristic of the beneficiaries. 6. To analyze the constraints/problems as perceived by the beneficiaries in terms of proper implementation of the Act. Pusa block of Samastipur district had been purposively selected as locale of the study, considering simply the reason that researcher is known to the officials of the block from whom time to time information could be gathered, needed to complete the task and also due to the fact of availability of NREGA beneficiaries in this block. There are altogether 20 blocks in Samastipur district. Out of which Pusa block had been selected purposively for the study, the sample respondent for the study consist of 120 NREGA card holders (60 male & 60 female), selected from 4 villages of the two panchayats of Pusa block following the simple random sampling technique. Based upon the consultation of literature, discussion with the faculty and pre testing of the schedule the direct and indirect variables such as socioeconomic profile of the respondents, the impact of the employment generation Act, the extent of awareness, and creation of infrastructure along with the constraints if any, regarding proper implementation of the Act were selected. A schedule was developed for the study in and around the independent and dependent variables. The schedule was standardized through pre-testing of the same on separate sample in Pusa block of Samastipur district. Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation and multiple regression analysis, besides frequencies and percentage, were used to analyze the data. The study revealed that among the socio economic characteristics, in the case of age majority of the beneficiaries that is 47 per cent belonged to the young age group. In the case of caste, maximum NREGA beneficiaries were of schedule caste (72%). Most of the respondents, were illiterate (40%), having family educational status of the category of no education of (45%). Majority of the beneficiaries were of nuclear family type (63.5%) with the large family size, (65.8%). Maximum (57%) of the beneficiaries were found land less.49.2 percent of the NREGA beneficiaries were belonged to the category of family annual income in between Rs.10,001-15,000. Level of awareness about NREGA was found to be high (74 %). So far as person days employment is concerned, the employment for l00 days was reported by only 11.6 per cent of the responded only. However in the case of rise in income level of NREGA beneficiaries, there is a continuous shift has been noticed. The percentage of beneficiaries in very low and low income groups has significantly decreased from 6.7 to 0 per cent and 42.5 to 29.2 per cent respectively and correspondingly the percentage of income group of medium and high has significantly increased from 59 to 49.2 per cent and 9.2 to 29.6 per cent respectively after involvement under NREGA. The component wise impact in terms of economic impact, social impact, health impact, psychological impact, environmental impact, infrastructural impact and institutional impact. The data revealed that under economic impact the substantial impact was noticed in the area of enhanced purchasing power, as the mean score has been found to be the highest in these categories, followed by employment in agricultural lean period. Under social impact the substantial impact have been recorded in the area of reduced depending on village money lenders, with the mean score value 4.35. So far as the impact in health and hygiene is concerned, the substantial impact has been noticed, to the improvement in the nutritional security with the mean score 3.8 and accessing medial family with mean score 2.72. Thought is being developed to become self-employed in near future was found to be as substantial impact in the psychological category with the mean score value 2.55. Similarly, conservation of natural resources did find place under the category of environmental impact with mean score 2.69. The NREGA beneficiaries have accepted a substantial impact in the area of rural connectivity, among the infrastructural impact. Respondent believed strengthening of gram root democracy was ranked first with mean score value 3.27 under the intuitional impact. As regards as the contribution of NREGA in respect of check in migration is concerned, it was found that, (60%) of the beneficiaries were reporting for the moderately check in migration. The co-efficient of correlation between impact of act and socio economic value of the male NREGA beneficiaries, it was found that, age, caste, type of family, family size, land holding, family income, constraints and migration were found negatively significant and education, family education status, were found to be positively significant. In the case of female NREGA beneficiaries, age, caste, family education status, family type, family size, constraint and migration were found to be negatively significant. While education, land holding and family income were found non-significant. The R value, under multiple regression between impact of act and socio economic variables of the male and female NREGA beneficiaries was found .82 and .80, indicated that this set of variables explained 82 & 80 per cent of variability with the impact of act. The co-efficient of correlation between awareness of different component/ provision of the act and socio economic characteristics of male NREGA beneficiaries; it was found that, age, caste, type of family, family size, family income, constraints and migration were found negatively significant and education was found positively significant. While among, female NREGA beneficiaries, it was found that, age, type of family, family size, family income, constraints and migration were found negative and significant whereas, caste and education was found positively significant. The R value, under multiple regression between awareness of different component/provision of the act and socio economic variables of the male and female NREGA beneficiaries was found .79 and .76, indicated that this set of variables explained 79 & 76 per cent of variability with the awareness of the act . The constraints found among the NREGA beneficiaries were mainly, psychological, social and institutional constraints. Out of these in the psychological constraints, the major constraints noticed in the area of illiteracy among the beneficiaries with the mean score value 1.74. Lack of complete knowledge about different component of NREGA. In terms of social constraints, caste based biasness regarding getting work under NREGA was found highly problematic with the mean score value 2.8. Under the institutional constraints, out of eight constraints shortage of technical personnel at the work site was ranked first with the mean score 3.7. A number of centrally sponsored scheme have been implemented under Rural Development Mission and welfare for the poor. But NREGA is one of the greatest experiments, undertaken in India to eradicate rural poverty. The scheme has been launched to supplement the error and gaps of all previous schemes with the involvement of panchayat civil society and local administration. Poor families were targeted to get benefits of employment and livelihood to supplement their family income. On the basis of foregoing results and findings of study it is concluded that although the impact of NREGA on the whole, was not found very satisfactory yet the beneficiaries perceived that, they had got enhancement in their livelihood security on sustained basis through NREGA. As it is a flagship program of the country for the targeted group there should be an actual impact of it. Hence to overcome the constraints faced by the beneficiaries, appropriate suggestive measures should be taken i.e. there should be transparency regarding payment of wages to the beneficiaries, gram panchayat should have a project made out of its own assessment. Preference of work should be given for the poor, women and disabled person, with no disturbance on muster rolls. Social audit must be at gram sabha. Although, various types of impact of NREGA like economic, social, health and hygiene, physiological, environmental, infrastructural, and institutional impact etc. had collectively accelerated NREGA beneficiaries to have a secured livelihood up to some extent; yet implementers have to go miles to bring out the transparency and accountability in functioning of NREGA, so that the beneficiaries could get the targeted impact of the Act.
