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Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa
In the imperial Gazetteer of India 1878, Pusa was recorded as a government estate of about 1350 acres in Darbhanba. It was acquired by East India Company for running a stud farm to supply better breed of horses mainly for the army. Frequent incidence of glanders disease (swelling of glands), mostly affecting the valuable imported bloodstock made the civil veterinary department to shift the entire stock out of Pusa. A British tobacco concern Beg Sutherland & co. got the estate on lease but it also left in 1897 abandoning the government estate of Pusa.
Lord Mayo, The Viceroy and Governor General, had been repeatedly trying to get through his proposal for setting up a directorate general of Agriculture that would take care of the soil and its productivity, formulate newer techniques of cultivation, improve the quality of seeds and livestock and also arrange for imparting agricultural education. The government of India had invited a British expert. Dr. J. A. Voelcker who had submitted as report on the development of Indian agriculture. As a follow-up action, three experts in different fields were appointed for the first time during 1885 to 1895 namely, agricultural chemist (Dr. J. W. Leafer), cryptogamic botanist (Dr. R. A. Butler) and entomologist (Dr. H. Maxwell Lefroy) with headquarters at Dehradun (U.P.) in the forest Research Institute complex.
Surprisingly, until now Pusa, which was destined to become the centre of agricultural revolution in the country, was lying as before an abandoned government estate. In 1898. Lord Curzon took over as the viceroy. A widely traveled person and an administrator, he salvaged out the earlier proposal and got London’s approval for the appointment of the inspector General of Agriculture to which the first incumbent Mr. J. Mollison (Dy. Director of Agriculture, Bombay) joined in 1901 with headquarters at Nagpur
The then government of Bengal had mooted in 1902 a proposal to the centre for setting up a model cattle farm for improving the dilapidated condition of the livestock at Pusa estate where plenty of land, water and feed would be available, and with Mr. Mollison’s support this was accepted in principle. Around Pusa, there were many British planters and also an indigo research centre Dalsing Sarai (near Pusa). Mr. Mollison’s visits to this mini British kingdom and his strong recommendations. In favour of Pusa as the most ideal place for the Bengal government project obviously caught the attention for the viceroy.
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ThesisItem Open Access Nutrient and weed management for improving productivity of aromatic rice(DRPCAU, Pusa, Samastipur, 2018) Kumari, Shashimala; Nandan, RaviA field experiment was planned and conducted during kharif season of 2017 at the research farm of RPCAU, Pusa, Samastipur (Bihar) to investigate the “Nutrient and weed management for improving productivity of aromatic rice’’. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design and was replicated thrice. The treatments comprised three nutrient levels viz. (i) 100% RDF (120-60-40 NPK kg/ha) (ii) 75% RDF+ FYM 5t/ha (iii) 50% RDF + FYM 10t/ha in main - plot and six weed control treatments viz. (i) Brown manuring (ii) Bispyribac-sodium@ 25g/ha (iii) Chlorimuron ethyl+Metsulfuron methyl (Almix) @ 4g/ha at 20 DAT (iv) Pyrazosulfuron @ 25g/ha PoE (v) Weed free and (vi) Weedy check in sub-plot. Rice variety Rajendra Bhagwati was transplanted on 21.07.2017. Treatment N1(100% RDF 120-60-40 NPK kg/ha) recorded maximum in growth, yield attributes and grain yield. And among weed management practices, treatment W5 (weed free) recorded the maximum value at all the growth stages and yield attributes as well as grain yield of rice. Weed population and weed dry matter were found maximum in N3 (50% RDF+ FYM 10t/ha). Among the weed management practices, minimum values were recorded in W5 (weed free). Weed control efficiency and weed index was maximum in W5 (weed free) and W6 (weedy check) respectively. Maximum net returns, gross returns and B: C ratio were recorded in N1 (100% RDF 120-60-40NPK kg/ha) under nutrient management practices. And among weed management practices, maximum value of net returns and B: C ratio were recorded under W2 (Bispyribac-sodium @ 25g/ha). However, a maximum gross return was obtained in W5 (weed free). Thus it may be summed up that the nutrient level 100% RDF (120-60-40 NPK kg/ha) is superior to 75% RDF+ FYM 5t/ha and 50% RDF + FYM 10t/ha. Secondly, high cost involved in manual weeding makes herbicidal treatments more viable proposition. Bispyribac-sodium @ 25g/ha is most effective herbicidal treatments for transplanted aromatic rice.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of summer legumes on growth and yield of succeeding direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) under different nitrogen levels(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, 2018) Choubey, Anup Kumar; Sinha, K. K.A field experiment was carried out during the two consecutive kharif season of 2014 and 2015 at research farm of Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi of Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar to study the effect of summer legumes on growth and yield of succeeding direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) under different nitrogen levels. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design and replicated thrice. The treatments consisted of three summer legumes viz. dhaincha, mungbean, urdbean and summer fallow was kept in main plot and four nitrogen levels viz. 0% RDN (recommended dose of nitrogen), 50% RDN, 100% RDN and 150% RDN in sub-plot. All the treatments received an uniform application of 60 kg P2O5, 40 kg K2O and 25 kg ZnSO4 per hectare as basal dressing. Nitrogen was applied in three equal splits i.e. 1/3rd as basal, 1/3rd at the active tillering stage and rest 1/3rd at panicle initiation stage. The crop was sown in rows 20 cm apart using the seed rate of 30 kg/ha. The soil of the experimentation plot was sandy loam in texture and low in OC, available Nitrogen, Potassium and medium Phosphorus. Rice crop sown after incorporation of summer legumes significantly influenced the growth, yield attributes and yield during both the years. Significantly higher plant height (85.15 & 86.03 cm), number of tillers (291.25 and 302.50 m-2), dry matter production (872.19 and 891.36 g m-2) and leaf area index (4.00 and 4.14) were recorded when crop was sown after incorporation of dhaincha than summer fallow. Rice crop was sown after incorporation of dhaincha recorded maximum number of panicles (275.00 and 285.12 m-2), panicle length, number of spikelets/panicle, number of fertile spikelets/panicle being at par with preceding mungbean and both recorded significantly higher value over summer fallow. The crop sown after incorporation of dhaincha produced significantly higher grain yield (38.74 & 39.59 q ha-1) than mungbean, urdbean and summer fallow. Nutrient uptake, net return (`32813 & 38960 ha-1) and B: C ratio (1.10 & 1.36) of rice were also highest in dhaincha incorporated plot which was significantly higher over mungbean, urdbean and summer fallow. Similarly, incorporation of mungbean and urdbean statistically at par in respect to yield indices, grain yield, net return and B: C ratio and both recorded significantly higher values than summer fallow. Application of 100% RDN in dhaincha incorporated plot recorded significantly higher grain yield, net return and B: C ratio than the application of 150% RDN in rice followed by urdbean and summer fallow. Application of 150 per cent recommended dose of nitrogen registered maximum plant height (87.90 and 88.88 cm), number of tillers (309.58 and 318.33 m-2), dry matter production (877.78 and 896.95 g m-2) and leaf area index (4.20 and 4.37) which was statistically at par with 100% RDN and booth significantly scored over 50% RDN and control. The maximum yield attributing parameters, grain yield (40.07 & 41.46 q ha-1), net return (` 34259 & 39880 ha-1) and B: C ratio (1.12 & 1.35) were also recorded at 150% RDN which was found at par with 100% RDN and both significantly scored over lower levels of nitrogen. The N, P and K uptake by rice increased significantly with increasing levels of nitrogen and recorded significantly higher uptake at 150% RDN than lower levels of nitrogen.ThesisItem Open Access Study on growth and yield of soybean [Glycine max (L.)] under nutrient and weed management(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, 2018) Raj, Rakesh Kumar; Sinha, K. K.A field experiment was planned and conducted during kharif season of 2016 at Tirhut College of Agriculture, farm Dholi, (Muzaffarpur) to study on growth and yield of soybean [Glycine max (L.)] under nutrient and weed management. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with 20 treatment combinations of five nutrient levels [Control (F1), RDF- N: P2O5: K2O (30: 60: 40 Kg/ha) (F2), 50% RDF + FYM @ 5 t/ha (F3), 50% RDF + VC @ 2.5 t/ha (F4) and 50% RDF + FYM @ 2.5 t/ha + VC @ 1.25 t/ha (F5)] in main plots and four weed management practices [Control (W1), Hand weeding twice at 25 and 45 DAS (W2), Pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg/ha as PE + one hand weeding at 40 DAS (W3), Pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg/ha as PE and Imazethapyr @ 55 g/ha as PoE at 25 DAS (W4)] in sub-plots with three replication. The crop variety JS-335 was sown on 3.07.2016 and harvesting was done on 15.10.2016. Observations on various growth parameters, yield attributes and yield were recorded. Studies on weed count, weed dry matter accumulation, weed control efficiency and weed index were made and finally the economics of different treatments were worked out. Nutrient levels significantly influenced all the growth parameter, yield attributes and yield of soybean. Plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area index and dry matter accumulation per plant were recorded to have significantly higher values with the application of 50% RDF + FYM @ 2.5 t/ha + VC @ 1.25 t/ha and 50% RDF +FYM @ 5 t/ha. Likewise application of 50 % RDF + FYM @ 2.5 t/ha + VC @ 1.25 t/ha and 50% RDF + FYM @ 5 t/ha was the best to get the maximum yield attributes and grain and straw yield of soybean crop. Hand weeding twice at 25 and 45 DAS and pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.i/ha + one hand weeding at 40 DAS increased all the growth parameters, yield attributes and yield over rest of treatments. Grain yield of soybean obtained under 50% RDF + FYM @ 2.5 t/ha + VC @ 1.25 t/ha (16.94 q/ha) and 50% RDF + FYM @ 5 t/ha (16.28 q/ha) exhibited almost equal productivity and proved significantly superior over 50% RDF + VC @ 2.5 t/ha (15.50 q/ha), RDF- N: P2O5: K2O (30: 60: 40 Kg/ha) (13.86 q/ha) and control (9.44 q/ha). Crop response to weed management was also significant. Hand weeding twice at 25 and 45 DAS recorded maximum grain yield (16.71 q/ha) being statistically at par with pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg/ha as PE + one hand weeding at 40 DAS (16.26 q/ha) and pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg/ha as PE and Imazethapyr @ 55 g/ha as PoE at 25 DAS (15.86 q/ha) all of these were significantly superior to control (8.79 q/ha). Gross return was significantly higher under 50 % RDF + FYM @ 2.5 t/ha + VC @ 1.25 t/ha ( 67880/ha) and 50% RDF + FYM @ 5 t/ha ( 65213/ha) where as application of 50% RDF + FYM @ 5 t/ha recorded maximum net return and benefit : cost ratio ( 40225 and 1.60, respectively) being statistically at par with 50 % RDF + FYM @ 2.5 t/ha + VC @ 1.25 t/ha ( 39641 and 1.41, respectively) and both exhibited their significant superiority over the remaining treatments. Gross return and net return was significantly higher under hand weeding twice at 25 and 45 DAS ( 66932 and 36573, respectively), pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.i/ha + one hand weeding at 40 DAS ( 65190 and 38071, respectively) and pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg/ha as PE and Imazethapyr @ 55 g/ha as PoE at 25 DAS ( 63576 and 39870) where as benefit-cost ratio (1.70) was higher under pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg/ha as PE and Imazethapyr @ 55 g/ha as PoE at 25 DAS.ThesisItem Open Access Integrated Weed Management in Dry Direct Seeded Rice (Oryza sativa L.)(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, 2018) Bhargaw, Piyush Kumar; Roy, D. K.A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2017 at the research farm of Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar to study the“Integrated Weed Management in Dry Direct Seeded Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design having 10 treatments. T1 -Pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha at 0-2 DAS fb Bispyribac-Na @ 25 g/ha at 20 DAS, T2 - Pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha at 0-2 DAS fb two hand weedings at 20 & 40 DAS, T3 - Stale seedbed using Glyphosate @ 1 kg/ha at 10 DBS fb Bispyribac-Na @ 25 g/ha at 20 DAS, T4 - Stale seedbed using Glyphosate @ 1 kg/ha at 10 DBS fb Pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha at 0-2 DAS fb Bispyribac Na @ 25 g/ha at 20 DAS, T5 - Mulch @ 5 t/ha (By wheat straw) fb Bispyribac-Na @ 25 g/ha at 20 DAS fb one hand weeding at 40 DAS, T6 - Stale seedbed using Glyphosate @ 1 kg/ha at 10 DBS fb Mulch @ 5 t/ha (By wheat straw) fb Bispyribac-Na @ 25 g/ha at 20 DAS, T7 - Pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha at 0-2 DAS &Sesbania co-culture fb 2,4-D Na salt @ 0.5 kg/ha at 20 DAS fb one hand weeding at 40 DAS, T8 - Pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha at 0-2 DAS fb 2,4-D Na salt @ 0.5 kg/ha at 20 DAS fb one hand weeding at 40 DAS, T9 - Weed free (By hand weedings at 20, 40 & 60 DAS) and T10 - Weedy check with three replications. The rice variety used was Rajendra Bhagwati. All the weed management practices both hand weeding or herbicidal treatments had reflective effect on growth and yield attributes as well as the ultimate yield as reflected in their superiority over the weedy check. Hand weedings at 20, 40 and 60 DAS was found significantly superior over all the integrated weed management practices. Amongst herbicidal treatments Pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha at 0-2 DAS fb two hand weedings at 20 and 40 DAS was superior to rest of herbicidal treatments which wasstatistically at par with treatment Stale seedbed using Glyphosate @ 1 kg/ha at 10 DBS fb Pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha at 0-2 DAS fb Bispyribac Na @ 25 g/ha at 20 DAS,Mulch @ 5 t/ha (By wheat straw) fb Bispyribac-Na @ 25 g/ha at 20 DAS fb one hand weeding at 40 DAS and Pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha at 0-2 DAS fb 2,4-D Na salt @ 0.5 kg/ha at 20 DAS fb one hand weeding at 40 DAS, recorded top advert in almost all the crop growth stages and yield attributing characters and also in the yield of grain. The results affecting to weed population, weed dry weight and nutrient uptake by crop and weeds separately were a close consideration of growth and yield pattern whereas hand weeding which was significantly superior to all the treatments. Amongst herbicidal treatments, Pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha at 0-2 DAS fb two hand weedings at 20 & 40 DAS was superior to rest of all herbicidal treatments. The highest weed control efficiency (76.26%) and the lowest weed index (3.71%) was found significantly superior in treatment Pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha at 0-2 DAS fb two hand weedings at 20 & 40 DAS. Protein content in grain was similar in all the treatments except the weedy check in which it was significantly lower. The most evident part of the results rested in its economic studies, where in all the herbicidal treatments either pre-emergence applications or combination of pre and post emergence applications got higher net return and scored better B:C ratio. Pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha at 0-2 DAS fb 2,4-D Na salt @ 0.5 kg/ha at 20 DAS fb one hand weeding at 40 DAS (`32,244/ha) retained the highest net return which was statistically at par with Pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha at 0-2 DAS fb two hand weedings at 20 and 40 DAS (`31,997/ha), Weed free (`31,080/ha), Stale seedbed using Glyphosate @ 1 kg/ha at 10 DBS fb Pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha at 0-2 DAS fb Bispyribac Na @ 25 g/ha at 20 DAS (`30,482/ha) and Pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha at 0-2 DAS fb Bispyribac-Na @ 25 g/ha at 20 DAS (`30,229/ha). As against these treatments, the net return realized by weedy check was lowest (`12,777/ha). The B:C ratio further broadened the gap between manual weeding and herbicidal applications. The highest B:C ratio of 1.0 was recorded from pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha at 0-2 DAS fb Bispyribac-Na @ 25 g/ha at 20 DAS which was statistically at par with Pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha at 0-2 DAS fb 2,4-D Na salt @ 0.5 kg/ha at 20 DAS fb one hand weeding at 40 DAS (0.97), Stale seedbed using Glyphosate @ 1 kg/ha at 10 DBS fb Pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha at 0-2 DAS fb Bispyribac Na @ 25 g/ha at 20 DAS (0.94) and stale seedbed using Glyphosate @ 1 kg/ha at 10 DBS fb Bispyribac-Na @ 25 g/ha at 20 DAS (0.90).ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Irrigation Management and Crop Establishment Methods on Performance of rice(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, 2018) Shabana; Kumar, VinodA field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2017 in split plot design with three replications at Crop Research Centre, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Bihar to investigate the “Effect of irrigation management and crop establishment methods on performance of rice”. The treatments consisted of three irrigation management i.e. I1-Continuous submergence throughout crop growth, I2-Saturation maintenance upto PI and (5±2cm) after PI and I3- Alternate wetting and drying (5 cm irrigation at 3 DADPW) upto PI and (5±2cm) after PI and four methods of establishment i.e. E1- Normal transplanting, E2- Direct wet seeding on puddled soil, E3- Direct dry seeding and E4- Broadcasting on un-puddled soil. The test cultivar was Abhishek. The soil of experimental plot was sandy loam in texture, alkaline in reaction (pH-8.5), low in available N (154 kg/ha), P2O5 (19.21 kg/ha) and K2O (121.00 kg/ha). The result showed that growth and yield attributes like plant height, number of tillers/m2, LAI, dry matter production (g/m2), crop growth rate (g/m2/day), number of panicles/m2, panicle length, number of grains/panicle, test weight, grain and straw yields, harvest index, total K uptake by crop, water productivity, gross returns, net returns and B: C ratio were not influenced by irrigation management but N and P uptake by the crop were maximum with I1 which was significantly superior to I3 while water use efficiency was found to be maximum with I3 and was significantly superior to I1, which was statistically at par with I2. Growth and yield attributes like plant height and number of tillers/m2 at 60, 90 DAS and at harvest, LAI at 60 & 90 DAS, dry matter production at 60, 90 DAS and at harvest, crop growth rate at 30-60, 60-90 DAS and 90 DAS-at harvest, number of panicles/m2, panicle length, number of grains/panicle, grain yield, straw yield, N, P and K uptake by crop, WUE, water productivity, gross returns and net returns were recorded maximum with E1 treatment of crop establishment methods which was significantly superior to E2, E3 and E4 except number of tillers/m2 at 60, 90 DAS and at harvest and number of panicles /m2 were statistically at par with E2 treatment and E3 while straw yield was statistically at par with E2 treatment only. Plant height at 30 DAS, number of tillers/m2 at 30 DAS, dry matter production at 30 DAS, crop growth rate at 0-30 DAS, test weight, harvest index, B: C ratio were not influenced significantly due to different crop establishment methods.ThesisItem Open Access Integrated nutrient and weed management on growth, yield and quality of aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.)(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, 2018) Kumari, Pooja; Roy, D. K.A field experiment entitled “Integrated nutrient and weed management on growth, yield and quality of aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.)” was carried out at Crop Research Centre of Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar (India) during kharif seasons of 2016 and 2017 to evaluate the effect of integrated nutrient and weed management practices on growth, yield, weed dynamics, quality and economics of aromatic rice. The soil of the experimental field was clay loam with alkaline reaction, normal EC, low organic carbon, available Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium. The experiment was carried out in split plot design with three replications. The two factors under study comprised of integrated nutrient management in Main plots i.e. N0-Control, N1-50% RDN through inorganic source + 50% RDN through vermicompost, N2-75% RDN through inorganic source + 25% RDN through vermicompost and N3-100% RDN through inorganic source and integrated weed management in Sub-plots consists of W1 – Pretilachlor 1.5 kg/ha (P.E.) + Bispyribac sodium 20 g/ha at 20 DAT, W2 – Pretilachlor 1.5 kg/ha (P.E.) + 1 HW at 20 DAT, W3 - Weed free (2 HW at 20 & 40 DAT) and W4-Weedy check. The rice variety used was Rajendra Bhagawati and recommended fertilizer dose was 120-60-40 kg/ha N-P-K, respectively. Other crop management practices were performed as per standard package of practices. Growth parameters viz. plant height, number of tillers, dry matter production and crop growth rate were recorded at different crop growth stages. Likewise, yield and yield attributes (number of panicles/m2, panicle length, No. of grains /panicle, test weight, grain yield, straw yield and harvest index) were recorded at harvest. Weed parameters (weed population/m2, weed dry weight, weed control efficiency and weed index), physico- chemical properties (initial and post-harvest Soil pH, EC, organic carbon, available N, P and K in soil, N, P, K and Zn content and uptake by crop and weeds), various qualitative indices viz. protein content, hulling %, milling %, head rice recovery, kernel length, kernel breadth and shape index before and after cooking, kernel elongation ratio, kernel elongation index, volume elongation ratio and economics (cost of cultivation, gross returns, net returns and Benefit-Cost ratio) were also worked out. The data on various aspects in this study on response of rice to different integrated nutrient and weed management practices were analyzed through standard statistical methods and logical conclusions were drawn. Among different nutrient and weed management practices, higher growth parameters, yield attributes, yield, nutrient uptake by crop and lowest weed parameters except weed control efficiencywere found in 50 % RDN through inorganic + 50% RDN through vermicompost in integrated nutrient management and weed free (2 HW at 20 & 40 DAT) under integrated weed management practices . No significant variation was observed with different nutrient and weed management practices in case of crop growth rate at harvest, length of panicle, test weight, harvest index, nutrient content in crop & weeds and quality parameters of crop during both the years of study and in pooled mean. The highest gross returns was found in 50% RDN through inorganic source + 50% RDN through vermicompost in integrated nutrient management and in weed free (2 HW at 20 & 40 DAT) under integrated weed management practices. However, the highest net returns and B: C ratio was found in 100% RDN through inorganic source which was statistically at par with 75 % RDN through inorganic source + 25 % RDN through vermicompost only and was found significantly superior over 50% RDN through inorganic source + 50% RDN through vermicompost and control in integrated nutrient management and under integrated weed management practices,the highest net returns and B: C ratio was found inPretilachlor 1.5 kg/ha (P.E.) + Bispyribac sodium 20 g/ha at 20 DAT which was statistically at par withPretilachlor 1.5 kg/ha (P.E.) + 1 HW at 20 DAT and weed free (2 HW at 20 & 40 DAT).ThesisItem Open Access Effect of plant geometry and weed management on weed dynamics and yield of summer mungbean (Vigna radiata L.)(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2018) Kumar, Randhir; pandey, I. B.A field experiment was conducted during summer season of 2017 at research farm of Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi (Muzaffarpur) to study the “Effect of plant geometry and weed management on weed dynamics and yield of summer mungbean (Vigna radiata L.)”. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design and replicated thrice. The treatment comprised, three plant geometry i.e.,20 x 10 cm, 25 x 10 cm and 30 x 10 cm and five weed management practices i.e.,weedy check, hand weeding at 15 and 30 DAS, Pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha (pre-emergence), Quizalofop-ethyl 60 g/ha at 15 DAS and Imazethapyr 60 g/ha at 15 DAS. Significantly higher plant height and crop growth rate were recorded at closer row spacing of 20 × 10 cm than wider row spacing at harvest. However, higher dry matter accumulation/plant, number and dry weight of nodules per plant and number of pods/plant were significantly higher at wider row spacing of 30 × 10 cmover closer row spacings. Number of pods per plant, pod length and test weight were not significantly influenced by plant geometry. Among weed management practices, hand weeding twice recorded significantly higher plant height, dry matter production/plant, crop growth rate, number and dry weight of nodules/plant, pod/plant, grains/pod and pod length than Quizalofop-ethyl and Pendimethalin Closer row spacing of 20 × 10 cm recorded significantly higher grain yield but was found at par with row spacing of 25 × 10 cm and significantly higher over wider row spacing of 30 × 10 cm. Similarly closer row spacing of 20 × 10 cm also recorded significantly higher straw yield than wider row spacings. Hand weeding twice although produced higher grain yield but was at par with Imazethaypr and significantly surpassed over Quizalofop-ethyl and Pendimethalin. Harvest index was unaffected by plant geometry and weed management practices. Closer row spacing reduced weed count and weed dry biomass than wider row spacing but could not reach to the level of significance. Imazethaypr was found equally effective for reducing the weed count and weed density than hand weeding twice closely follwed by Quizalofop-ethyl. Significantly higher NPK-uptake by the crop and lower NPK-depletion by weeds were recorded under closer row spacing of 20 × 10 cm than wider row spacings. Similarly, hand weeding twice recoded significantly higher NPK uptake by crop and lowered NPK-depletion by weeds than chemical weeding except K- uptake.Protein content in grain was not significantly influenced by planting geometry and weed management practices. Closer row spacing of 20 × 10 cm recorded significantly higher gross returns, net returns and B: C ratio than wider row spacing of 25 × 10 cm and 30 × 10 cm. Among the weed management practices, hand weeding twice recorded significantly higher gross returns while the highest net return and B: C ratio were associated with Imazethapyr.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of organic and inorganic source of nutrients on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2018) Pandit, Ashok; Dwivedi, D. K.A field experiment was conducted during the Rabi season of year 2017-18 on potato with variety Kufri Ashoka to test the RDF levels (0, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150%) with two organic manures (vermicompost 5 t/ha and mustard oil cake 2.5 t/ha) at Research farm of Tirhut college of Agriculture Dholi, Muzaffarpur Bihar. The soil of experimental plot was Entisol, sandy loam in texture under low available in N, P and K with pH 8.3. the experiment was carried out in randomized block design (RBD) and replicated thrice. All growth and yield parameter like per cent emergence, plant height, number of shoots per plant, number of leaves per plant, dry matter accumulation, bulking rate of tubers, yield attributes and yield were significantly influenced by the levels of RDF along with combination of vermicompost and mustard oil cake. Among all treatments, treatment T11 - 150% RDF + 5.0 t/ha vermicompost recorded higher growth, yield attributes, tuber yield, N, P and K content, total uptake of nutrients by crop, available N, P2O5 and K2O, organic carbon, organic matter content and economic returns which was significantly superior than T1 - absolute control, T2 - 100% RDF, T3 - 50% RDF + 5.0 t/ha vermicompost , T4- 50% RDF + 2.5 t/ha mustard oil cake, T5 - 75% RDF + 5.0 t/ha vermicompost and T6 - 75% RDF + 2.5 t/ha mustard oil cake was T7 - 100% RDF + 5.0 t/ha vermicompost, T8 - 100% RDF + 2.5 t/ha mustard oil cake, T9 - 125% RDF + 5.0 t/ha vermicompost, T10 -125% RDF + 2.5 t/ha mustard oil cake and T12 - 150% RDF + 2.5 t/ha mustard oil cake. Significantly higher gross return and net returns was obtained under treatment T11 - 150% RDF + 5.0 t/ha vermicompost and was at par with treatments, T7, T8, T9, T10, T12. .However maximum B: C ratio was obtained under treatment T2 - 100% RDF alone. This was due to lower cost of inorganic RDF treatments as compared to integrated nutrients application.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of fertilizer levels and weed management practices on growth and yield of hybrid rice(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2018) Nagarjuna, Polagani; Singh, R. S.A field experiment entitled “Effect of fertilizer levels and weed management practices on growth and yield of hybrid rice” was conducted during the kharif season of 2017 at the Research Farm, TCA, Dholi, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur (BIHAR). The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with twelve treatments. The main plot comprised four different weed management practices i.e. W1 (Bispyribac-sodium @ 25 g/ha at 20 DAT), W2 (Bispyribac-sodium @ 25 g/ha + Pyrazosulfuron @ 25 g/ha at 20 DAT), W3 (Hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAT) and W4 (Weedy check), and under the sub-plot there were three fertilizer levels i.e. F1 (100 % RDF), F2 (125 % RDF) and F3 (150 % RDF), which were replicated thrice. Rice hybrid “ARIZE-6444” was taken as the test variety. The soil of the experimental plot was sandy loam in texture with pH 8.2, EC 0.56 dsm-1, low in organic carbon (0.39 %), available nitrogen (207.3 kg/ha), phosphorus (16.5 kg/ha) and potassium (132.8 kg/ha). The results showed that growth parameters i.e. plant height (112.78 cm), number of tillers/m2 (317.22), plant dry matter (1291.80 g/m2), and crop growth rate (3.45, 15.15, 18.19, 6.27 g/m2/day from 0-30 DAT to 90 DAT-at harvest) and yield parameters i.e. number of panicle (213.05/m2), length of panicle (29.30 cm), number of spikelets/panicle (224.16) and test weight (22.82 g) recorded highest with W3which was found statistically at par with W2 and significantly superior over rest of the treatments. Among fertilizer levels, growth parameters i.e. plant height (112.67 cm), number of tillers/m2 (315.83), plant dry matter (1180.49 g/m2) and crop growth rate (3.10 and 14.80 g/m2/day from 0-30 DAT to 30-60 DAT) and yield parameters i.e. number of panicle (208.33/m2), length of panicle (28.91 cm), number of spikelets/panicle (229.52) and test weight (22.77 g) highest were recorded with F3 which was found statistically at par with F2 and significantly superior over F1. Weed control efficiency was significantly influenced by different weed management practices, the maximum WCE was recorded with W3 (71.32 % at harvest) which was significantly superior over W2 (59.66 % at harvest) and W1 (38.50 % at harvest). Nutrient uptake by crop was recorded highest under W3 (152.85: 45.79: 187.13 - N: P: K kg/ha) in case of main plot and F3 (130.52: 40.40: 164.49 – N: P: K kg/ha) in case of sub-plot, and nutrient removal by weeds, were observed highest under weedy check (23.55: 10.61: 34.02 kg/ha - N: P: K kg/ha) in case of main plot and F3 (10.65: 4.84: 15.59 kg/ha - N: P: K kg/ha) in case of sub-plot. Grain yield (62.35 q/ha) and straw yield (88.00 q/ha)) were significantly higher under W3 as compared to W1 and W4 but it was found at par with W2 (60.23 q/ha), (85.03 q/ha), respectively. Among fertilizer levels, under F3, grain (55.73 q/ha) and straw yield (78.36 q/ha) recorded were significantly superior over F1 level but was found statistically at par with F2 (53.21 q/ha) and (75.19 q/ha), respectively. Net returns were recorded highest with W2 (76,292 Rs/ha) which was significantly superior over W3 (70,087 Rs/ha), W1 (58,591 Rs/ha) and weedy check (28,054 Rs/ha). Among different fertilizer level treatments, maximum net returns were found under F3 (64,512 Rs/ha) as compared to F2 (61,120 Rs/ha) and F1 (49,136 Rs/ha) but it was statistically at par with F2. Among different weed management practices, the highest B: C ratio was found with W2 (1.98) and it was superior over W1 (1.56), W3 (1.44) & W4 (0.77). Among fertilizer levels, B: C ratio was recorded highest with F3 (1.54) but it was found statistically at par with F2 (1.51) and both the fertilizer levels (F2& F3) showed significantly higher value of B: C ratio than F1 (1.26).