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Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa
In the imperial Gazetteer of India 1878, Pusa was recorded as a government estate of about 1350 acres in Darbhanba. It was acquired by East India Company for running a stud farm to supply better breed of horses mainly for the army. Frequent incidence of glanders disease (swelling of glands), mostly affecting the valuable imported bloodstock made the civil veterinary department to shift the entire stock out of Pusa. A British tobacco concern Beg Sutherland & co. got the estate on lease but it also left in 1897 abandoning the government estate of Pusa.
Lord Mayo, The Viceroy and Governor General, had been repeatedly trying to get through his proposal for setting up a directorate general of Agriculture that would take care of the soil and its productivity, formulate newer techniques of cultivation, improve the quality of seeds and livestock and also arrange for imparting agricultural education. The government of India had invited a British expert. Dr. J. A. Voelcker who had submitted as report on the development of Indian agriculture. As a follow-up action, three experts in different fields were appointed for the first time during 1885 to 1895 namely, agricultural chemist (Dr. J. W. Leafer), cryptogamic botanist (Dr. R. A. Butler) and entomologist (Dr. H. Maxwell Lefroy) with headquarters at Dehradun (U.P.) in the forest Research Institute complex.
Surprisingly, until now Pusa, which was destined to become the centre of agricultural revolution in the country, was lying as before an abandoned government estate. In 1898. Lord Curzon took over as the viceroy. A widely traveled person and an administrator, he salvaged out the earlier proposal and got London’s approval for the appointment of the inspector General of Agriculture to which the first incumbent Mr. J. Mollison (Dy. Director of Agriculture, Bombay) joined in 1901 with headquarters at Nagpur
The then government of Bengal had mooted in 1902 a proposal to the centre for setting up a model cattle farm for improving the dilapidated condition of the livestock at Pusa estate where plenty of land, water and feed would be available, and with Mr. Mollison’s support this was accepted in principle. Around Pusa, there were many British planters and also an indigo research centre Dalsing Sarai (near Pusa). Mr. Mollison’s visits to this mini British kingdom and his strong recommendations. In favour of Pusa as the most ideal place for the Bengal government project obviously caught the attention for the viceroy.
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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Population Development on Pulse Grains and Eco-friendly Management of Pulse Beetle on Pigeon pea in Storage(Dr.RPCAU, Pusa, 2022) NAKAMBAM, SONALI; Singh, P. P.In order to study the population development of pulse beetle on different pulse grains and eco-friendly management of pulse beetle on pigeon pea in storage, a series of laboratory experiments were conducted in the Entomology laboratory of Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar during the two consecutive years viz., 2020-2021 and 2021-2022. Findings related to different aspects of the present investigation viz., ovipositional preference, adult emergence, mean developmental period, index of susceptibility, per cent and weight loss caused by C. chinensis on different pulse grains, efficacy of various oils, botanicals and insecticides and performance of different storage structures in pigeon pea storage have been outlined below: For assessment of population development of pulse beetle and quantitative losses caused by pulse beetle on different pulse grains, the trials were conducted on six different hosts (lentil, field pea, green gram, bengal gram, pigeon pea and black gram) replicated four times under Completely Randomised Block Design. The preference for egg laying by C. chinensis on different pulse hosts revealed that eggs laid per 50 grains ranged from 62.37 to 110.37 eggs/50 seeds and maximum oviposition was recorded on pigeon pea (110.37 eggs/50 seeds) while lowest was observed on lentil (62.37 eggs/50 seeds). Likewise, average egg count/seed was computed which resulted minimum and maximum number of eggs laid on lentil and pigeon pea with values 1.25 and 2.21 eggs per seed, respectively. Subsequently, emergence of adult beetles as well as per cent survival of adults emerged from different host grains recorded highest in pigeon pea with 99.88 numbers and 90.40 per cent while lentil recorded lowest in both the parameters recording 41.13 and 65.34 per cent, respectively. The development period of pulse beetle (C. chinensis) on six different hosts revealed that shortest mean developmental period of beetles from egg to adult was found in pigeon pea (25.64 days) while beetle development in lentil took longest period (34.76 days). The result on index of susceptibility showed pigeon pea and lentil as the most and least susceptible to C. chinensis with susceptibility index of 7.79 and 4.56, respectively. On the basis of categorization given by Dobie (1974) pigeon pea falls in moderately resistant category while lentil comes under resistant category. Assessment of grain damage as well as weight loss was carried out at different days interval. Per cent grain damage at 30 days after insect release (DAIR) revealed maximum grain damage in pigeon pea (16.84%) followed by green gram (14.97%), bengal gram (13.49%), black gram (11.77%), field pea (9.51%) and lentil (7.06%). At 60 days after insect release, pigeon pea recorded highest per cent grain damage with 37.62 per cent which was followed by green gram (32.07%), bengal gram (30.78%), black gram (22.71%), field pea (14.51%) and lentil (12.11%). Likewise at 90 and 120 days after insect release, pigeon pea recorded maximum with (60.41, 81.89%), green gram (54.56, 77.16%), bengal gram (50.63, 69.28%), black gram (31.24, 51.95%) and no significant difference was observed between field pea (16.87%) and lentil (15.45%) at 90 DAIR but at 120 DAIR, significant difference was recorded between field pea (31.45%) and lentil (23.83%). Per cent weight directly correlated with the per cent grain damage in the present findings and there was significant variation among all the host grains. Starting from the initial month (30 DAIR) till 120 DAIR, pigeon pea recorded maximum weight loss followed by green gram, bengal gram, black gram, field pea and lentil. The order of per cent weight loss in all the four months study period is as follows: Pigeon pea (10.94, 17.00, 33.86, 62.63%), green gram (9.33, 15.55, 29.24,56.53%), bengal gram (7.89,13.44, 28.37%), black gram (6.88, 12.50, 20.04, 50.25%), field pea (4.76, 11.21, 14.72, 31.42%) and lentil (3.74, 8.07, 11.80, 17.88%). Pigeon pea being widely cultivated pulse crop, the efficacy of various grain protectants including oils, botanicals and safer insecticides were assessed with regard to of reduced per cent egg laying, emergence of adult, per cent grain damage and weight loss for a duration of four months at monthly interval (30 to 120 DAIR). The series of experiments consisted of ten treatments including untreated control with three replications under Completely Randomised Block Design (CRBD). Among all the treatments lowest number of eggs were laid on seeds treated with cypermethrin (10 EC) @ 0.05 ml/kg seeds (11.17 eggs/50 seeds) followed by spinosad (45 SC) @ 4 ppm/kg seeds (20.50 eggs/50 seeds). Among botanicals, lowest oviposition was recorded in mustard oil @ 5ml/ kg seeds (24.67 eggs/50 seeds) and all the treatments proved to be significantly effective in reducing the egg laying of Callosobruchus chinensis and superior over untreated control (98.67 eggs/50 seeds). Based on oviposition data, oviposition inhibition was computed which yielded maximum inhibition in seeds treated with cypermethrin (10 EC) @ 0.05 ml/kg seeds (88.67%) and minimum inhibition was recorded in seeds treated with YBSP @ 5g/kg seeds (39.91%). The data recorded on adult emergence and inhibition of adult emergence revealed that minimum adult emergence (12.93%) and maximum inhibition of adult emergence (84.54%) were recorded on seeds treated with cypermethrin (10 EC) @ 0.05ml/kg seeds while maximum adult emergence and minimum inhibition of adult emergence were recorded on seeds treated with YBSP @ 5g/kg seeds (67.43 and 18.93%). Efficacy of oils, botanicals and insecticides against C. chinensis infesting pigeon pea indicated that 30 DAIR, seeds treated with cypermethrin (10 EC) @ 0.05 ml/kg seed recorded the least grain damage (by count) with maximum protection of 0.87 per cent while maximum damage was recorded in YBSP @ 5g/kg seed (8.70%). Cypermethrin (10 EC) @ 0.05 ml/kg seed proved to be the most efficient treatment in reducing grain damage till 120 DAIR with 1.19, 2.14 and 3.10% while maximum damage was recorded in YBSP @ 5g/kg seed (17.71, 27.35 and 28.45%) at 60, 90 and 120 days, respectively. Grain damage (by weight) nearly inferred same pattern with the previous grain damage (by count). Cypermethrin (10 EC) @ 0.05 ml/kg seed proved to be the best treatment with significantly less per cent grain damage from 30 DAIR till 120 DAIR. At 30 DAIR, cypermethrin (10 EC) @ 0.05 ml/kg seed recorded 0.53 per cent damage which was on par with spinosad (45 SC) @4 ppm/kg seed (0.84%). Among botanically derived grain protectants mustard oil @ 5ml/kg was the most efficient one in reducing per cent grain damage with 1.28 per cent which was on par with turmeric leaf oil @ 5ml/kg (1.47%). Intermediate protection of grains was provided by seed treatment with garlic extract @ 5% (1.96%), neem oil @ 5ml/kg (2.48%), NSKE @ 5ml/kg (3.85%) and maximum grain damage with least protection was observed in seeds treated with YBSP @ 5g/kg seed (5.94%) followed by YBSE @ 5ml/kg (4.99%). Even after 120 DAIR, cypermethrin (10 EC) @ 0.05 ml/kg seed was the most efficient treatment with 1.99 per cent and seed treatment with YBSP @ 5g/kg seed recorded maximum grain damage (12.57%). The per cent weight loss also increased consequently with increased in storage period and corresponded with per cent grain damage. At 30 DAIR, cypermethrin (10 EC) @ 0.05 ml/kg seed provided maximum protection (0.54%) against C. chinensis. Among botanicals, mustard oil @ 5ml/kg (1.22%) also provided maximum protection and maximum weight loss was observed in YBSP @ 5g/kg seed (5.86%). All the treatments were found to be superior over untreated control (10.43%). From 60 to 120 DAIR, cypermethrin (10 EC) @ 0.05 ml/kg seed recorded lowest with values (0.65, 1.38, 1.81%) while maximum was observed in YBSP @ 5g/kg seed (14.20, 23.35%, 24.25%). All the treatments were superior over untreated control (10.43, 16.03%, 32.27 and 55.51 %) at 30, 60, 90 and 120 DAIR. YBSP @ 5g/kg seed was found to be on par with YBSE @ 5ml/kg seed and neem oil @ 5ml/kg seed with NSKE @ 5ml/kg seed at 120 days after insect release. The effect of oils, botanicals and insecticides on germination and seed vigour of pigeon pea seeds were tested at the end of storage period (120 DAIR) and germination percentage varied from 22.67 to 77.00 per cent with minimum in untreated control and maximum in cypermethrin (10 EC) @ 0.05 ml/kg seed. No significant difference was observed between neem oil @ 5 g/kg seed (63.17) and garlic extract @ 5% (62.33%) which was followed by NSKE @ 5 ml/kg seed (59.09%). The lower per cent germination was recorded in YBSP @ 5 ml/kg seed (54.50%) which was on par with YBSE @ 5 ml/kg seed (54.84%) and all treatments were significantly superior over untreated control (22.67%). The data on seed vigour index revealed that maximum was recorded in seeds treated with cypermethrin (10 EC) @ 0.05 ml/kg seed (1600.22) which was statistically on par with spinosad (45 SC) @ 4ppm/kg seed (1584.18) followed by mustard oil @ 5 ml/kg seed (1442.96) and lowest seed vigour index was observed in YBSE @ 5 ml/kg seed (1103.76) followed by YBSP @ 5 g/kg seed (1138.89) as against untreated control (381.96). For evaluation of the performance of various storage structures against C. chinensis, seven treatments including jute bag as check was taken which was replicated thrice under Completely Randomised Block Design. The data on per cent grain damage, weight loss, germination percentage and seed vigour index were recorded at two months interval i.e., 2 and 4 months after storage (MAS). At 2 MAS, seeds stored in Polythene lined jute bag (PLJB) provided maximum protection with lowest grain damage (7.64%) and least protection of grain with maximum damage was recorded in jute bag (19.84%) while at 4 MAS, PLJB provided maximum protection with least damage of grains of 9.98 per cent. The next best treatment was recorded in plastic jar (12.16%) followed by earthen pot (14.30%), HDPE bag (16.63%), PP bag (18.46%). Among all the different treatments, least protection of grains was recorded in seeds stored in jute bag (30.91%). Data recorded on per cent weight loss at 2 MAS revealed maximum protection was recorded in pigeon pea seeds were stored in PLJB (3.65%) and maximum weight loss was recorded in jute bag (11.61%) followed by cloth bag (10.20%) and at 4 MAS, lowest weight loss was recorded in pigeon pea grains stored in PLJB (5.05%) and maximum weight loss was recorded in cloth bag (15.29%) and all the storage structures performed better than jute bag (19.05%) taken as check. The data on germination and seed vigour index of pigeon pea seeds revealed that at 2 MAS, earthen pot performed best with maximum percent germination (91.33%) and was found to be on par with plastic jar (91.17%) and lowest was recorded in jute bag (77.33%) while at 4 MAS, germination percentage ranged from 65.17 to 90.33 per cent with minimum and maximum being recorded in jute bag and PLJB, respectively. At 2 MAS, maximum seed vigour index was recorded in pigeon pea seeds stored in earthen pot (1894.20), followed in decreasing order by PLJB (1877.06), plastic jar (1865.19), HDPE bag (1775.38), PP bag (1743.10), cloth bag (1659.46) and jute bag (1570.78) of which plastic jar, PLJB and earthen pot were on par and PP bag and HDPE bag were statistically similar while at 4 MAS, PLJB and plastic jar were on par and the most effective treatment in maintaining the seed vigour of pigeon pea seeds with values 1919.95 and 1850.77, respectively and all the storage structures were found to be significantly superior over check (1331.82) i.e., jute bag.ThesisItem Open Access Screening of Rapeseed-mustard Genotypes and Eco-friendly Management of Mustard Aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.).(Dr.RPCAU, Pusa, 2022) KARTHIK, SOMALA; Mukherjee, U.The current investigations were conducted on “Screening of Rapeseed-mustard genotypes and eco-friendly management against mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.)” during 2019-2020 & 2020-21. The surveys conducted during the year 2020 across India, revealed that Lipaphis erysimi pseudobrassicae was present in all the 16 locations surveyed belonging to 13 states and one Union Territory at over altitude ranging from 40.42 m (Dariapur) to 980.80 m (Barapani). The selective RAPD primers viz., OPA-02, OPA-04, F2 and SSR primers viz., ApH04M, Ap-01 and ApH08M were considered as informative for genetic diversity analysis based on polymorphic band percentage (>70), higher PIC, EMR, MI and RP. DNA barcoding of 16 locations with universal primer (LCO1490- Forward and RHCO2- Reverse) employed were amplified at 657 bp of mtCOI gene in Lipaphis erysimi pseudobrassicae. The phylogenetic tree showed the clustering of all 16 locations with L. e. pseudobrassicae reference sequence. Among 16 locations, Jorhat of North-Eastern India was found to be highly diverged with higher branch distance (0.13) in the phylogenetic tree and higher dissimilarity of 30.0 and 31.0 % in RAPD and SSR dendrograms respectively. The association of bacterial endosymbionts with L. e. pseudobrassicae showed that Buchnera sp, a primary endosymbiont was found in all the 16 locations. Whereas in secondary endosymbionts, Wolbachia sp, Rickettsia sp, and Hamiltonella sp dominated the most with 81.25 % and Cardinium sp liberated with 31.25 %. Among all 16 locations, Jodhpur and Ranchi had a 100 % incidence of endosymbionts and lower incidence was found in Ludhiana, Raipur, Dharwad, Alipur Bihta, Delhi, Jorhat (42.85 %). The inspections on population of alate mustard aphids and natural enemies i.e., adult coccinellids, syrphids and parasitoids in relation to weather parameters revealed their peak on 8th SMW (157.1, 6.48, 5.63, 14.62/ 4 traps) respectively and shown strong positive correlation with maximum temperature (0.445, 0.608*, 0.595*, 0.618*) and sunshine hrs (0.602*, 0.654*, 0.633*. 0.662*) respectively. Different Rapeseed-mustard genotypes were screened against mustard aphid resulting in identification of six promising genotypes among which, genotype RTM 314 had shown low AII (1.3), ADI (1.0) and ARI (1.15). The biochemical analysis also revealed the highest glucosinolates (109.87 µmole/g) and phenols (6.51 mg/g) content in RTM 314. Further, GC-MS analysis indicated the existence of biologically active compounds like 2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-nitro-1,3-Propanediol; 5-(Methylsulfinyl)pentanenitrile and 1-Isothiocyanato-4-(methylsulfinyl)butane only in RTM 314 which could be the reason for resistance against mustard aphid. Among different intercrop combinations, mustard + wheat (3:1) followed by mustard + barley (3:1) have recorded lowest aphid population (41.46, 42.79/ top 10 cm inflorescence of 10 plants) respectively and highest population of coccinellids (8.29, 7.76/ 10 plants), syrphids (6.57, 6.35/ 10 plants), parasitoids (14.01, 13.34/ 10 plants) and spiders (4.39, 4.21/ 10 plants) with superior yield (1213, 1201 kg/ha) respectively. The efficacy of various botanicals was also evaluated against mustard aphid and its natural enemies. Among the botanicals tested on mustard aphid, the % reduction of mustard aphid population over untreated control following the first and the second spray was the highest in Neem Seed Kernel Extract (NSKE) @ 5% (70.69, 87.97 %) followed by Yam Bean Seed Extract (YBSE) @ 5% (66.58, 86.06 %) and Bhang Leaf Extract (BLE) @ 5% (64.25, 84.56 %) respectively besides with higher population of natural enemies. However, based on B: C ratio, BLE @ 5% with 6.86:1 was found to be better followed by NSKE @ 5% (3.61:1) and YBSE @ 5% (3.31:1).ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON BIONOMICS OF BRINJAL SHOOT AND FRUIT BORER (Leucinodes orbonalis Guenée), ITS MANAGEMENT THROUGH NEWER INSECTICIDES AND THEIR RESIDUES IN/ON BRINJAL (Solanum melongena L.) FRUITS(Dr.RPCAU, Pusa, 2022) N, PONNUSAMY; Singh, S. P. N.The total 11 species of pests belongs to the 11 genera, 9 families and 3 orders were recorded associated with the brinjal ecosystem. And also noticed several natural enemies belongs to 9 species, 8 genera, 6 families and 5 orders. Whereas, the incidence of L. orbonalis were also observed in Solanum tuberosum, S. nigrum, S. indicum, S. torvum and S. lycopersicon which belongs to family Solanaceae. And also studied life cycle of L. orbonalis under laboratory conditions during 2019-20 and 2020-21 in Rabi and Zaid/ summer seasons. The incubation period was recorded around 3.93 and 4.25 days in Rabi, but 3.66 and 3.86 days in Zaid/ summer in both the years. The total larval period was around 15.86 and 16.32 days in Rabi and whereas, 11.37 and 11.83 days in Zaid/ summer. Though, the pupal period was recorded around 5.76 and 5.97 days in Rabi and 5.08 and 5.28 days in Zaid/ summer. The longevity of the male moth was recorded 4.05 and 3.73 days in Rabi, but 3.21 and 3.41 days in Zaid/ summer and female moth was recorded around 5.50 and 5.35 days in Rabi still 4.40 and 4.55 days in Zaid/ summer. The pre-oviposition was also observed around 1.51 and 1.74 days in Rabi and 1.07 and 1.30 days in Zaid/ summer. Oviposition period was 2.95 and 3.07 days in Rabi and 1.65 and 2 days in Zaid/ summer during both the years. The studies of population dynamics of brinjal shoot and fruit borer during Rabi and Zaid/ summer seasons of 2019-20 and 2020-21 revealed that, the peak shoot infestation was recorded around 9th and 11th week after transplantation during Rabi and Zaid/ summer, similarly the fruit infestation reached its peak at 21st and 21st on number basis, respectively whereas, on the basis of weight 9th and 16th week after transplantation. The maximum temperature was the only abiotic factors significantly (positive) correlated with shoot and fruit infestation of L. orbonalis in both the seasons. While, other weather parameters like minimum temperature, morning and evening relative humidity, rainfall, evaporation and sunshine were either significantly or non-significantly (positive or negative) correlated with shoot and fruit infestation. Bio-efficacy of new insecticides- chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 40 g a.i.ha-1 was significantly superior to all the insecticidal treatments and also recorded maximum fruit yield (295 q ha-1). It was followed by emamectin benzoate 5% SG @ 10 g a.i. ha-1 (259.25 q ha-1), spinosad 45% SC @ 84 g a.i. ha-1 (256 q ha-1), lambdacyhalothrin 5% EC @ 15 g a.i. ha-1 (219.25 q ha-1), thiacloprid 21.7% SC @ 180 g a.i. ha-1(209.5 q ha-1), dimethoate 30% EC @ 200 g a.i. ha-1 (171.5 q ha-1), pyriproxyfen 5% EC + fenpropathrin 15% EC @ 150 g a.i. ha-1 (159.75 q ha-1), betacyfluthrin 8.49% + imidacloprid 19.81% OD @ 60 g a.i. ha-1 (138.5 q ha-1) and were at statistically at par with each other. The maximum B: C ratio (1: 2.86) was obtained in chlorantraniliprole compared to other treatments like emamectin benzoate (1: 2.63), spinosad (1: 2.38), lambda-cyhalothrin (1: 2.24), thiacloprid (1: 1.90), dimethoate (1:1.73), pyriproxyfen + fenpropathrin (1: 1.57) and betacyfluthrin + imidacloprid (1: 1.44). Quantitative estimation of the residues of chlorantraniliprole in/on brinjal was done by HPLC. The samples of brinjal were processed using QuEChERS technique. The mean recovery of chlorantraniliprole was found 80.92 to 82.07 per cent, respectively. The mean recoveries of matrix matched standards were about 92.77 to 95.20 per cent. The matrix effect (%) were -13.60, +11.9, +1.22, -9.28 and +17.05 for different concentrations viz., 2, 1, 0.5, 0.1 and 0.05 μg ml-1. The LOQ was observed to be 0.05 mg kg-1. The mean initial deposit of chlorantraniliprole @ 40 g a.i. ha-1 was obtained to be 0.43 mg kg-1 and 0.92 mg kg-1 @ 80 g a.i. ha-1. The residues of chlorantraniliprole was found to be dissipated to a mean level of 0.26 mg kg-1 and 0.54 mg kg-1 one day after spraying which shown a dissipation 39.53 and 41.30 per cent residues at single as well as double doses. The mean level of residue was found to be 0.15 mg kg-1, 0.27 mg kg-1. It showed per cent dissipation about 65.12 and 70.65 per cent residues in 3 days after spray. The mean level of residue was found to be 0.10 mg kg-1 and shown a dissipation about 89.13 per cent in 5 days after spray at double dose. The residues were found below the limit of quantification (LOQ) in 5 and 7 days after spray at single and double doses. The T1/2 of chlorantraniliprole were calculated to be 0.974 and 1.610 days when applied at single and double doses after 3rd spray on brinjal. The mean initial deposits of chloantraniliprole was observed to be below the MRL in one day after spray at both the doses on brinjal. The mean initial deposit of washing effect was obtained to be 0.43 mg kg-1 of chlorantraniliprole which was reduced to 0.36 mg kg-1 for single dose in zero day after spray. Whereas, the mean initial deposit was found to be 0.26 mg kg-1 which was reduced to 0.23 mg kg-1 for single dose in one day after spray. For double dose, the initial deposit was found to be 0.92 mg kg-1 which was reduced to 0.69 mg kg-1 in zero day after spray. Though, the initial deposit was gained to be 0.54 mg kg-1, it reduced to 0.42 mg kg-1 for double dose in one day after spray.ThesisItem Open Access Germplasm Screening and Management of Coriander Aphid, Hyadaphis coriandri D.(Dr.RPCAU, Pusa, 2021) DAS, TUHIN; Prasad, RabindraA sets of field experiments were conducted at the Tirhut College of Agriculture research farm at Dholi, Muzaffarapur, (Bihar) from November to March, 2020-21 to study the susceptibility of coriander germplasms to aphid infestation and the effectiveness of botanical insecticides against the coriander aphid, Hyadaphis coriandri. Through the seven weekly observations which were recorded during rabi season 2020-21, it was found that RD-416 had the lowest mean population (19.91 aphid/ plant) and RD-373 had the highest mean population (34.69 aphid/ plant). The resistance variabilities in coriander germplasms were as followed: RD-416> RD-380 > Acr-1 > RD-417 > RD-382 > RD-412 > RD-120> RD- 404 >RD-23> RD-188 > RD-379 > RD-378 > RD-383 > RD-365 > RD-407> RD-403> RD-377 > RD-366 > RD-154 > RD-373. In second objective, the combined effect of two sprayingsapplied at fortnightly interval against coriander aphid revealed that, thiomethoxam 25 WG @ 0.2g/l had lowest mean population of aphid (5.78 aphid/10 cm apical twig) and it was superior to all other treatments in terms of managing aphid population, followed by Neem Seed Kernel Extract @ 5 ml/l (14.02 aphid/10 cm apical twig) and Neem oil @ 3 ml/l (14.80 aphid/10 cm apical twig).However, Neem seed kernel extract @ 5 ml/l was found at par with neem oil @ 3 ml/l(14.80 aphid/10 cm apical twig), tobacco decoction @ 5ml/l (15.98 aphid/10 cm apical twig) and karanj oil @ 10 ml/l (16.68 aphid/10 cm apical twig) treatments. Remaining treatmentsviz.Lecanicillium lecanii@ 4 g/l (17.45aphid /10 cm apical twig) andyam Bean Seed Extract @ 5ml/l (YBSE) (18.77 aphid /10 cm apical twig) showed considerably less efficiency against coriander aphid. The plots treated with Thiomethoxam 25 WG @ 0.2g/lrecorded highest seedyield (12.95 q/ha).The seed yield obtained in the plots that were treated with Neem Seed Kernel Extract @ 5 ml/l, Neem oil @ 3 ml/l, tobacco decoction @ 5 ml/l and karanj oil @ 10 ml/l recorded 11.35 q/ha, 11.01 q/ha, 10.58 q/ha and 10.51 q/ha seed yield, respectively, and found comparable to each other and considerably superior to the other treatments.The lowest seed yield was achieved in Yam Bean Seed Extract @ 5 ml/l treatment (10.25 q/ha), followed by Lecanicillium lecanii@ 4 g/l (10.37 q/ha), which was statistically at par with one another. Thiomethoxam 25 WG @ 0.2g/l had the highest benefit-cost ratio (2.61) followed by Neem Seed Kernel Extract @ 5ml/l (1.99) and Neem oil @ 3ml/l (1.86). The treatment with Lecanicillium lecanii@ 4 g/l resulted the lowest benefit-cost ratio (1.59), followed by Yam Bean Seed Extract @ 5m/l, Karanj oil @ 10 ml/l and Tobacco decoction @ 5ml/l, which resulted benefit-cost ratios of 1.61, 1.66, and 1.75, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Population dynamics and management of red pumpkin beetle (Aulacophora spp) on bottle gourd under polyhouse(Dr.RPCAU, Pusa, 2021) GADIGE, T SHANKAR; Singh, Mukesh KumarThe present investigation entitled “Population dynamics and management of red pumpkin beetle (Aulacophora spp) on bottle gourd under polyhouse” was conducted during summer season of the year 2021 at High-Tech Horticulture, RPCAU, Pusa. During the course of studies, bottle gourd was attacked by many insect pests like red pumpkin beetle (Aulacophora foveicollis Lucas), thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindquist), aphids (Aphis gossypii Glover), pumpkin caterpillar (Diaphania indica Saunders), serpentine leaf miner (Liriomyza brassicae Burgess), mealy bug (Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley), semilooper (Achaea janata Linnaeus) and fruit fly (Bactocera cucurbitae Coquillet). In which red pumpkin beetle is more frequent occurring pest and it was first observed at 2 leaf stage, then it increases gradually as the plant canopy increases. The flowers were more preferable attacked part as compared to leaves of bottle gourd at reproductive stage. It causes significant damage in both vegetative and reproductive stages of the crop. Population of insect pest other than red pumpkin beetle are appeared in trace number. Polyphagous natural enemies observed on bottle gourd are lady bird beetle (Coccinella sp.), reduviid bug (Rhynocoris fuscipes) and Lynx spider (Oxyopes javanus). These natural enemies are preyed upon several soft bodied insects but not much prefers adult red pumpkin beetle due to its bright colour, chitinous elytra and larval stage of red pumpkin beetle are inside the soil, so it could not be observed. Among the different management tactics tested against red pumpkin beetle on bottle gourd, T6 (Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 0.4ml/l) followed by T1 (Beauveria bassiana @ 3g/l (1x108 CFU) were found more effective in suppressing red pumpkin beetle population under polyhouse and recorded with high yield of 380.30 q/ha and 373.60 q/ha, respectively in Hybrid-Kashi Bahar variety of bottle gourd. T5 (YBSE @ 5%) was found least effective and recorded with a low yield of 351.98 q/ha.ThesisItem Open Access POPULATION DYNAMICS AND MANAGEMENT OF MAJOR INSECT PESTS ON BLACK GRAM(Dr.RPCAU, Pusa, 2021) N, SRIKANTH; AHMAD, MD. ABBASA study was taken up on “Population dynamics and management of major insect pests on black gram” at Research Farm, Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi (Muzaffarpur) in summer, 2021. The black gram variety SML 613 was taken as a test variety for the research programme. The observations recorded showed up to six species as major pests in black gram. Whitefly was first seen starting at 11th standard week (1.02 whiteflies/ 5 plants) which increased slowly and attained maximum population (16.4 whiteflies/ 5 plants) during 18th standard week whereas the incidence of thrips on 14th standard week (2.40 thrips/ 5 inflorescences) followed by gram pod borer and bean bug during 15th standard week and green plant bug and pod bug started from 16th standard week and maximum numbers were found at 18th week in whitefly (16.40) and green plant bug (2.15) and 19th week in thrips(15.71), gram pod borer (12.07), pod bug (3.60) and bean bug (2.67) after which the population was observed to be decreasing up on crop maturity. The relative abundance of different pest species of black gram was found to as, whitefly dominant throughout the crop period which was observed starting early stages of crop growth which was followed by thrips and gram pod borer which were found to be dominating during flowering and pod formation stage later on which the dominance of pod sucking bugs viz., green plant bug, pod bug and bean bug were found dominating among the pest complex. All the major insect pests observed were positively correlated to maximum and minimum temperature with whitefly, thrips as well as gram pod borer were significantly positively correlated. Whereas Evening relative humidity was having a significant negative impact on all the major pests except pod bug and bean bug which were non-significant but negative. All treatments proved superior significantly with control to reduce whitefly, thrips and gram pod borer. It was ranging from 32.21 to 77.11 per cent, 32.44 to 81.54 per cent and 19.79 to 76.97 per cent reduction over control in whitefly, thrips and gram pod borer among different treatments among which diafenthiuron 50 WP @ 0.125% was recorded significantly superior over others in managing whitefly (77.11%), thrips (81.54%) and gram pod borer (76.97%). The lowest pod damage was observed in diafenthiuron 50 WP (3.16%) which was succeeded with imidacloprid 17.8 SL (4.28%) and maximum was found to be in seed treated with imidacloprid 70 WS. Highest seed yield (859 kg/ha) was recorded with diafenthiuron 50 WP which is statistically superior among all treatments with maximum returns benefited with a highest cost-benefit ratio of 4.92:1 which was in close range with thiamethoxam 25 WG with 4.78:1. The residues of imidacloprid 17.8 SL and thiamethoxam 25 WG quantified with HPLC showed LOQ of 0.05 mg kg-1. Henceforth, safe consumption of black gram seeds following good agricultural practices (GAP) was suggested with a PHI of 28 days.ThesisItem Open Access Population dynamics and management of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) on rabi maize(Dr.RPCAU, Pusa, 2021) M N, SHIVAKUMARA; Alam, TanweerThe studies on “Population dynamics and management of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) on rabi maize” was carried out under field conditions during Rabi 2020-21 at Agricultural Research Farm, Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi, Muzaffarpur, which is a sub-campus of Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar. The experimental outcome revealed that number of larval population and per cent leaf damage of fall armyworm was started from 3rd standard week of January to the third week of May. The peak activity of fall armyworm was observed in 12th SMW of March 2021 with mean larval population and per cent mean leaf damage of (4.8 larvae/plant) and (46.0% of per cent leaf damage/plant) respectively, with the corresponding maximum temperature (35.6 oC), minimum temperature (17.7 oC), R.H. (%) at 07 (85.4%) and 14 hrs (46.2%), and rainfall (0.0 mm). Efficacy of insecticides tested against fall armyworm, after three successive sprays, revealed that Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.4ml/l was found most effective insecticide, with lowest mean larval population of (0.40 larvae/plant), and damage severity of (1.67/ plant), with maximum grain yield of (7.59 t/ha), and highest benefit cost ratio of (4.60:1), followed by Emamectin benzoate 5SG@ 0.15g/l, Lambda-cyhalothrin 9.5% + Thiamethoxam 12.6% ZC@ 0.25ml/l, Lambda-cyhalothrin 5EC@ 1ml/l were found effective insecticides than Azadirachtin 0.15% EC (1500ppm)@ 5ml/l, and carbofuran 3G@ 0.50g/plant, Beauveria bassiana 2.5WP@ 2g/l were found least effective insecticides among all other treatments. The most common recorded predators during experiment were Coccinellids (Coccinella transversalis) with highest individual species (%) of (38.54%), followed by ants (Oecophylla smaragdina) (28.49%), earwigs (Doru luteipes and Forficula spp.and Euborellia annulipes) (21.51%), predatory stink bug (Eocanthecona furcellata) (6.98%), and assassin bug (Rhynocoris marginatus) (5.23%).ThesisItem Open Access Studies on life table and Efficacy of different edible/non edible oils against Callosobruchus chinensis L. on mung bean(DRPCAU, PUSA, 2021) C, RAVIVARMAN; Rai, A. K.The studies on life table and efficacy of different edible/non-edible oils against Callosobruchus chinensis L. on mung bean were conducted under laboratory conditions in the Department of Entomology, DRPCAU, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar during year 2021. The mean number of eggs laid per female were 52.05 eggs per 100 seeds. The net reproductive rate (11.84 females/female), mean length of generation (42.80 days), intrinsic rate of increase (0.0577 females/♀/day), finite rate of increase (λ) (1.060 females/♀/day), doubling time (11.896 days), weekly rate of increase (1.504 times) and hypothetical F2 females (140.18) were calculated in age specific life table of population concern. The k value (mortality) was observed in egg stage (0.0862) followed by larval (0.075) and pupal (0.068) period. The K value (mortality) was 0.2291 in stage specific life table. The maximum size was measured in chickpea 58.22 mm2 that had grain damage and weight loss percentage as 33.80 and 38.87, respectively. The size of pigeonpea was measured as 34.84 mm2 with its grain damage and weight loss percentage was 42.00 and 35.86, respectively. Size of the pea grain was measured as 48.39 mm2 that was having the grain damage and weight loss as 59.80 and 46.24 per cent, respectively. The lentil was having lowest grain size as 12.22 mm2 with its grain damage and weight loss as 4.40 and 3.38 per cent, respectively. The oils based on LC50 were arranged as sunflower oil > sesame oil > castor oil > neem oil > karanj oil > groundnut oil > mustard oil > turmeric leaf oil. The oils based on toxicity were arranged as turmeric leaf oil > mustard oil > groundnut oil > karanj oil > neem oil > castor oil > sesame oil > sunflower oil. The oils based on oviposition inhibition were arranged as turmeric leaf oil > karanj oil > sunflower oil > neem oil > groundnut oil > castor oil > mustard oil > sesame oil. The data of age and stage specific life table will be useful for efficient management of C. chinensis on mung bean as it gives precise time of infestation. The data of toxicity could be utilized for different degree of infestation caused by C. chinensis on pulses.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON BROOD SURVIVAL RATE AND FORAGING BEHAVIOUR OF APIS MELLIFERA L. ON MUSTARD(DRPCAU, PUSA, 2021) GHOSH, SAIKAT; Kumar, NagendraThe experiment on “Studies on brood survival rate and foraging behaviour of Apis mellifera L. on mustard” were carried out at University Apiary, RPCAU, Pusa during the rabi 2020-21. Objectives of this experiment were to determine the brood survival rate in the existing A. mellifera population, study the impact of brood survival rate on behavioural, economic and resistant traits of A. mellifera and to study the foraging behaviour of A. mellifera L. on mustard. The obtained results showed that out of 10 colonies used for research 1 colony showed low brood survival rate, 3 colonies witnessed medium brood survival rate and 6 colonies showed high brood survival rate. Excellent, medium and poor brood pattern was found in 7, 2 and 1 colonies respectively in the experiment on scattered brood pattern. The obtained data on bee activity showed that colony no. 9 having lowest number of outgoing bees with average 9 bees / minute. Highest outgoing bees were recorded in colony no. 3 with average 12.11 bees / minute. In case of incoming bees colony no. 5 having the highest value with average 11.78 incoming bee and colony number 9 having the less value with average 8.56 of bees came back to the hive. Total honey content was maximum in colony no. 5 with 394.94 g and lowest in colony no. 9 having only 249.86 g of honey. For pollen content the same trend was followed as colony no. 5 having maximum area of pollen of 36.13 cm2 and lowest in colony no. 9 with total area of 25.16 cm2 pollen. The obtained results of hygienic behaviour showed that colony no. 3 having 100 per cent efficiency while colony no. 9 having lowest efficiency of 76%. The duration of foraging of Apis mellifera was experimented out and it was noticed that the mean time of initiation time of foraging was at 7:28 am and mean cessation time of foraging time was 16.45 pm. The mean duration of foraging was 9.17 hours for all 10 colonies. It was noticed that duration of foraging kept increasing as the blooming period progressed. The foraging rate of A. mellifera was also calculated during different day hours and the studies shows that mean rate of foraging was highest during 15:00 hours of the day which was 19 flowers/ min while the lowest foraging rate was 0.24 flowers/ min during 07:00 hours. Foraging speed of A. mellifera was maximum during 09:00 hours of the day which was 2.94 sec/ flower and on the other side the lowest value was 1.13 sec/ flower obtained during 07:00 hours of the day. Population dynamics of A. mellifera on mustard bloom was recorded during the whole flowering period and it was correlated with average minimum temperature, average maximum temperature, average temperature, average relative humidity (RH) at morning hours, average RH at evening hour, average RH and with total rainfall, the obtained results showed that average maximum temperature(ºC) and average temperature(ºC) showed positive and strong correlation with significant effect while average minimum temperature(ºC) showed positive correlation with significant effect on bee population( r = 0.93**, 0.94** and 0.76*) On the other side average morning relative humidity(%) and average relative humidity(%) showed negative correlation with significant effect while average evening humidity showed negative but nonsignificant effect on bee population on mustard bloom( r= -0.70*, . -0.64* and -0.18). There was no rainfall was recorded during the whole experiment so no correlation was found between total rainfall (mm) and bee population. However all the weather parameters influenced 86 % bee population (R2 = 0.86).
