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Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa
In the imperial Gazetteer of India 1878, Pusa was recorded as a government estate of about 1350 acres in Darbhanba. It was acquired by East India Company for running a stud farm to supply better breed of horses mainly for the army. Frequent incidence of glanders disease (swelling of glands), mostly affecting the valuable imported bloodstock made the civil veterinary department to shift the entire stock out of Pusa. A British tobacco concern Beg Sutherland & co. got the estate on lease but it also left in 1897 abandoning the government estate of Pusa.
Lord Mayo, The Viceroy and Governor General, had been repeatedly trying to get through his proposal for setting up a directorate general of Agriculture that would take care of the soil and its productivity, formulate newer techniques of cultivation, improve the quality of seeds and livestock and also arrange for imparting agricultural education. The government of India had invited a British expert. Dr. J. A. Voelcker who had submitted as report on the development of Indian agriculture. As a follow-up action, three experts in different fields were appointed for the first time during 1885 to 1895 namely, agricultural chemist (Dr. J. W. Leafer), cryptogamic botanist (Dr. R. A. Butler) and entomologist (Dr. H. Maxwell Lefroy) with headquarters at Dehradun (U.P.) in the forest Research Institute complex.
Surprisingly, until now Pusa, which was destined to become the centre of agricultural revolution in the country, was lying as before an abandoned government estate. In 1898. Lord Curzon took over as the viceroy. A widely traveled person and an administrator, he salvaged out the earlier proposal and got London’s approval for the appointment of the inspector General of Agriculture to which the first incumbent Mr. J. Mollison (Dy. Director of Agriculture, Bombay) joined in 1901 with headquarters at Nagpur
The then government of Bengal had mooted in 1902 a proposal to the centre for setting up a model cattle farm for improving the dilapidated condition of the livestock at Pusa estate where plenty of land, water and feed would be available, and with Mr. Mollison’s support this was accepted in principle. Around Pusa, there were many British planters and also an indigo research centre Dalsing Sarai (near Pusa). Mr. Mollison’s visits to this mini British kingdom and his strong recommendations. In favour of Pusa as the most ideal place for the Bengal government project obviously caught the attention for the viceroy.
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ThesisItem Open Access SCOPING ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY AND COPING MECHANISMS OF FARMERS IN FLOOD PRONE AREAS OF ASSAM(DRPCAU, PUSA, 2022) BASUMATARY, ALONGBER; BASUMATARY, ALONGBER; Lal, Sudhanand Prasad; Lal, Sudhanand PrasadIndia is an agrarian country but its states are largely affected by natural disasters and among such disaster is Flood. The frequency and intensity of floods have only increased and their effects are aggravated due to changes in climate. Floods have resulted in the loss of lives, property, and huge reserves of tax money. This study has been carried out in the Barpeta and Morigaon districts of Assam to examine the vulnerability and coping mechanisms of farmers who are constantly affected by floods every year. Both the districts were purposively selected according to the report of ISRO. Barpeta was selected as it has the highest cropped area (91380 ha) affected by flood and Morigaon was selected as it has the highest flood inundation percentage area (70.43%). A revenue circle from both districts was selected randomly. A total of eight villages, four each from a revenue circle, and a total of 160 respondents, 20 each from the selected village were taken for investigation through the computer-based research randomizer technique. The vulnerability index was developed by following Analytical Hierarchy Process by Saaty (2008). To know about the use and adoption of different coping mechanisms followed by respondents, a schedule was developed and was divided into 3 broad categories i.e., individual, community, and institution level. Data were collected by the researcher through a personal interview, direct observation methods, and a well-structured interview schedule validated by experts. Collected data were analyzed with the help of descriptive as well as inferential statistical methods: Mean, Range, Standard deviation, Standard Error, Percentage, Frequency, Analytical hierarchy process (AHP), ANOVA, Binomial Logit Regression using Analytical software (Microsoft excel 2007, SPSS version 26). In terms of „extent of vulnerability‟ majority of the respondents (59.37%) were moderately vulnerable followed by less vulnerable households (22.50%) and vulnerable households (18.13 %). While comparing the districts, the Morigaon district was found to be more vulnerable than the Barpeta district with a Mean + SE value of (-0.506 + 0.014) and (0.074 + 0.017) respectively. It was evident that among the respondents, “Availing food grains under social safety net (PDS)” with global priority (GP-0.12) was found to be the most responsible sub-component for adaptive capacity while “Extent of use of Training received” and “Veterinary institutions” with (GP-0.02) each were found to be the least responsible for adaptive capacity. To determine the relationship between independent variables and the vulnerability level, Binary logistic regression model was used. The model was significant at P<0.001 with Nagelkerke R Square value of 0.927 and 96.3% accuracy level. Age, Caste, Housing type, Genuine Indebtedness, and Mass media exposure were found to be negatively significant at P<0.10 and Family type negatively significant at P<0.05 while Experience in farming, Debt source was found to be positively significant at P<0.10 and Operational landholding, Cropping intensity, Dependency ratio, Contact with Extension Personnel were positively significant at P<0.05. An odds ratio of [OR=0.000] for Family type, Housing type indicated that a unit change from nuclear to joint family and from kutcha to semi-pucca to pucca housing structure would decrease the vulnerability of respondents by (100%). One-Way ANOVA was used to compare the coping mechanisms adopted at three different levels. Among the coping mechanisms adopted by the farmers, coping mechanisms adopted at the Community level (.66667) was found to be highest indicating that coping mechanisms employed at the community level are highly adopted and have been more than the other two viz., Individual level (.56303) followed by the Institution level (.49427). Welch test, Brown-Forsythe test were found to be significant at P<0.001 and Dunnet T3 test and was found to be significant at P<0.05. During the time of data collection, some interesting findings were noticed viz., Residents who live in the char areas uses transportable housing structures and also dig up part of their land and uses that dugged soil to heighten their houses. People in villages of the Morigaon district plant a specific banana species (Musa balbisiana colla) vernacularly known as Athiya/Bheemkol in the local language for making makeshift rafts during floods. The practice of growing traditional flood tolerant long duration rice, Bao rice (Deepwater rice) varieties i.e., Kekoabao, Tulsibao, and Negharibao was still followed in Kacharigaon village as climate change adaptive strategies. Women members of households, mainly of Scheduled Tribe (ST) and Scheduled Caste (SC) brew rice wine and do business to earn money to improve the conditions of their families. Increasing mass media exposure, involving the NGO‟s, regular counselling through religious institutions and medical professionals, popularizing the high yielding varieties of commercial crops i.e., Mustard and Toria are the few policies that are suggested from the findings of the study.ThesisItem Open Access GENDER BASED VARIATIONS IN PERCEPTION OF FLOOD IMPACTS: A STUDY IN DARBANGHA DISTRICT OF BIHAR(DRPCAU, PUSA, 2022) RAI, RUBINA; SATPATHY, BINEETAIndia is an agrarian country where many rural men and women rely on agriculture for a living. Among the many challenges confronting Indian agriculture today, increasing climate variability and natural disasters are the most pressing. Reduced agricultural production is one of the most direct ways in which natural disasters have an impact. Floods are the most expensive and widespread natural disasters, causing up to 50,000 deaths and affecting 75 million people worldwide each year. (FAO 2008). The evidence suggests that the effects of flooding are not genderneutral. As a result, various gender groupings may interpret the impact of flood differently, as well as cope with or adapt to its effects in different ways. Analysis of gender perception of flood impacts is a prerequisite for assessing their adaptation decisions and for avoiding gender-blind rehabilitation policies and programmes that fail to include the gendered responsibilities of both men and women farmers. Besides, the fact that the natural disasters have a gendered impact it is critical to understand how men and women perceive and interpret natural disasters so as to devise and advise on effective adaptation strategies that will secure their livelihoods. With this background, this study entitled “Gender based variations in perception of flood impacts: A study in Darbangha district of Bihar” has been taken up with the objective to study the gender centric perception of impact of flood viz. - socio economic, psychological and environmental and the gender centric adaptation strategies in the locale of study. The investigation was conducted in the state of Bihar. Out of 38 districts in Bihar, Darbangha was selected purposively for this research study as it tops the list of the districts which are most severely affected by flood in Bihar. Hanumannagar and Baheri blocks were selected purposively among the 18 blocks in Darbangha district. Two villages were selected from each block, Godhaila and Uchauli from Hnaumannagar block and Jhakra and Aadabon from Baheri block. So a total of 4 villages were selected for the study. From each of the four villages, 30 respondents were selected (15 men and 15 women), thus making total sample size as 120. The findings revealed that most of the women farmers in the study area belonged to young age group while most of the men farmers were from middle and old age category. Majority of the women were illiterate while most of the men had an education level up to higher secondary and college level which indicates the education disparity among men and women farmers of the study area. Majority of the women belonged to scheduled caste while most men were from general caste category. Majority of both women and men farmers had medium level of information seeking behaviour, exposure to mass media, risk orientation, social participation, and extension contact in the study area. Only a small percentage of women farmers had regular access to mobile phones in the study area whereas more than half of the men farmers used mobile phones regularly as a mass media source. More number of women farmers fell in the low income category as compared to men farmers. Majority of the respondents practiced farming as their primary occupation. Both men and women farmers surveyed had marginal land holdings with women occupying a large majority as compared to men farmers. Goat was seen to be a common livestock holding among women while cow of local breed was popular among the men farmers. The respondents in the study area did not possess more than 2 livestock. In the context of men and women farmers‟ perception about the socio economic, psychological and environmental impact of flood, it can be concluded that majority of them had medium level of perception with women having slightly higher perception of socio economic and psychological impact of flood as compared to men whereas more percentage of men had high perception of environmental impact of flood as opposed to women. The findings of the study revealed that selling livestock, cultivating smaller area than usual and changing planting date were the three prime farm-based adaptation strategy opted by women farmers whereas men resorted to selling of livestock, farm diversification and change in cropping pattern. As for non-farm based adaptation, the three strategies women adopted were using their saved money, borrowing money from friends and relatives and less consumption or changing food habits while men opted for stocking of food grains, borrowing money from friends/relatives and using saved money. Factors like age, household headship, decision making and social participation had positively significant relationship with women‟s perception of psychological impact of flood. With respect to men farmers, age and extension contact had a negatively significant relationship with perception of psychological impact of flood while family size had high positively significant relationship. The results further indicated that education and annual income had a positive correlation with men‟s perception of environmental impact of flood whereas age had a positive correlation with perception of environmental impact of flood in case of women. Annual income and extension contact had negatively significant relationship with men‟s perception of socio economic impact of flood while social cohesiveness was found to be negatively correlated with women‟s perception of socio economic impact of flood.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON VULNERABILITY AND RESILIENCE AMONG FARMERS IN CYCLONE AFFECTED DISTRICTS OF ODISHA(DRPCAU, PUSA, 2022) MALLICK, BISWAJIT; Lal, Sudhanand PrasadClimate change is a global phenomenon. Agriculture and allied sector is at alarming position as it is highly vulnerable to climate change. Global population is exposed to frequent and intensive hazards, viz., cyclones, drought, floods, heat waves, melting glaciers, and increasing sea levels due to climate change and human interventions. Among all the hazards, cyclones are one of the most frequent and leading natural hazards worldwide that causes massive causalities. Considering all these factors, the present study was carried out in Ganjam and Puri district of Odisha to examine farmers' vulnerability to distinct cyclones. Both the districts were selected purposively because out of six coastal districts these two were highly prone to cyclonic events. Total of 2 blocks from each district; thus total of 4 blocks were chosen through the application of computer-based research randomizer technique to eliminate the bias. Total of 8 villages were taken from the 4 blocks, i.e., two villages per block. Twenty respondents were chosen randomly from each of the eight villages. Thus, a total of 160 respondents were selected for the present investigation. The vulnerability index was developed following Analytical Hierarchy Process (Saaty, 2008). Resilience in relation "A Study on Vulnerability and Resilience among Farmers in Cyclone Affected Districts of Odisha" to farmers' life was determined by RFL-Scale developed by Lal (2014). Reliability and validity was tested for the RFL-Scale scale. Finally, constraints were ranked that were encountered by farmers to cope up with cyclone vagaries following Garrett's Ranking method (1979). Data were collected by the researcher through direct observation, personal interviews, focus group discussion, and well-structured interview scheduled prepared and verified by experts. Statistical tools used in this study to analyze the data were Mean, Frequency, Percentage, Standard Deviation, Standard Error, Computer-based research randomizer technique, Analytical Hierarchy Process, Multi Nomial Logit Model (MNLM), and Garrett's Ranking Method. It was evident from the result that most of the respondents were middleaged, male, scheduled caste, married, nuclear family, and had pucca houses. The majority of respondents had completed a medium level of educational year, medium year of farming Experience, medium level of social participation, medium level of family income, medium extension contact, and medium range of mass media exposure. Respondents had low livestock holding, marginal land holding, and high community participation. Nearly two-third of total respondents (63.75%) were moderately vulnerable, followed by (20%) and (16.25%) of respondents were vulnerable and less vulnerable, respectively. It was observed that most of the respondents (73.75%) and (78.75%) were moderately vulnerable in Ganjam and Puri districts, respectively. In district-wise comparison, Puri was more vulnerable than Ganjam, with mean values (-0.295 ± 0.018) and (0.241 ± 0.015), respectively. Age (P=0.045) and community Participation (P=0.016) were found to be negatively significant at 5%, affecting respondents' vulnerability to fall in the moderately vulnerable category and vulnerable category, respectively. Keeping other factors constant, one unit increase in age reduces the probability of respondents to fell into moderately vulnerable category by factor 0.854, which is about 15%. When other factors were constant, increase in one unit in community participation decreases probability of respondents to fall under vulnerability category by factor 0.276. The odds ratio shows that a decrease in community participation by one unit reduces the vulnerability by 72%. Land holding and sex were positively significant at 1%, increasing the likelihood of respondents falling into the moderately vulnerable to vulnerable category. Land holding is with fair Wald statistics 11.437 and odds ratio 7.875. Experience in Farming, Secondary Income, and Social Participation were found to be positively significant at 10% level. The odds ratio shows that increase experience in farming by one unit increases the farmers’ vulnerability by 13.3%. It was elicited that, as per respondents, multipurpose cyclone shelter with global priority (GP=0.11) was most responsible for adaptive capacity and availability of grazing land area (GP=0.02) was least responsible for adaptive capacity, respectively. In the RFL-Scale most of the respondents (47.50%) were vulnerable, followed by coping (28.12%), fragile (15.62%), resilient (5.63%), and in need (3.13%). Among social constraints, "damage to residential as well as other infrastructures" was most important with Garrett's value (62.38). Economic constraints "huge loss to cultivated crops" was ranked first with Garrett's score (62.72). In environmental constraints, respondents perceived "rain and storms lead to flooding after cyclone" (64.53) was ranked as the most important among four broad constraints. Top most miscellaneous constraint perceived by respondents was "unavailability of food and clean drinking water" (61.52) in the study area.ThesisItem Open Access TECHNOLOGICAL GAP IN ADOPTION OF IMPROVED TURMERIC PRODUCTION PRACTICES IN SAMASTIPUR DISTRICT OF BIHAR(DRPCAU, PUSA, 2022) DAS, ANKITA; PRAKASH, SATYA‘The land of spices and flavours’, India owns the glory of being the lead producer, consumer and exporter of spices in the world. These spices are known for their flavour and aroma in Indian market and also in the global marketplaces. To improve the flavour and taste of foods and beverages, spices takes an essential part in cooking. Different spices were used for their medicinal properties from ancient times due to their medicinal values. As spices have antibacterial properties, it is used in preservation also. Among different spices grown in India, turmeric holds an important role as it is 4th highest produced spices in India. India is the global production leader of turmeric and contributes 80% of the total production followed by China and India is also the largest consumer and exporter of turmeric in world. Turmeric (Curcuma longa), is known as ‘the golden spice of India’ and is grown in India since ancient times. It belongs to Zingiberaceae family and underground rhizome is the economic part. ‘Indian saffron’, i.e. turmeric is a very high value crop and has its broad spectrum of use. It serves as a spice, dye, and medication and cosmetics, and even in religious ceremonies. Apart from being a major ingredient in kitchen, it is also useful in skin diseases joint pain, respiratory problems, digestive problem etc. Since ancient times, turmeric has been employed in India's Ayurvedic medical system. It is promoted as a carminative, antibacterial, blood purifier, and stomaching tonic. Bihar contributes and important proportion in the total turmeric production of India. Turmeric is a popular commercial crop of Bihar, especially in Samastipur district. Samastipur is the highest producer of turmeric in Bihar and turmeric of Samastipur has gained attention in international market. But it is observed that the average productivity at national level is way more than the average productivity of Bihar. Here exists a huge yield gap and according to the data there is opportunity to boost production of turmeric with appropriate technologies, so that all the turmeric growers can achieve the potential yield. In present study on ‘Technological gap in adoption of improved turmeric production practices in Samastipur district of Bihar’, ex-post facto research design was used. 80 turmeric growers were selected randomly from four villages in Pusa and Samastipur block of Samastipur district. Using the assistance of structured interview schedule, the data was collected from the respondents. For the present study two sets of variables namely, independent and dependent variables were selected. Social, personal, communicational and psychological variables were taken as independent variable and knowledge of the turmeric growers and technological gap were selected as dependent variables. The important statistical measures used to analyze the research data were, frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, Pearson’s correlation, regression and canonical correlation. The study showed that, in case of experience in turmeric cultivation, social participation, annual family income, extension contact, mass media exposure, innovativeness, scientific orientation and economic motivation, majority of the respondents belonged to the medium level category. For other variables, age (mostly old aged), gender (male dominated), caste (mostly general caste), education (majority up to secondary education), land holding size (majority marginal farmers), results were revealed. As regard to the dependent variable ‘knowledge’, majority of the turmeric grower fell under medium level knowledge category, where highest knowledge index was measured in case of selection of land for planting, harvesting, earthing up, field preparation, etc and the lowest knowledge index was found for mulching, plant protection practices. In context of ‘technological gap’, majority had medium level of technological gap. Highest technological gap index were calculated in case of mulching, plant protection practices where, lowest technological gap index were found in selection of land for planting, followed by harvesting practices. In regression analysis of independent variables with ‘knowledge’, it was found that at 5 percent level, age and scientific orientation had a positively and significantly association with knowledge, and social participation has positively significant relation with knowledge at 10% level. In case of correlation analysis between various factors and ‘technological gap’, it is revealed that age and experience in turmeric cultivation were positively correlated with technological gap at 0.05 and 0.01 level of significance. Again education, social participation, land holding size, annual family income, extension contact, mass media exposure, innovativeness, scientific orientation were negatively correlated with technological gap, being significant at 1% level of significance and lastly economic motivation was also negatively correlated with technological gap at 5% level of significance. Farmers practicing turmeric as a commercial crop in the study area have faced some constraints regarding their production practices, like; lack the knowledge about disease and pest management technologies (85%), insufficient repayment period of credit from banks (88.75%), high rainfall and flood in Samastipur district (92.5%), insufficient marketing facilities for turmeric (57.5%) etc. This study has indicated the existing knowledge level of the farmers regarding improved turmeric production technology, measured technological gap in recommended turmeric production practices and also revealed the factors affecting it. This study has also put some light on the constraints encountered by the turmeric growers of the study area.ThesisItem Open Access BENEFITS OF PM UJJWALA YOJANA AS PERCEIVED BY BENEFICIARIES OF JHALAWAR DISTRICT IN RAJASTHAN(DRPCAU, PUSA, 2022) PALIWAL, SRISHTI; SINGH, ASHOK K.Energy is a fundamental component of practically all economic activity and has become crucial for raising living standards. Energy is, in fact, essential to both the infrastructure and the means of subsistence. Today, a country's energy consumption is frequently used as a measure of its level of development. A sizable section of the world's population, mostly those residing in developing countries, lack access to modern energy sources. In India, 49% of the population has access to CCF, compared to 688 million who do not, and 681 million who continue to utilise biomass in the old manner (International Energy Agency, 2019). The availability of clean cooking fuel is a major challenge for rural households in India. Additionally, using traditional solid cooking fuels poses a risk to the environment and human health due to the amount of smoke they produce when burned. This deprivation is predominantly suffered by rural women and children as they are the most exposed to harmful effects of this smoke from burning unclean fuels in cooking. Keeping this fact in view of preventing the health hazards of nearly half of the population in the country from traditional cooking method by providing them with a clean cooking fuel – LPG, on May 1, 2016, the nation's honourable prime minister, Shri Narendra Modi ji, with assistance from the ministry of petroleum and natural gas, launched the very ambitious flagship programme "Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana" (PMUY), with the goal of making clean cooking fuel, such as LPG, available to rural and underprivileged households who were formerly using traditional cooking fuels like firewood, coal, cow-dung cakes, etc. Upto now Ujjwala Yojana had completed 5 years therefore need was felt to explore the impact of Ujjwala yojana in some of the rural areas with the sole objective to have direct feedback from clientele group. So, present study entitled “Benefits of PM Ujjwala Yojana as Perceived by Beneficiaries of Jhalawar District in Rajasthan” was conducted in Jhalawar district of Rajasthan. Out of the 22 gas agencies in Jhalawar district Durga Devi Gas Agency of Jhalrapatan tehsil will be purposely selected. Four villages from Jhalrapatan block and a total of 120 participants, 30 from each village, were chosen by using random sampling procedure for the present investigation. With the help of structured interview schedule data was collected from the respondents. For the present study two sets of variables namely, independent and dependent variables were selected. Social, personal, communicational, Type of fuel uses before and after Ujjwala benefits, Possession of LPG unit, Process of use and refilling of gas cylinders, Awareness were taken as independent variable and Perceived benefits and Willingness to pay for LPG gas cylinder were selected as dependent variables. The important statistical measures used to analyse the research data were, frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, Pearson’s correlation, regression, binomial logit and probit regression. The study revealed that, in case of social participation, extension contact, extent of use of LPG, awareness majority of the respondents belonged to the medium level category. For other variables such as age (middle age group), family size (4or less people), caste(mostly belong to SC), education(mostly illiterate), land holding (majority marginal size), occupation (mostly homemakers), annual income(mostly medium level of income), mass-media exposure(majority belong to low-medium category), in routine household activities child care and cooking of food is the highest time consuming activities ,after Ujjwala 93.33% beneficiaries still used firewood and dungcake, majority of the beneficiary’s gas cylinder lasts to 41-65 days, beneficiaries use LPG mostly in milk boiling, tea making and partial cooking. In case of Perceived benefits, majority of the Ujjwala beneficiaries were perceived medium level of benefits from the scheme and Health & environmental benefits contributes the most with an index value of 0.65 among five sub-benefits such Economic benefits, Health & environmental benefits, Technical benefits, Social benefits and Psychological benefits. The correlation analysis of perceived benefits with 20 variables concludes that only 5 factors were found significant in which the variable mass media exposure and mode of delivery of refilled gas cylinder were found to be significant at 1% level of probability. The regression analysis of perceived benefits with 12 independent variables concludes that only 6 factors were found significant in which mass media exposure was positively significant with the highest ‘t’ value(3.416) and R2-value was 0.315. On an average 4.75kg of solid fuels still used by beneficiaries on a daily basis apart from LPG gas cylinder because of the easy accessibility & affordability of the solid fuels compared to LPG gas cylinder in the study area. The pattern of willingness to pay for LPG refill by the beneficiaries was found distributed from less than Rs.350 to more than Rs.650 using double-bounded dichotomous contingent valuation method. The large portion (37.50%) of the beneficiaries were willing to pay Rs. 500-550 for per LPG refill while the average WTP on the basis of pattern of WTP by the beneficiaries were calculated and it was found Rs. 503/-. While analysing the factors or respondents’ attributes which affected the WTP for the LPG gas cylinder 4 factors were found to be significant using probit and logit model in which income variable was highly significant at 1% level of probability.ThesisItem Open Access PM-KISAN SAMMAN NIDHI SCHEME: ITS AWARENESS AND UTILIZATION PATTERN IN KANPUR DEHAT DISTRICT (UP)(DRPCAU, PUSA, 2022) Gaur, Rishabh Singh; Paswan, Arun KumarThe study entitled “PM-Kisan Samman Nidhi Scheme: Its Awareness and Utilization pattern in Kanpur Dehat district (UP)”. The study was carried out with specific objectives to assess the awareness and utilization pattern of PM-Kisan Samman Nidhi scheme along with the association between independent and dependent variables selected in the study. Kanpur Dehat district of Uttar Pradesh was purposively selected for the study. There are ten blocks in Kanpur Dehat district. Out of ten blocks, two blocks were selected purposively i.e. the blocks which were having maximum PM-Kisan beneficiary in Kanpur Dehat. Further, two villages from each block were selected following the random sampling technique. For selection of respondents, 30 PM-Kisan beneficiaries from each of the four selected villages were chosen as sample respondents by following the random sampling technique. Thus, a total of 120 PM-Kisan beneficiaries were constituted as sample respondents for the study purpose. The information was collected through personal interview method by visiting the farm and home of the respondents. The collected data were analyzed with the help of frequency distribution, arithmetic mean, standard deviation and correlation analysis. The study reveals that, majority of the respondents (61.66 %) were found under the old aged group, having functionally literate (30.83 percent, majority), belongs to Other backward Caste (45 percent) , small size of family (87.50 percent), had small size of land holding (45.00 percent), member in one organization (38.33 percent), having medium level of annual income (65.83 percent), having medium level of farming experience (57.5 percent). The findings also depicted that majority of the respondents have medium level of risk orientation, economic motivation, scientific orientation and innovativeness. It has been observed from the study that maximum percentage (54.17 percent) of the respondents had high level of awareness and utilization pattern (57.50 percent) of money received through PM-Kisan Samman Nidhi scheme. The relationship between socio-economic variables and awareness level about PM-Kisan Samman Nidhi scheme of the study indicated that four independent variables namely age, size of the family and farming experience were found to be positively correlated at 1% level of significance whereas, variable annual income is positively correlated with the awareness level at 5% level of significance about PM- Kisan Samman Nidhi scheme. It means above four independent variables were significantly contributed towards level of awareness PM-Kisan Samman Nidhi scheme. Regarding relationship between socio-economic variables and utilization of the money of PM-Kisan Samman Nidhi scheme by beneficiary respondents shows that seven variables were found to be significant. Out of these seven variables, four independent variables viz. education, size of the family, economic motivation and innovativeness were found to be significant at 1 percent level of significance. Whereas, variables viz. size of the land holding, annual income and scientific orientation were found to be significant at 5 percent level of significance. It can be concluded that above mentioned seven independent variables were significantly contributed towards utilization pattern of money received from PM-Kisan Samman Nidhi scheme.
