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Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa
In the imperial Gazetteer of India 1878, Pusa was recorded as a government estate of about 1350 acres in Darbhanba. It was acquired by East India Company for running a stud farm to supply better breed of horses mainly for the army. Frequent incidence of glanders disease (swelling of glands), mostly affecting the valuable imported bloodstock made the civil veterinary department to shift the entire stock out of Pusa. A British tobacco concern Beg Sutherland & co. got the estate on lease but it also left in 1897 abandoning the government estate of Pusa.
Lord Mayo, The Viceroy and Governor General, had been repeatedly trying to get through his proposal for setting up a directorate general of Agriculture that would take care of the soil and its productivity, formulate newer techniques of cultivation, improve the quality of seeds and livestock and also arrange for imparting agricultural education. The government of India had invited a British expert. Dr. J. A. Voelcker who had submitted as report on the development of Indian agriculture. As a follow-up action, three experts in different fields were appointed for the first time during 1885 to 1895 namely, agricultural chemist (Dr. J. W. Leafer), cryptogamic botanist (Dr. R. A. Butler) and entomologist (Dr. H. Maxwell Lefroy) with headquarters at Dehradun (U.P.) in the forest Research Institute complex.
Surprisingly, until now Pusa, which was destined to become the centre of agricultural revolution in the country, was lying as before an abandoned government estate. In 1898. Lord Curzon took over as the viceroy. A widely traveled person and an administrator, he salvaged out the earlier proposal and got London’s approval for the appointment of the inspector General of Agriculture to which the first incumbent Mr. J. Mollison (Dy. Director of Agriculture, Bombay) joined in 1901 with headquarters at Nagpur
The then government of Bengal had mooted in 1902 a proposal to the centre for setting up a model cattle farm for improving the dilapidated condition of the livestock at Pusa estate where plenty of land, water and feed would be available, and with Mr. Mollison’s support this was accepted in principle. Around Pusa, there were many British planters and also an indigo research centre Dalsing Sarai (near Pusa). Mr. Mollison’s visits to this mini British kingdom and his strong recommendations. In favour of Pusa as the most ideal place for the Bengal government project obviously caught the attention for the viceroy.
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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of moisture regimes and weed management on direct seeded rice(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2017) Kumari, Alisha; Kumar, RajanA field experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) season of 2016 in split plot design with three replications at Crop Research centre, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Bihar to investigate the “Effect of moisture regimes and weed management on direct seeded rice”. The treatments consisted of three moisture regimes i.e. I1-Irrigation at 3 days disappearance of ponded water, I2-Irrigation at 5 days disappearance of ponded water and I3-Irrigation at 7 days disappearance of ponded water and 5 weed management treatments i.e. W1-Chlorimuron + Metsulfuron @ 20 + 4 g/ha at 15 DAS, W2-Pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha at 0-3 DAS fb Chlorimuron + Metsulfuron @ 20 + 4 g/ha at 15 DAS, W3-Pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha at 0-3 DAS fb Bispyribac sodium @ 30 g/ha at 20 DAS, W4-Weed free (20, 40 and 60 DAS) and W5-Weedy check. The test cultivar was Sugandh-5. The soil of experimental plot was sandy loam in texture, alkaline in reaction (pH 8.4), low in available N (152 kg/ha), P2O5 (19.23 kg/ha) and K2O (122 kg/ha). The result showed that growth and yield attributes like plant height, number of tillers/m2, LAI, dry matter production (g/m2), crop growth rate (g/m2/day), number of panicles/m2, number of spikelets/panicle, grain and straw yields, harvest index, K uptake by grain, total P uptake by crop, gross return and net return were found to be maximum and weed density and weed dry weight were minimum with I1 moisture regime which were significantly superior to I2 and I3 but panicle length, N and P uptake by rice grain, N, P and K uptake by straw, total N and K uptake by the crop, water productivity and B: C ratio were statistically at par with I2. Test weight, N, P and K content in grain and straw and WUE were not influenced by moisture regimes. Growth and yield attributes like plant height, number of tillers/m2, LAI, dry matter production, crop growth rate, number of panicles/m2, number of spikelets/panicle, grain yield, WUE and gross return were recorded maximum with W4 treatment of weed management which was significantly superior to W2, W1 and W5 but was statistically at par with W3 treatment while panicle length, straw yield, N, P and K uptake by rice grain and straw and total uptake by the crop were significantly superior to W1 and W5 and were comparable to W3 and W2 treatments. In case of Weed density, Weed dry weight and HI, W4 treatment was significantly superior to all the treatments. Test weight, N, P and K content in grain and straw did not vary significantly due to different weed management treatments. Maximum weed control efficiency and minimum weed index was observed with W3 among all the herbicidal treatments, though weed control efficiency was the highest with W4 treatment. Water productivity and net return were recorded maximum with W3 treatment which was significantly superior to W4 and W5 but was statistically at par with W2 and W1. B: C ratio was recorded maximum with W¬2 treatment which was significantly superior to W4 and W5 but was statistically at par with W3 and W1 treatments.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of weed management and nitrogen on weed dynamics and yield of rice under aerobic condition.(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2017) Nandan, Neha; Roy, D. K.A field experiment was undertaken during kharif of the year 2016 at the Research Farm of Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), Bihar to study the “Effect of weed management and nitrogen on weed dynamics and yield of rice under aerobic condition”. The experiment was conducted in split plot design having three levels of nitrogen in main plots (N1-120 kg N/ha, N2-140 kg N/ha and N3-160 kg N/ha,) and six weed management practices (W1- Pyrazosulfuron @ 25 g/ha (20 DAS), W2-Bispyribac sodium @ 25 g/ha (20 DAS), W3-Pyrazosulfuron @ 25g/ha + Bispyribac sodium @ 25g/ha (20 DAS), W4-Pendimethalin @ 1000g/ha (PE)+ W3 (20 DAS), W5-Weed free (2 Hand weeding at 20 & 40 DAS) and W6-Weedy check ) in sub plots, replicated thrice with Abhishek as the test variety. Higher level of nitrogen i.e. 160 kg/ha exhibited better expression in respect of growth and yield attributes than the other two levels and it was somehow also comparable to 140 kg N/ha in terms of yield attributes specially. The better performance in terms of growth and yield attributes were also further reflected correspondingly in grain and straw yields. The harvest index however did not show significant variation due to nitrogen treatments. All the weed management practices either herbicidal or manual weeding had profound effect on growth and yield attributes as well as the ultimate yield as reflected in their superiority over the weedy check. Amongst the three post-emergence applications of herbicides either alone or in combinations, combination of two herbicides i.e. Pyrazosulfuron @ 25 g/ha + Bispyribac sodium @ 25 g/ha (W3) was superior to their alone applications (W1& W2), which in turn performed better than these two. However, when these two post-emergence herbicidal combination were supplemented with pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin @ 1000 g/ha recorded top spot in almost all the growth and yield characters and also in the yields of grain and straw except 2 hand weeding (W5). However, the pre and post-emergence herbicidal combinations (W4) and the treatment of two hand weeding did not differ significantly in these respects. The results pertaining to weed population, weed dry weight and nutrient uptake by crop separately were a close reflection of growth and yield pattern whereas nitrogen level of 160 kg/ha scored over the other two nitrogen doses in main plots and the pre and post-emergence applications of Pendimethalin @ 1000 g/ha + Bispyribac sodium @ 25 g/ha + Pyrazosulfuron @ 25 g/ha established its superiority over the rest of the herbicidal treatments except in weed free condition wherein all these characters were superior in sub plots. Weed control efficiency of 2 hand weeding (70.81%) was superior to Pendimethalin @ 1000 g/ha + Bispyribac sodium @ 25 g/ha + Pyrazosulfuron @ 25 g/ha (66.13%), Bispyribac sodium @ 25 g/ha + Pyrazosulfuron @ 25 g/ha (59.83%), Bispyribac sodium @ 25 g/ha (51.48%) and Pyrazosulfuron @ 25 g/ha (40.40%). N, P and K content in grain and straw also followed the similar trend as above in all the treatments except the weedy check in which it was significantly lower. The most glaring part of the results rested in its economic studies, wherein treatment with 160 kg N/ha fetched higher gross return, net return and finally the B: C ratio than other two while all the herbicidal treatments either post emergence applications alone or combination of pre and post-emergence applications fetched higher net return and scored better B: C ratio than the two hand weeding. Pendimethalin @ 1000 g/ha + Bispyribac sodium @ 25 g/ha + Pyrazosulfuron @ 25 g/ha (₹34,338/ha) cornered the highest net return closely followed by Bispyribac sodium @ 25 g/ha + Pyrazosulfuron @ 25 g/ha (₹34,059/ha) and the later was also statistically close to Bispyribac sodium @ 25 g/ha alone (₹32,446/ha). The B: C ratio further widened the gap between manual weeding and herbicidal applications. The highest B: C ratio of 1.28 was recorded from Bispyribac sodium @ 25 g/ha + Pyrazosulfuron @ 25 g/ha followed in descending order by Bispyribac sodium @ 25 g/ha alone (1.26) and Pendimethalin @ 1000 g/ha + Bispyribac sodium @ 25 g/ha + Pyrazosulfuron @ 25 g/ha (1.21). Two hand weeding had a B:C ratio of only 0.59 which was next only to the weedy check (0.58). Thus it may be summed up that the nitrogen level of 160 kg/ha is superior to 140 kg N/ha and 120 kg N/ha. Secondly, high cost involved in manual weeding makes herbicidal treatments more viable proposition. Bispyribac sodium @ 25 g/ha + Pyrazosulfuron @ 25 g/ha, Bispyribac sodium @ 25 g/ha alone and Pendimethalin @ 1000 g/ha + Bispyribac sodium @ 25 g/ha + Pyrazosulfuron @ 25 g/ha are three most effective herbicidal combination treatments in direct seeded rice under aerobic condition.ThesisItem Open Access Influence of neem coated urea and micronutrients on performance of rice under aerobic condition.(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2017) Kumari, Gayatri; Chaudhary, S. K.The present experiment entitled “Influence of neem coated urea and micronutrients on performance of rice under aerobic condition” was carried out at the Crop Research Centre of Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar (India) during kharif- 2016. The soil of the experiment field was calcareous sandy loam with alkaline in reaction and pH 8.4. It was moderately fertile being low in organic carbon (0.35%), available nitrogen (211 kg N/ha), phosphorus (17 kg P2O5/ha), potassium (104 kg K2O/ha). The factors under study comprised of (A) Nitrogen sources (4 levels): M1- 120 kg N/ha prilled urea, M2- 120 kg N/ha neem coated urea, M3- 140 kg N/ha prilled urea and M4- 140 kg N/ha neem coated urea that were kept in the main plot and (B) Micronutrients (4 levels): S0- Control, S¬1- Two foliar spray of FeSO4 at tillering and panicle emergence, S2- Two foliar spray of ZnSO4 at tillering and panicle emergence and S3- Two foliar spray of FeSO4 and ZnSO4 at tillering and panicle emergence that were kept in sub plot. The experiment was conducted in split plot design which was replicated thrice taking the variety ‘Abhishek’ as a test crop. Crop management practices were performed as per standard package and practices. 60 kg P2O5/ha and 40 kg K2O/ha fertilizers and neem coated urea (120 kg and 140 kg N/ha as per treatment) was given as basal whereas prilled urea was given in three split doses as basal (50%), active tilleing (25%) and panicle initiation (25%). Among the nitrogen sources, M4- 140 kg N/ ha neem coated urea registered the maximum grain yield (41.28 q ha-1), straw yield (51.17 q ha-1), N content (1.54%) and N uptake (63.37 kg ha-1) in grain. Among the micronutrient applications, S3- Two foliar spray of FeSO4 and ZnSO4 at tillering and panicle emergence registered maximum grain yield (51.17 q ha-1), straw yield (47,92 q ha-1), N content (1.50%) and N uptake (59.11 q ha-1). Among the nitrogen sources and levels, maximum net return ( 37242) and B: C ratio (1.20) was recorded with M4- 140 kg N/ha neem coated urea. Among the micronutrient applications, maximum net return ( 32734) was recorded with S3- Two foliar spray of FeSO4 and ZnSO4 at tillering and panicle emergence while maximum B: C ratio (1.07) was recorded with S0- Control and S2- Two foliar spray of FeSO4 and ZnSO4 at tillering and panicle emergence.ThesisItem Open Access Response of NPK on growth and yield of potato (Solanumtuberosum L.)(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2017) Kumar, Pankaj; Dwivedi, D. K.An experiment was conducted in the year 2016-17 on potato with potato variety (Kufri Ashoka) with seven treatments viz., T1: 50% RDF of NPK, T2: 100% RDF of NPK, T3: 150% RDF of NPK, T4: 100% RDF of PK, T5: 100% RDF of NK, T6: 100% RDF of NP and T7 All the growth parameters like per cent plant emergence, plant height, shoots per plant, leaves per plant, dry matter accumulation and bulking rate were significantly influenced by the different rate of NPK application. Among all treatments, T: Absolute control (without NPK) were laid out in aRandomized Block Design with four replications. Five competitive plants were selected randomly from each treatment to record data on various growth and yield parameters at Tirhut College of Agriculture Farm, Dholi (Muzaffarpur), Bihar during rabi season. The soil of the experimental plot was Entisol, sandy loam in texture and low in available NPK with a pH of 8.30. It has semi-arid, sub-tropical climate, which is greatly influenced by South-West monsoon with an average annual rainfall of 1270 mm 3proved significantly superior in all growth parameters, yield attributing characters, N, P and K content, uptake in plant, available N, P2O5 and K2O in soil, economics, fertilizer use efficiency except agronomic efficiency and production use efficiency during the experimentation. Escaping of any major nutrient result in a poor all growth parameters and yield attributing characters. The treatment T3 –150% RDF of NPK was found significantly superior over all the treatments. TreatmentT3 –150% RDF of NPK recorded significantly higher number of tubers per plant, weight of tubers per plant and grade wise yield of tubers in the categories of 25-50 g, 50-75 g and > 75 g. The T3 –150% RDF of NPK registered significantly higher fresh tuber yield over other treatment. Thus the increment in potato tuber yield was noticed by increasing levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Also the marketable yield, vine yield, tuber: vine ratio and harvest index was recorded highest in treatmentT3 –150% RDF of NPK. Chemical studies like N,P and K –content and uptake by tuber and vine as well as total uptake was maximum under treatment,T3 –150% RDF of NPK. Likewise, fertilizer use efficiency for N, P and K was significantly higher under treatment with highest nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium application. Agronomic use efficiency for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was found significantly superior in treatment, T2 –100% RDF of NPK. Productionuse efficiency for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was found significantly superior in treatment, T4: 100% RDF of PK,T5: 100% RDF of NK and T6: 100% RDF of NP. The fresh tuber yield was recorded significantly higher by the treatmentT3 –150% RDF of NPK (263.53q/ha). The gross return (₹210824/ha),net return (₹130085/ha) and B: C ratio (1.61) was recorded significantly higher by the treatmentT3 –150% RDF of NPK. An increase in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium levels also enriched the post-harvest nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium level of the experimental field.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of weed management and planting methods on growth and yield of direct seeded rice.(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2017) Naz, Shaheen; Nandan, RaviA field experiment was planned and conducted duringkharif season of 2016 at the Research Farm of Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur(Bihar) to investigate the “Effect of weed management and planting methods on growth and yield of direct seeded rice.” The experiment was laid outin split plot design with three replications.Treatments consisted ofthree planting methods in main plots (M1 : Puddled, M2 : Zero-tillage and M3 : Dry-seeding ) and seven weed management practices in sub-plots ( T1 : Pendimethalin @ 1.0 Kg/ha(PE), T2: Pretilachlor @ 1.5 Kg/ha (PE), T3: Pendimethalin @ 1.0 Kg/ha(PE)fbone hand weeding at 30 DAS, T4: Pretilachlor @ 1.5 Kg/ha(PE)fbone hand weeding at 30 DAS, T5 : Dhaincha(Sesbaniaaculeata)fb2,4-D @ 1 Kg/ha at 25 DAS, T6 : Two handweedings at 20 and 40 DAS, T7 : Weedy check. The crop variety RajendraBhagwati was sown on 3 July, 2016. Observations on various growth parameters, yield attributes and yield were recorded. Studies were made on total weed count, weed dry matter accumulation, weed control efficiency and weed index. Weeds were collected at 90 DAS for estimation of nutrients (N,P and K) and their uptake by weeds. The grain and straw samples at harvest were collected for estimation of nitrogen, phosphorus, potash and total uptake of NPK. Finally, the economics of different treatments were worked out. Weed management treatments significantly influenced various growth parameters, yield attributes and yield of rice crop. Plant height, number of tillers/m2, plant dry matter accumulation, yield attributes and yield had significantly higher underpuddled planting method (M1) followed by M2- zero-tillage planting method(M2). Among weed management practices,the corresponding values were recorded higher under treatment T6 (two hand weedings at 20 and 40 DAS) followed by T4 (Pretilachlor @ 1.5 kg/ha (PE) fbone hand weeding at 30 DAS. The prominent annual weeds found in the experimental plot were grasses:Cyanodondactylon and Echinochloacolonum, Echinochloacrusgalli; sedges: Cyperusrotundus,Cyperusiriaand among broad–leavedweeds,Caesuliaaxillaris,Eclipta alba, Phyllanthusniruri, Cannabissativa, Physallisminima, Ageratumconyzoides, Dactylocteniumaegyptium. All the weed control treatments reduced the weed population and weed dry weight,significantly over weedy check. Among planting methods,M1(puddled)had the minimum weed population and weed dry weight followed significantly by M2(zero-tillage) and M3(dry-seeding). Among weed management treatments, hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAS (T6) reduced the weed population and weed dry weight significantly. This was closely followed by Pendimethalin @ 1.5 kg/ha(PE) at 30 DAS (T4) and Pretilachlor @ 1.5 kg/ha at 30 DAS (T3) being statistically alive. The weed control efficiency was found to be maximum under two hand weedings at 20 and 40 DAS (T6) followed by treatment T4 and T3 while the weed index was recorded to be minimum under (T4) Pretilachlor @ 1.5kg/ha(PE)fbone hand weeding at 30 DAS. Among planting methods, treatment M1 (puddled)generatedmaximum gross return ( 61,237/ha) and net return ( 34,088/ha) with B:C ratio of 1.25 and was found significantly superior over M2 (zero-tillage) and M3 (dry-seeding). Among weed management treatments, highest gross return ( 65,356/ha) and net return ( 34,366/ha) were recorded under T6 (two hand weedings at 20 and 40 DAS)which however, was found statistically at par with T5- Dhaincha(Sesbaniaaculeata)fb2,4-D at 25 DAS which generated a net return of 33,986/ha. Sofar as B:C ratio was concerned, treatment T5 (Dhaincha (Sesbaniaaculaeta) fb2,4-D at25 DAS) recorded highest B:C ratio of 1.38 and was found significantly superior over rest of the weed management practices. The lowest B:C ratio was obtained under weedy check (0.53).