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Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa
In the imperial Gazetteer of India 1878, Pusa was recorded as a government estate of about 1350 acres in Darbhanba. It was acquired by East India Company for running a stud farm to supply better breed of horses mainly for the army. Frequent incidence of glanders disease (swelling of glands), mostly affecting the valuable imported bloodstock made the civil veterinary department to shift the entire stock out of Pusa. A British tobacco concern Beg Sutherland & co. got the estate on lease but it also left in 1897 abandoning the government estate of Pusa.
Lord Mayo, The Viceroy and Governor General, had been repeatedly trying to get through his proposal for setting up a directorate general of Agriculture that would take care of the soil and its productivity, formulate newer techniques of cultivation, improve the quality of seeds and livestock and also arrange for imparting agricultural education. The government of India had invited a British expert. Dr. J. A. Voelcker who had submitted as report on the development of Indian agriculture. As a follow-up action, three experts in different fields were appointed for the first time during 1885 to 1895 namely, agricultural chemist (Dr. J. W. Leafer), cryptogamic botanist (Dr. R. A. Butler) and entomologist (Dr. H. Maxwell Lefroy) with headquarters at Dehradun (U.P.) in the forest Research Institute complex.
Surprisingly, until now Pusa, which was destined to become the centre of agricultural revolution in the country, was lying as before an abandoned government estate. In 1898. Lord Curzon took over as the viceroy. A widely traveled person and an administrator, he salvaged out the earlier proposal and got London’s approval for the appointment of the inspector General of Agriculture to which the first incumbent Mr. J. Mollison (Dy. Director of Agriculture, Bombay) joined in 1901 with headquarters at Nagpur
The then government of Bengal had mooted in 1902 a proposal to the centre for setting up a model cattle farm for improving the dilapidated condition of the livestock at Pusa estate where plenty of land, water and feed would be available, and with Mr. Mollison’s support this was accepted in principle. Around Pusa, there were many British planters and also an indigo research centre Dalsing Sarai (near Pusa). Mr. Mollison’s visits to this mini British kingdom and his strong recommendations. In favour of Pusa as the most ideal place for the Bengal government project obviously caught the attention for the viceroy.
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ThesisItem Open Access Germplasm Screening and Management of Coriander Aphid, Hyadaphis coriandri D.(Dr.RPCAU, Pusa, 2021) DAS, TUHIN; Prasad, RabindraA sets of field experiments were conducted at the Tirhut College of Agriculture research farm at Dholi, Muzaffarapur, (Bihar) from November to March, 2020-21 to study the susceptibility of coriander germplasms to aphid infestation and the effectiveness of botanical insecticides against the coriander aphid, Hyadaphis coriandri. Through the seven weekly observations which were recorded during rabi season 2020-21, it was found that RD-416 had the lowest mean population (19.91 aphid/ plant) and RD-373 had the highest mean population (34.69 aphid/ plant). The resistance variabilities in coriander germplasms were as followed: RD-416> RD-380 > Acr-1 > RD-417 > RD-382 > RD-412 > RD-120> RD- 404 >RD-23> RD-188 > RD-379 > RD-378 > RD-383 > RD-365 > RD-407> RD-403> RD-377 > RD-366 > RD-154 > RD-373. In second objective, the combined effect of two sprayingsapplied at fortnightly interval against coriander aphid revealed that, thiomethoxam 25 WG @ 0.2g/l had lowest mean population of aphid (5.78 aphid/10 cm apical twig) and it was superior to all other treatments in terms of managing aphid population, followed by Neem Seed Kernel Extract @ 5 ml/l (14.02 aphid/10 cm apical twig) and Neem oil @ 3 ml/l (14.80 aphid/10 cm apical twig).However, Neem seed kernel extract @ 5 ml/l was found at par with neem oil @ 3 ml/l(14.80 aphid/10 cm apical twig), tobacco decoction @ 5ml/l (15.98 aphid/10 cm apical twig) and karanj oil @ 10 ml/l (16.68 aphid/10 cm apical twig) treatments. Remaining treatmentsviz.Lecanicillium lecanii@ 4 g/l (17.45aphid /10 cm apical twig) andyam Bean Seed Extract @ 5ml/l (YBSE) (18.77 aphid /10 cm apical twig) showed considerably less efficiency against coriander aphid. The plots treated with Thiomethoxam 25 WG @ 0.2g/lrecorded highest seedyield (12.95 q/ha).The seed yield obtained in the plots that were treated with Neem Seed Kernel Extract @ 5 ml/l, Neem oil @ 3 ml/l, tobacco decoction @ 5 ml/l and karanj oil @ 10 ml/l recorded 11.35 q/ha, 11.01 q/ha, 10.58 q/ha and 10.51 q/ha seed yield, respectively, and found comparable to each other and considerably superior to the other treatments.The lowest seed yield was achieved in Yam Bean Seed Extract @ 5 ml/l treatment (10.25 q/ha), followed by Lecanicillium lecanii@ 4 g/l (10.37 q/ha), which was statistically at par with one another. Thiomethoxam 25 WG @ 0.2g/l had the highest benefit-cost ratio (2.61) followed by Neem Seed Kernel Extract @ 5ml/l (1.99) and Neem oil @ 3ml/l (1.86). The treatment with Lecanicillium lecanii@ 4 g/l resulted the lowest benefit-cost ratio (1.59), followed by Yam Bean Seed Extract @ 5m/l, Karanj oil @ 10 ml/l and Tobacco decoction @ 5ml/l, which resulted benefit-cost ratios of 1.61, 1.66, and 1.75, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Population dynamics and management of red pumpkin beetle (Aulacophora spp) on bottle gourd under polyhouse(Dr.RPCAU, Pusa, 2021) GADIGE, T SHANKAR; Singh, Mukesh KumarThe present investigation entitled “Population dynamics and management of red pumpkin beetle (Aulacophora spp) on bottle gourd under polyhouse” was conducted during summer season of the year 2021 at High-Tech Horticulture, RPCAU, Pusa. During the course of studies, bottle gourd was attacked by many insect pests like red pumpkin beetle (Aulacophora foveicollis Lucas), thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindquist), aphids (Aphis gossypii Glover), pumpkin caterpillar (Diaphania indica Saunders), serpentine leaf miner (Liriomyza brassicae Burgess), mealy bug (Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley), semilooper (Achaea janata Linnaeus) and fruit fly (Bactocera cucurbitae Coquillet). In which red pumpkin beetle is more frequent occurring pest and it was first observed at 2 leaf stage, then it increases gradually as the plant canopy increases. The flowers were more preferable attacked part as compared to leaves of bottle gourd at reproductive stage. It causes significant damage in both vegetative and reproductive stages of the crop. Population of insect pest other than red pumpkin beetle are appeared in trace number. Polyphagous natural enemies observed on bottle gourd are lady bird beetle (Coccinella sp.), reduviid bug (Rhynocoris fuscipes) and Lynx spider (Oxyopes javanus). These natural enemies are preyed upon several soft bodied insects but not much prefers adult red pumpkin beetle due to its bright colour, chitinous elytra and larval stage of red pumpkin beetle are inside the soil, so it could not be observed. Among the different management tactics tested against red pumpkin beetle on bottle gourd, T6 (Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 0.4ml/l) followed by T1 (Beauveria bassiana @ 3g/l (1x108 CFU) were found more effective in suppressing red pumpkin beetle population under polyhouse and recorded with high yield of 380.30 q/ha and 373.60 q/ha, respectively in Hybrid-Kashi Bahar variety of bottle gourd. T5 (YBSE @ 5%) was found least effective and recorded with a low yield of 351.98 q/ha.ThesisItem Open Access POPULATION DYNAMICS AND MANAGEMENT OF MAJOR INSECT PESTS ON BLACK GRAM(Dr.RPCAU, Pusa, 2021) N, SRIKANTH; AHMAD, MD. ABBASA study was taken up on “Population dynamics and management of major insect pests on black gram” at Research Farm, Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi (Muzaffarpur) in summer, 2021. The black gram variety SML 613 was taken as a test variety for the research programme. The observations recorded showed up to six species as major pests in black gram. Whitefly was first seen starting at 11th standard week (1.02 whiteflies/ 5 plants) which increased slowly and attained maximum population (16.4 whiteflies/ 5 plants) during 18th standard week whereas the incidence of thrips on 14th standard week (2.40 thrips/ 5 inflorescences) followed by gram pod borer and bean bug during 15th standard week and green plant bug and pod bug started from 16th standard week and maximum numbers were found at 18th week in whitefly (16.40) and green plant bug (2.15) and 19th week in thrips(15.71), gram pod borer (12.07), pod bug (3.60) and bean bug (2.67) after which the population was observed to be decreasing up on crop maturity. The relative abundance of different pest species of black gram was found to as, whitefly dominant throughout the crop period which was observed starting early stages of crop growth which was followed by thrips and gram pod borer which were found to be dominating during flowering and pod formation stage later on which the dominance of pod sucking bugs viz., green plant bug, pod bug and bean bug were found dominating among the pest complex. All the major insect pests observed were positively correlated to maximum and minimum temperature with whitefly, thrips as well as gram pod borer were significantly positively correlated. Whereas Evening relative humidity was having a significant negative impact on all the major pests except pod bug and bean bug which were non-significant but negative. All treatments proved superior significantly with control to reduce whitefly, thrips and gram pod borer. It was ranging from 32.21 to 77.11 per cent, 32.44 to 81.54 per cent and 19.79 to 76.97 per cent reduction over control in whitefly, thrips and gram pod borer among different treatments among which diafenthiuron 50 WP @ 0.125% was recorded significantly superior over others in managing whitefly (77.11%), thrips (81.54%) and gram pod borer (76.97%). The lowest pod damage was observed in diafenthiuron 50 WP (3.16%) which was succeeded with imidacloprid 17.8 SL (4.28%) and maximum was found to be in seed treated with imidacloprid 70 WS. Highest seed yield (859 kg/ha) was recorded with diafenthiuron 50 WP which is statistically superior among all treatments with maximum returns benefited with a highest cost-benefit ratio of 4.92:1 which was in close range with thiamethoxam 25 WG with 4.78:1. The residues of imidacloprid 17.8 SL and thiamethoxam 25 WG quantified with HPLC showed LOQ of 0.05 mg kg-1. Henceforth, safe consumption of black gram seeds following good agricultural practices (GAP) was suggested with a PHI of 28 days.ThesisItem Open Access Population dynamics and management of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) on rabi maize(Dr.RPCAU, Pusa, 2021) M N, SHIVAKUMARA; Alam, TanweerThe studies on “Population dynamics and management of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) on rabi maize” was carried out under field conditions during Rabi 2020-21 at Agricultural Research Farm, Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi, Muzaffarpur, which is a sub-campus of Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar. The experimental outcome revealed that number of larval population and per cent leaf damage of fall armyworm was started from 3rd standard week of January to the third week of May. The peak activity of fall armyworm was observed in 12th SMW of March 2021 with mean larval population and per cent mean leaf damage of (4.8 larvae/plant) and (46.0% of per cent leaf damage/plant) respectively, with the corresponding maximum temperature (35.6 oC), minimum temperature (17.7 oC), R.H. (%) at 07 (85.4%) and 14 hrs (46.2%), and rainfall (0.0 mm). Efficacy of insecticides tested against fall armyworm, after three successive sprays, revealed that Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.4ml/l was found most effective insecticide, with lowest mean larval population of (0.40 larvae/plant), and damage severity of (1.67/ plant), with maximum grain yield of (7.59 t/ha), and highest benefit cost ratio of (4.60:1), followed by Emamectin benzoate 5SG@ 0.15g/l, Lambda-cyhalothrin 9.5% + Thiamethoxam 12.6% ZC@ 0.25ml/l, Lambda-cyhalothrin 5EC@ 1ml/l were found effective insecticides than Azadirachtin 0.15% EC (1500ppm)@ 5ml/l, and carbofuran 3G@ 0.50g/plant, Beauveria bassiana 2.5WP@ 2g/l were found least effective insecticides among all other treatments. The most common recorded predators during experiment were Coccinellids (Coccinella transversalis) with highest individual species (%) of (38.54%), followed by ants (Oecophylla smaragdina) (28.49%), earwigs (Doru luteipes and Forficula spp.and Euborellia annulipes) (21.51%), predatory stink bug (Eocanthecona furcellata) (6.98%), and assassin bug (Rhynocoris marginatus) (5.23%).ThesisItem Open Access Studies on life table and Efficacy of different edible/non edible oils against Callosobruchus chinensis L. on mung bean(DRPCAU, PUSA, 2021) C, RAVIVARMAN; Rai, A. K.The studies on life table and efficacy of different edible/non-edible oils against Callosobruchus chinensis L. on mung bean were conducted under laboratory conditions in the Department of Entomology, DRPCAU, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar during year 2021. The mean number of eggs laid per female were 52.05 eggs per 100 seeds. The net reproductive rate (11.84 females/female), mean length of generation (42.80 days), intrinsic rate of increase (0.0577 females/♀/day), finite rate of increase (λ) (1.060 females/♀/day), doubling time (11.896 days), weekly rate of increase (1.504 times) and hypothetical F2 females (140.18) were calculated in age specific life table of population concern. The k value (mortality) was observed in egg stage (0.0862) followed by larval (0.075) and pupal (0.068) period. The K value (mortality) was 0.2291 in stage specific life table. The maximum size was measured in chickpea 58.22 mm2 that had grain damage and weight loss percentage as 33.80 and 38.87, respectively. The size of pigeonpea was measured as 34.84 mm2 with its grain damage and weight loss percentage was 42.00 and 35.86, respectively. Size of the pea grain was measured as 48.39 mm2 that was having the grain damage and weight loss as 59.80 and 46.24 per cent, respectively. The lentil was having lowest grain size as 12.22 mm2 with its grain damage and weight loss as 4.40 and 3.38 per cent, respectively. The oils based on LC50 were arranged as sunflower oil > sesame oil > castor oil > neem oil > karanj oil > groundnut oil > mustard oil > turmeric leaf oil. The oils based on toxicity were arranged as turmeric leaf oil > mustard oil > groundnut oil > karanj oil > neem oil > castor oil > sesame oil > sunflower oil. The oils based on oviposition inhibition were arranged as turmeric leaf oil > karanj oil > sunflower oil > neem oil > groundnut oil > castor oil > mustard oil > sesame oil. The data of age and stage specific life table will be useful for efficient management of C. chinensis on mung bean as it gives precise time of infestation. The data of toxicity could be utilized for different degree of infestation caused by C. chinensis on pulses.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON BROOD SURVIVAL RATE AND FORAGING BEHAVIOUR OF APIS MELLIFERA L. ON MUSTARD(DRPCAU, PUSA, 2021) GHOSH, SAIKAT; Kumar, NagendraThe experiment on “Studies on brood survival rate and foraging behaviour of Apis mellifera L. on mustard” were carried out at University Apiary, RPCAU, Pusa during the rabi 2020-21. Objectives of this experiment were to determine the brood survival rate in the existing A. mellifera population, study the impact of brood survival rate on behavioural, economic and resistant traits of A. mellifera and to study the foraging behaviour of A. mellifera L. on mustard. The obtained results showed that out of 10 colonies used for research 1 colony showed low brood survival rate, 3 colonies witnessed medium brood survival rate and 6 colonies showed high brood survival rate. Excellent, medium and poor brood pattern was found in 7, 2 and 1 colonies respectively in the experiment on scattered brood pattern. The obtained data on bee activity showed that colony no. 9 having lowest number of outgoing bees with average 9 bees / minute. Highest outgoing bees were recorded in colony no. 3 with average 12.11 bees / minute. In case of incoming bees colony no. 5 having the highest value with average 11.78 incoming bee and colony number 9 having the less value with average 8.56 of bees came back to the hive. Total honey content was maximum in colony no. 5 with 394.94 g and lowest in colony no. 9 having only 249.86 g of honey. For pollen content the same trend was followed as colony no. 5 having maximum area of pollen of 36.13 cm2 and lowest in colony no. 9 with total area of 25.16 cm2 pollen. The obtained results of hygienic behaviour showed that colony no. 3 having 100 per cent efficiency while colony no. 9 having lowest efficiency of 76%. The duration of foraging of Apis mellifera was experimented out and it was noticed that the mean time of initiation time of foraging was at 7:28 am and mean cessation time of foraging time was 16.45 pm. The mean duration of foraging was 9.17 hours for all 10 colonies. It was noticed that duration of foraging kept increasing as the blooming period progressed. The foraging rate of A. mellifera was also calculated during different day hours and the studies shows that mean rate of foraging was highest during 15:00 hours of the day which was 19 flowers/ min while the lowest foraging rate was 0.24 flowers/ min during 07:00 hours. Foraging speed of A. mellifera was maximum during 09:00 hours of the day which was 2.94 sec/ flower and on the other side the lowest value was 1.13 sec/ flower obtained during 07:00 hours of the day. Population dynamics of A. mellifera on mustard bloom was recorded during the whole flowering period and it was correlated with average minimum temperature, average maximum temperature, average temperature, average relative humidity (RH) at morning hours, average RH at evening hour, average RH and with total rainfall, the obtained results showed that average maximum temperature(ºC) and average temperature(ºC) showed positive and strong correlation with significant effect while average minimum temperature(ºC) showed positive correlation with significant effect on bee population( r = 0.93**, 0.94** and 0.76*) On the other side average morning relative humidity(%) and average relative humidity(%) showed negative correlation with significant effect while average evening humidity showed negative but nonsignificant effect on bee population on mustard bloom( r= -0.70*, . -0.64* and -0.18). There was no rainfall was recorded during the whole experiment so no correlation was found between total rainfall (mm) and bee population. However all the weather parameters influenced 86 % bee population (R2 = 0.86).ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Population Dynamics and Management of Major Insect pests of Field pea(DRPCAU, PUSA, 2021) R E, KARTHICK; Kumar, NeerajTo know the population dynamics of major insect pests of field pea and also evaluation of some eco-friendly management practices for the of major insect pests of field pea, the experiments were conducted at Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi, Bihar in Rabi season during the year 2019-2020. Studies on population dynamics of major insect pests and the natural enemies associated with field pea revealed that the infestation of Aphis craccivora appeared during the 47th SMW (20.11.2019-26.11.2019) with population of 9.86/10cm twig and in Ophiomyia phaseoli, it was during the 47th SMW (20.11.2019-26.11.2019) with 3.56 per cent plant infestation and in case of pod borer, it appeared during the 4th SMW (22.01.2020-28.01.2020) with population of 0.34 larvae/ plant. Maximum population of aphid was recorded during the 49th SMW (04.12.2019-10.12.2019) with population of about 22.34 / 10cm twig and in stem fly maximum infestation was recorded during 48th SMW (27.11.2019-03.12.2019) with 8.84 per cent plant infestation and in pod borer, it was recorded during 6th SMW (05.02.2020-11.02.2020) with population of about 3.08 larvae/ plant. Population dynamics of natural enemies viz., spiders and ladybird beetles were counted at weekly intervals and it was found Post Graduate degree programme : M.Sc., (Ag) Department : Entomology Name of student : Karthick R E Major subject : Entomology Minor subject : Plant Pathology Admission/ Registration No. : M/Ento/333/2019-20 Major advisor : Dr. Neeraj Kumar Title of the research work : “Studies on Population Dynamics and Management of Major Insect pests of Field pea” that spider and lady bird population was found maximum during the 48th SMW (27.11.2019-03.12.2019) and 7th SMW (12.02.2020-18.02.2020). Natural enemies were also recorded and found throughout the crop period. Besides these, efficacy of different eco-friendly practices was also carried out and its impact on the pest infestation were also recorded. Among the different treatments applied, the mean number of aphids was found less in plot where seeds were treated with imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 3 ml/kg of seed followed by spraying of chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.2 ml/l (3.60 aphids/ 10cm twig). In case of stem fly infestation, plot where seeds were treated with imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 3 ml/kg of seed followed by spraying of chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.2 ml/l was found effective in controlling stem fly infestation (2.28 mean per cent plant infestation). In case of pod borer, plot where seeds were treated with imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 3 ml/kg of seed followed by spraying of chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.2 ml/l was found effective among other treatments with 0.74 larvae/ plant. The per cent increase in yield over control revealed that plot where seeds were treated with imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 3 ml/kg of seed followed by spraying of chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.2 ml/l had 65.30 per cent increase in yield over the control followed by the plot where seeds were treated with imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 3 ml/kg of seed followed by spraying of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki 127 SC @ 3 ml/l with 49.56 per cent increase in yield over control. B:C ratio was highest in the plot where seeds were treated with imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 3 ml/kg of seed followed by spraying of chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC (1: 1.54) followed by the Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki 127 SC @ 3 ml/l treated plots (1: 1.45). The above result might be concluded that for the management of major insect pests of field pea, it was found that plot where seeds were treated with imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 3 ml/kg of seed followed by spraying of chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC was superior among other treatments in managing the pests as comparatively better yield and Benefit cost ratio was also found highest among other treatments.ThesisItem Open Access Population Dynamics and Management of Major insect pests of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.)(DRPCAU, PUSA, 2021) SONBA, KALBANDE SACHIN; Kumar, ManojThe present investigation entitled "Population Dynamics and Management of Major insect pests of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.)" was studied in summer 2020-21 in the field of Vegetable Research Plot of Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur) Bihar. In the course of investigation, the study of population dynamics of insect pest infesting cowpea revealed that the pest population exhibited significant an non-significant relationship with Standard Meteorological Week (SMW). The major insect pests attacking cowpea are aphids and spotted pod borers. The incidence of aphids were noticed from 10th SMW which was (1.90 aphids/10 cm twig) while the peak activity recorded at 16th SMW (22.21 aphids /10 cm twig) later on the population started decreasing by the maturity indices of the crop, while in spotted pod borer the incidence was noticed from the 11th SMW (1.21 larvae /plant) the peak population recorded in 14th SMW (3.86 larvae /plant) afterwards it has started gradually decreasing. The correlation studies with insect pest population in association with weather factors where aphids were significantly and positively correlated (0.766**) with maximum temperature whereas positively and non-significantly correlated (0.536NS) with minimum temperature, while significant & negative correlation (-0.603*) with morning RH whereas non-significantly and negatively correlated (-0.434NS), (-0.010NS) with evening RH and rainfall, respectively. The investigations on insecticidal efficacy of different treatments on mean population of aphids the treatment chlorantraniliprole + thiamethoxam @ 90 g a.i. / ha was seemed to be highly effective treatment which counted least number of pest population (4.17) followed by the next productive application was acetamiprid 20% SP where the lesser population was counted (6.10/10 cm twig). This was found statistically at par with thiamethoxam 25 WG recorded (7.12 aphids per 10 cm twig) followed by spinosad 45% SC, which recorded (8.38 aphid population). flubendiamide (9.57 aphids) > chlorantraniliprole (11.58 aphids) which was better than control (untreated plot).ThesisItem Open Access Molecular characterization and phylogenetic diversity of Bemisia tabaci complex and its endosymbionts in Bihar(DRPCAU, PUSA, 2021) YASHASWINI, GUMMUDALA; Reddy, M. S. SaiThe present investigations were carried out on “Molecular characterization and phylogenetic diversity of Bemisia tabaci complex and its endosymbionts in Bihar” during 2019-2021. The studies revealed that B. tabaci was present in RPCAU Pusa region, on 23 plant species belonging to 12 families which included 10 vegetable crops, five ornamentals, two weeds, three fruit trees, one oilseed, one medicinal and one aromatic plant and in all the 11 locations of eight districts of Bihar at over altitude range from 20.42 m (Kothia) to 64.09 m (Jhakra). The selective RAPD primers OPA-02, OPA-10, F12, F2, OPA-15 and SSR primers Bta1, Btls1-2, Bta4, BEM 37, BEM 12, Bta11 were considered as informative for diversity analysis based on polymorphic band percentage (>70), higher PIC, EMR, MI and RP. The clustering of interhost remained partially similar in the RAPD and SSR dendrograms; black nightshade and Chinese hibiscus were found in a single cluster in both dendrograms with Barberton daisy closely associated with them. Cluster fig and common jasmine were found to be highly diverse. In both RAPD and SSR analysis of interlocation, the samples of North Bihar (Jhakra, Madhurapur, Mirapur, Dhrubgama, Mandai Dih, Pusa and Kothia) and South Bihar (Alipur Bihta, Charuipar, Faridpur, Dariapur) formed into separate clusters indicating geographical separation. In the phylogenetic analysis studies, the primers C1-J-2195 and TL2-N-3014 employed were amplified at 657 bp of mtCOI gene in B. tabaci of 17 interhost and 13 interlocation. The accession numbers (MZ148550-MZ148578) for 29 samples of B. tabaci were received from NCBI Genbank nucleotide sequence database. The multiple sequence alignment of nucleotides of interhost revealed 338 fully conserved residues, 132 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and interlocation with 518 fully conserved residues, 113 SNPs. The interhost phylogenetic tree showed clustering with the genetic groups Asia I, Asia II 1, Asia II 7 and China 3; Barberton daisy clustered with China 3, black nightshade clustered with Asia II 1, Chinese hibiscus clustered with Asia II 7 and all other remaining hosts clustered with Asia I. Among these genetic groups, Asia II 7 and China 3 were reported for the first time in Bihar depicting the trade route of agricultural goods from other states. Likewise, the phylogenetic tree of interlocation clustered with the genetic groups Asia I and Asia II 7. B. tabaci population of Tadikonda (Telangana) clustered with Asia II 7 and remaining locations of Bihar clustered with Asia I. Pair wise genetic distances ranged from 0.01 to 0.51 and 0.001 to 0.086 among interhost and interlocation respectively. Tajima's neutrality test of interhost and interlocation resulted in a negative D value indicating excess of low-frequency polymorphisms, deviating from neutral theory of evolution. During the identification of endosymbionts associated with B. tabaci, Portiera sp, a primary endosymbiont was found in all the samples. In the case of the secondary endosymbionts, Arsenophonus sp dominated the most with 96.7 per cent and Cardinium sp the least (60.0 per cent). In comparison to the other genetic groups, the Asia I (congress grass, potato, Mexican marigold, cucumber, dolichos bean, Khotia, Mirapur, Dhrubgama and Dariapur) and Asia II 7 (Chinese hibiscus) genetic groups had a 100 per cent incidence of endosymbionts. However, Hamiltonella sp on the other hand was found to be absent in China 3 (Barberton daisy), Asia II 7 (Tadikonda) and seven Asia I hosts (French bean, tomato, white fig, cluster fig, pointed gourd, okra, mustard).
